轻度颅脑损伤患者的执行功能研究

背景 颅脑损伤常遗留神经精神的损害,包括认知功能损害、精神病性障碍和行为问题等.认知功能损害是颅脑损伤后常见的后遗问题,其中执行功能是一个十分重要的维度.轻度颅脑损伤一直被认为是脑遭受外力打击后出现的暂时的脑功能障碍,无肉眼可见的器质性损害.近年来这一传统的观点受到质疑,目前国内外一些学者认为轻度颅脑损伤是一种弥漫性的脑损伤.关于轻度颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究是众多研究者争论的焦点,观点不一致.本研究对恢复期的颅脑损伤患者进行执行功能评定,目的是探讨轻度颅脑损伤患者的执行功能状况.方法 对159例因交通事故造成颅脑外伤的幸存者于损伤后3～6个月医疗终结后进行执行功能评定,并与68例正常人对照.病例组的入组标准为①年龄16～65岁;②文化程度小学及以上文化,能理解执行功能测验的内容;③右利手;④有明确的脑损伤史;⑤检查前4周内未使用抗精神病药物或其他影响中枢神经系统功能的药物;⑥资料齐全;⑦自愿参加本研究.正常对照组的入组标准为①年龄16～65岁;②文化程度小学及以上文化,能理解认知功能测验的内容;③右利手;④自愿参加本研究.排除标准为①以往有脑损伤史、脑部疾患史、精神疾病史者;②精神发育迟滞者;③严重的躯体疾患者;④有药物、酒精或其他影响中枢神经系统功能的物质滥用史者;⑤色盲、色弱者;⑥对测验不合作或不能有效完成测验者.病例组分组根据颅脑损伤伤情评定的国际标准格拉斯哥昏迷计分法将病例组分成三组轻度脑损伤组78例(49.1%)GCS评分15～13分,伤后昏迷时间＜20 min;中度脑损伤组52例(32.7%)GCS评分12～9分,伤后昏迷时间20 min至6 h;重度脑损伤组29例(18.2%)GCS评分8～6分,伤后昏迷时间＞6 h.测验包括韦氏智力测验中的木块拼图测验、STROOP测验、威斯康辛卡片分类测验-改良版(M-WCST)和词汇的流畅性测验,比较轻度颅脑损伤与中、重度颅脑损伤患者的测验成绩,以及CT/MRI有无阳性发现患者的测验成绩,分析与执行功能有关的因素.结果 轻度颅脑损伤患者所有的测验成绩均低于正常对照组,其差异达到显著性水平(P＜0.01).而与中度损伤组的成绩比较则没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).在轻度组与重度组的比较中,除STROOP测验和WCST的分类个数外,其余测验成绩均存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).CT/MRI结果为阳性的病例中,不同脑损伤程度组间的执行功能检测成绩除木块拼图测验外均不具有显著性差异;CT/MRI结果为阴性的病例中,结果显示不同脑损伤程度组间的执行功能测验成绩没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).相关分析显示木块拼图和词汇流畅性两个测验成绩与脑损伤程度呈负相关(P＜0.05).年龄和执行功能呈负相关,受教育程度与执行功能呈正相关.结论 轻度颅脑损伤患者在医疗终结时仍然存在执行功能损害.我们在伤残评定中应对轻度颅脑损伤患者予以重视,同时要注意综合多方面的检测结果考虑.     

轻中型颅脑损伤继发轻度认知功能障碍危险因素分析

目的探讨轻中型颅脑损伤患者继发轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)的危险因素。方法收集2014年7月1日至2015年7月1日我院收治的106例轻中型颅脑损伤患者影像资料,采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)、Addenbrooke改良认知评估量表(ACE-R)评估患者颅脑损伤后3个月的认知功能,以患者是否继发MCI为因变量、脑组织病变部位和类型为自变量,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析研究不同病变部位对于患者继发轻度认知功能障碍的影响性。结果共30例患者继发MCI、69例患者认知功能正常,7例患者失访。单因素logistic回归分析显示:患者的年龄及GCS评分均未见显著差异(P0.05);多发病灶、损伤半球、累及脑叶、脑白质病变、累及内囊之间存在统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:累及左半球(P=0.029,OR=1.637,95%CI:1.348~2.169)、累及颞叶(P0.001,OR=1.521,95%CI:1.240~2.203)、累及内囊(P=0.024,OR=1.526,95%CI:1.107~2.329)、多发病灶(P0.001,OR=1.936,95%CI:1.287~3.228)是危险因素。结论位于左半球、双侧额叶及颞叶区、内囊前肢的损伤病变及多发损伤病灶是轻、中型颅脑损伤患者继发MCI的危险因素。     

颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究

颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究在国外已有多年的历史，中到重度颅脑损伤患者在神经心理方面存在损害，而关于轻度颅脑损伤患者是否存在神经心理损害的观点不一致。颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学变化与损伤的严重程度、损伤的不同侧或部位、精神症状、赔偿等多种因素有关。近年来出现了研究颅脑损伤神经心理的新工具，这使神经心理学有了进一步的发展。     

早期康复锻炼对额颞部位颅脑损伤患者执行功能的影响

目的探讨早期康复锻炼对额颞部位颅脑损伤患者执行功能的影响。方法选取于我院住院的额颞部颅脑损伤患者106例为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组53例。对照组采用一般认知康复训练和电针治疗,观察组进行早期综合康复治疗。干预前后,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对患者大脑的执行功能进行评价。结果干预后,观察组MoCA总分及各项得分均显著提高,对照组视空间与执行功能、命名、延迟记忆和定向得分显著提高(P0.05),且观察组在MoCA总分、复述、言语流畅性、抽象和定向得分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。2组WCST各项指标均显著改善,且观察组错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误和概念化水平百分数改善优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组SF-36和KPS评分均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论早期康复锻炼可显著改善额颞部位颅脑损伤患者执行功能。     

颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究

颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究在国外已有多年的历史 ,中到重度颅脑损伤患者在神经心理方面存在损害 ,而关于轻度颅脑损伤患者是否存在神经心理损害的观点不一致。颅脑损伤患者的神经心理学变化与损伤的严重程度、损伤的不同侧或部位、精神症状、赔偿等多种因素有关。近年来出现了研究颅脑损伤神经心理的新工具 ,这使神经心理学有了进一步的发展     

高压氧对颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍恢复的影响

目的观察高压氧对颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍恢复的临床疗效。方法随机抽取颅脑损伤患者80名,在常规治疗的基础上行高压氧治疗。观察治疗前后神经功能、血液流变学及认知功能的变化,认知功能检查采用简易精神状态检查表（MMSE）、数字广度测验（DST）、日常生活能力（ADL）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）等神经心理学检查法,结果与对照组进行比较。结果治疗组神经功能、血液流变学及认知功能障碍较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.01）,与对照组比较亦有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论高压氧对颅脑损伤患者的脑组织有保护作用,能显著改善颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍。     

事件相关电位P300在颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍评定中的应用

目的 探讨事件相关电位P300在颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍评定中的应用价值。方法 选取2021年1月-9月在绵阳市第三人民医院神经外科保守治疗、并符合诊断标准的颅脑损伤患者36例作为研究组,同期在医院其他患者家属和护工中招募健康对照组共36名。采用Oddball范式对受试者进行事件相关电位P300检测,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）和简易精神状态评价量表（MMSE）评定受试者的认知功能。比较两组P300的潜伏期、波幅以及MoCA和MMSE评分,比较P300潜伏期、MoCA和MMSE对颅脑损伤患者认知功能障碍的检出率。结果 研究组MoCA和MMSE评分均低于对照组[（18.08±4.29）分vs.(27.36±1.20)分,（22.53±3.54）分vs.(28.11±1.09)分,t=-12.510、-9.041,P均<0.05];研究组P300潜伏期高于对照组[（406.08±26.95）ms vs.(367.08±22.50)ms,t=6.665,P<0.05],波幅低于对照组[（7.76±0.90）μV vs.(9.87±0.99)μV,t=-9.459,P<...     

整体身心调节干预对颅脑损伤认知障碍患者血清脑源性神经营养因子的影响

目的整体身心调节干预对颅脑损伤认知障碍患者血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的影响。方法采用投掷硬币随机分组法将85例认知障碍的颅脑损伤患者分为对照组(42例)和身心调节干预组(43例)。对照组给予针对性的认知康复训练,身心调节干预组在此基础上给予身心调节干预训练。采用执行缺陷综合征的行为评价(BADS)和洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定测验(LOTCA)量表进行执行功能及认知能力评测;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISE)检测血清BDNF的浓度。结果治疗前,两组患者的BADS各项指标评分以及LOTCA评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),BDNF浓度变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,身心调节干预组BADS各项指标评分以及LOTCA评分优于对照组,BDNF血清浓度较对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论整体身心调节行为干预可改善颅脑损伤患者执行功能障碍,与提高血清脑源性生长因子的浓度有关。     

精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤特点的研究进展

为进一步研究精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍各子领域损伤的特点,本文对执行功能这一子领域的损伤特点进行定性系统综述,为深入研究精神分裂症患者各认知领域发生机制提供参考,并为精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤提供临床诊疗指导。本综述将从精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤的评定方法、临床表现、与其他精神症状和其他认知功能障碍的关系、涉及机制和药物治疗等方面进行阐述。     

Pre-injury assessment of everyday executive function in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

Executive dysfunction is frequently observed in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is commonly assessed with objective measures or subjective rating scales. Given the variability in executive function in the normal population, a reliable measure of pre-injury executive function would be of considerable value. In this study we examined pre-injury self and collateral (relative or friend) ratings on the Frontal Systems Behavior Rating Scale (FrSBe). Fifty-one persons with moderate to severe TBI and their collaterals provided before- and after-TBI ratings at 3 months post injury. A subset of 36 dyads were retested at 6 and 12 months; 26 neurologically intact controls and their collaterals also provided FrSBe ratings. At 3 months post injury, the difference between patient and collateral ratings of current status was larger than the difference relating to premorbid status, suggesting that patients were able to rate themselves from a pre-injury perspective. However, pre-injury ratings from collaterals were more reliable over time compared with patients’ self-ratings. For all sets of ratings – before injury, after injury, and status of healthy controls – collateral ratings indicated more abnormality, overall, than comparable self-ratings. Evaluating one’s own executive behaviour may be a difficult task even without TBI, with the difficulty exacerbated by the effects of injury.     

促红细胞生成素对创伤性脑损伤大鼠认知功能影响的实验研究

目的 评价促红细胞生成素(EPO)对脑外伤模型大鼠认知功能的作用,并探讨其影响机制.方法 48只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组、假手术组、模型组和EPO治疗组.后2组建立液压冲击大鼠颅脑损伤模型,假手术组接受同样的操作但不接受液压冲击,对照组未经任何处理.伤后除EPO治疗组立即腹腔注射EPO(5000 U/kg)2 d外,另外3组同一时间腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水.于外伤后30 d应用Morris水迷官检测大鼠认知功能,伤后37 d应用免疫组化检测脑组织中脑源性生长因子(BDNF)的表达.结果定位航行实验结果显示训练后2、3、4、5 d各组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期不同,对照组及假手术组潜伏期最短,模型组最长,EPO治疗组介于二者之间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);空间搜索实验结果显示各组大鼠在原来平台所在象限游泳时间的百分比不同,对照组及假手术组游泳时间的百分比最高,模型组最低,EPO治疗组介于二者之间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);免疫组化染色结果显示EPO治疗组大鼠脑组织BDNF的表达高于另外3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 液压冲击造成的颅脑损伤可损害大鼠的认知功能,外源性给予EPO可以改善外伤后大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,这可能与EPO促进BDNF的表达有关.     

The relationship between olfactory dysfunction and executive function in children with traumatic brain injury

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has been suggested as a possible marker of executive function (EF) deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults. Little is known about the relationship between EF and OD in pediatric TBI (pTBI). This study aimed to investigate EF, explore the relationship between OD and EF, and determine the utility of olfactory performance as a marker of later EF in pTBI. It was hypothesized that (i) children with TBI would perform more poorly on EF measures relative to normative expectation; (ii) children with OD would perform more poorly on tests of EF than those with normal olfaction after TBI; and (iii) acute olfactory function would predict later EF for children with TBI.

Method: This was a prospective longitudinal study. Twenty seven children aged 8–16 with TBI completed olfactory assessment using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test at 0–3, 8 and 18 months post injury. Assessment of EF occurred at 8 and 18 month follow-up.

Results: At 8 month follow-up the pTBI cohort did not demonstrate a consistent pattern of impairment in EF, contrary to our first hypothesis. Children with OD showed significantly poorer performance on a single EF measure of Fluency when compared to those with normal olfaction at 8 months post injury, partially supporting our second hypothesis. Acute olfactory function did not significantly predict EF outcomes at either 8 or 18 months post injury.

Conclusions: Overall our findings provide little support for a significant relationship between EF and OD in pTBI. In particular, there was no strong evidence that acute olfactory function is an accurate predictor of later EF in pTBI. Given the dearth of pediatric research, the limitations of our study and the potential significance of acute olfactory performance as an early marker of later EF deficits in children, further investigation is warranted.     

Validation and clinical utility of the executive function performance test in persons with traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT

This study examined the relationships between the Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT), the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function tests, and neuropsychological executive function measures in 182 persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 46 controls to evaluate construct, discriminant, and predictive validity. Construct validity: There were moderate correlations between the EFPT and the NIH Toolbox Crystallized (r?=??.479), Fluid Tests (r?=??.420), and Total Composite Scores (r?=??.496). Discriminant validity: Significant differences were found in the EFPT total and sequence scores across control, complicated mild/moderate, and severe TBI groups. We found differences in the organisation score between control and severe, and between mild and severe TBI groups. Both TBI groups had significantly lower scores in safety and judgement than controls. Compared to the controls, the severe TBI group demonstrated significantly lower performance on all instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks. Compared to the mild TBI group, the controls performed better on the medication task, the severe TBI group performed worse in the cooking and telephone tasks. Predictive validity: The EFPT predicted the self-perception of independence measured by the TBI-QOL (beta = ?0.49, p?<?.001) for the severe TBI group. Overall, these data support the validity of the EFPT for use in individuals with TBI.     

血栓弹力图监测颅脑损伤病人凝血功能的临床价值

目的 探讨血栓弹力图(TEG)监测颅脑损伤(TBI)病人凝血功能的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年12月收治的108例TBI的临床资料.按入院GCS评分分为轻型组(58例)、中型组(24例)、重型组(26).分析TEG参数[主要包括凝血反应时间(R值)、凝血形成时间(K值)、凝固角(α值)、血栓最大...     

Reduced contribution of executive functions in impaired working memory performance in mild traumatic brain injury patients

Aim

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is associated with often selective impairment of both working memory (WM) and the executive functions (EFs). Research indicates that one of the commonest deficits present in MTBI patients falls in the domain of WM. We aimed to investigate the role of EFs in WM impairment following MTBI.

Methods

Performance on the tests of EFs and the verbal and visuo-spatial WM of 30 consecutive MTBI patients were compared with age/education/IQ matched 30 normal healthy control participants. Correlation between EFs and WM was studied separately for the MTBI and the control group.

Results

The MTBI and control group were tested on a range of EF tests and WM. The MTBI group was demonstrated impairment on verbal and visuo-spatial WM and category fluency tests only. Furthermore, the MTBI group had fewer significant correlations between the WM and EFs (5 out of 54 possible correlations) than in the control group (13 out of 54 possible correlations).

Conclusions

We suggest that MTBI may lead to WM deficits as the contribution of executive processes to support the WM is diminished following MTBI. Such an understanding of the poor WM performance in MTBI patients will be helpful when planning appropriate strategies for cognitive rehabilitation.     

Inhibition of ongoing responses in patients with traumatic brain injury

In addition to slowness of information processing, it is often assumed that executive functions are deficient in patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The aim of this study was to investigate a specific executive function, the inhibition of ongoing responses in TBI. Twenty-seven patients with TBI and 27 orthopedic patients (OC) performed the stop signal task, which allows the estimation of the time it takes to inhibit an ongoing response. Contrary to expectations, patients with TBI did not perform worse than the OC in the inhibition of ongoing responses. Furthermore, subgroups of the TBI, with frontal and nonfrontal lesions, and with focal versus diffuse damage, did not show any differences in performance. None of the clinical, demographic or neuropsychological data had a significant relationship to inhibition time, apart from age, which showed a significant relationship only in the TBI. It seems likely that deficits in the inhibition of ongoing responses are not very common after TBI.     

氢盐水对脑创伤后大鼠认知功能的保护作用

目的 观察氢生理盐水对脑外伤后大鼠认知功能的改善作用,并初步探讨其可能机制.方法 应用液压打击损伤装置建立大鼠中度颅脑损伤模型,实验动物随机分为对照组、损伤+生理盐水组、损伤+含氢生理盐水组,采用Morris水迷宫法测定大鼠的认知功能表现;利用分光光度比色法、酶联免疫吸附法和Western blot等方法,分别检测受损同侧海马组织中丙二醛(MDA)、脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)和突触蛋白Ⅰ的水平,并采用方差分析方法进行统计学分析.结果 Morris 水迷宫法显示腹腔注射含氢的生理盐水能够明显地提高大鼠的认知功能;在对受伤同侧大鼠的海马组织进行测定中,显示损伤后大鼠海马组织中MDA水平的升高及BDNF和突触蛋白Ⅰ水平的下降,而腹腔内注射含氢生理盐水能够明显改善受伤大鼠的认知功能,并能够降低MDA水平,提高BDNF和突触蛋白Ⅰ.结论 腹腔内注射含氢生理盐水能够通过抑制氧化损伤,改善颅脑损伤后动物的认知功能,而BDNF及其效应蛋白突触蛋白Ⅰ可能与其认知功能改善有关.     

Cancelling planned actions following mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) leads to a variety of attentional, cognitive, and sensorimotor deficits. An important aspect of behavior that intersects each of these functions is the ability to cancel a planned action. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of mTBI on the ability to perform a countermanding saccade task. In this task, participants were asked to generate a saccade to a target appearing in peripheral vision, but to inhibit saccade execution if an auditory stop signal was presented. The delay between the appearance of the peripheral target and the presentation of the auditory stop signal was varied between 0 and 125ms. We found that the change in the probability of cancelling the saccade as a function of this delay was no different between participants with mTBI tested within 2 days of their injury and matched controls. However, saccadic reaction times and the stop signal reaction time were unexpectedly faster in the participants with mTBI and, furthermore, they inaccurately inhibited saccades during 15% of the trials with no stop signal. Taken together, this data suggests that the ability to cancel planned actions is subtly yet adversely affected by mTBI.