急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的方法评价

目的　联合应用TIMI心肌灌注分级 (TMP)、校正的TIMI画面记帧 (CTFC)、心电图ST段变化 (sumSTR)方法评价急性心肌梗死 (AMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)后心肌灌注程度 ,探讨心肌灌注程度对临床预后的影响。方法　 77例AMI患者PCI后即刻采用TMP CTFC、TMP sumSTR、CTFC sumSTR三种联合方法评价心肌灌注程度 ,PCI术后 1个月检查双核素心肌灌注显像 ,记录 6个月心脏事件。结果　评价心肌灌注程度 ,与双核素心肌灌注显像对比 ,TMP sumSTR敏感性 86 7%、特异性 85 7%、准确性 86 2 % ;TMP CTFC敏感性 80 %、特异性 77 1%、准确性 78 5 % ;多变量回归分析TMP 0 / 1级 sumSTR <30 %为 6个月心脏事件的独立危险因子 (OR=2 1 5 ,95 %可信区间 2 7～ 6 5 7,P =0 0 0 3) ;Kaplan Meier分析曲线显示TMP sumSTR方法评价的心肌灌注不良组 6个月心脏事件高于心肌灌注良好组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　TMP sumSTR、TMP CTFC能更好的评价心肌灌注程度 ;TMP sumSTR可预测 6个月心脏事件。     

Combined reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Three schemes of treatment were used in the management of 230 patients with acute myocardial infarction: immediate thrombolysis (group 1, n=71), immediate thrombolysis followed by angioplasty in 12 hours - 7 days depending of the clinical picture of the disease (group 2, n=65), primary angioplasty not later than 12 hours after onset of pain (group 3, n=94). Clopidogrel was given to all patients at least in 2 hours before primary angioplasty and no less than in 6 hours in combined reperfusion. Composite end point (total number of lethal outcomes and nonfatal reinfarctions) was significantly higher in group 1 (14.1%) compared with groups 2 (3.0%) and 3 (3.2%). Invasive intervention improved results of treatment after both effective and ineffective preceding thrombolytic therapy. Thus efficacy of combined reperfusion therapy is not inferior to primary angioplasty if interval between thrombolysis and invasive intervention varies between 12 hours and 7 days and angioplasty is carried out at the background of antiaggregant therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin.     

急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后心肌灌注评价方法的研究

目的　应用TMP ,CTFC ,maxSTE及sumSTR方法评价急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后心肌组织灌注并探讨其与临床预后的关系。方法　6 5例AMI急诊介入治疗后即刻采用TMP、CTFC及心电图(maxSTE ,sumSTR)方法评价心肌组织灌注,记录6个月心脏事件。结果　与双核素心肌灌注显像对比,检验每种评价方法的敏感性、特异性、准确性;maxSTE敏感性80 % ,特异性85. 7% ,准确性83 .1 % ;TMP敏感性73 3% ,特异性80 % ,准确性76 . 9% ;而CTFC( 4 0 ) ,CTFC( 30 ) ,sumSTR30 %和sum STR( 50 )预测价值较低。多变量回归分析显示TMP 0. 1级、maxSTE高危为6个月心脏事件的独立危险因子。结论　TMP ,maxSTE方法可以较好地评价心肌灌注程度,并对6个月临床预后有较好的预测价值。     

Adjunctive therapy after reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction

The current era has witnessed dramatic improvement in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, due in large part to the more widespread use of thrombolytic therapy aimed at quickly restoring perfusion in the infarct-related artery. This review addresses the role of adjunctive pharmacologic therapy in the thrombolytic era, recognizing that much of the available clinical trial data supporting the role of adjunctive pharmacologic treatment strategies was conducted in patient populations not widely exposed to reperfusion therapy. This review, therefore, explores the data supporting the incremental benefit of therapy with beta blockers, nitrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or magnesium in addition to thrombolytic therapy. Heparin and aspirin will not be discussed.     

Association of height with outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving reperfusion therapy

Data were evaluated for patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 94,182) enrolled in 6 large clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of various reperfusion strategies. It was found that compared with the tallest quartile, incidences of in-hospital reinfarction, stroke, major bleeding, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, and death in the shortest group were 1.4, 1.7, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.4 times greater, respectively. Although a strong inverse association of height was observed with unadjusted 30-day mortality (p <0.001), it was attenuated after adjustment for confounders, including weight, and appeared to be nonlinear, such that for height 165 cm, the OR for a 10-cm increase in height was 0.962 (95% CI 0.896 to 1.033). These data indicate that height-related differences in 30-day mortality are explained in large part by height-related differences in patients' clinical characteristics.     

Eligibility for reperfusion therapy and outcome in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Reperfusion therapy by thrombolysis or angioplasty was consideredin 260 unselected patients consecutively admitted within 6 hof the onset of Q wave myocardial infarction. Rates of reperfusionand in-hospital mortality were compared in 206 patients <70years and 54 patients 70 years. Early reperfusion was obtainedin 864% of the patients under 70 years and in 72·2% ofthose over 70 (P<0·01). Thrombolysis was more frequentlyused in the younger group (66·0% vs 31·5%, P<10^–5and primary angioplasty in the older (44·4% vs 29·6%,P<0·05). Overall in-hospital mortality was higherin the older group (22·2% vs 4·4 P<10^–5After successful reperfusion, mortality was 12·8% inthe patients over 70 and 3·9% in those under 70. Afterfailed or unproven reperfusion, mortality was 46·7% inthe patients over 70 and 7·1% in those under 70. Reperfusiontherapy is feasible in the majority of patients over 70 years,but failure to attempt or to achieve reperfusion is associatedwith a poor outcome. Although not controlled, this study providesan incentive for attempting early reperfusion therapy as oftenas possible in the elderly with acute myocardial infarction.     

Multimodality reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction

With the strong and direct relation between early reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and improved clinical outcomes, attention has focused on new means of improving rates of reperfusion and accelerating every stage of AMI evaluation and management, from the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction to the achievement of reperfusion. Critical pathways to streamline the evaluation and management of AMI have cut minutes and even hours off in-hospital treatment times for patients with AMI; public health initiatives focus on educational efforts to shorten time to hospital arrival. The latest advance in fibrinolytic therapy is the availability of bolus fibrinolytic agents with safety and efficacy in large phase III trials comparable to accelerated intravenous infusion regimens. Faster and simpler fibrinolytic regimens may shorten door-to-needle time, reduce medication errors, and facilitate prehospital thrombolysis. Bolus fibrinolytic agents are being evaluated for use in combination with other interventions to open occluded coronary arteries, including acute percutaneous coronary intervention, the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitors, or both. The goal of this "multimodality" approach to AMI management is to minimize time to reperfusion and maximize the percentage of patients who achieve complete arterial patency and myocardial perfusion without bleeding complications.     

不同时段再灌注治疗急性心肌梗死疗效的比较

目的:通过不同时段再灌注对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ASTEMI)患者出院12个月随访,探讨不同时段再灌注方法对ASTEMI的终点事件、心功能预后的影响。方法:选择2006年1月~2008年1月,我科住院ASTEMI患者238例。根据是否接受冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)及心肌再灌注时间分为3组:急诊PCI组(胸痛12 h)89例;晚期PCI组(胸痛24 h)86例;保守组(胸痛24 h)63例。分别记录3组的临床资料,出院后12个月进行电话随访,预约心动超声检查。结果:①3组出院12个月主要终点事件心源性死亡率有显著性差异(P0.05),次要终点事件心肌梗死、心力衰竭再入院率均有显著性差异(P0.05)。②出院12个月急诊PCI组较晚期PCI组心功能的左室射血分数(LVEF)显著增加、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)显著缩小,急诊PCI组vs.保守治疗组LVEF、LVEDD均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:在降低终点事件,提高心功能方面,急诊PCI预后优于晚期PCI,晚期PCI优于保守治疗。     

急性心肌梗死合并三度房室传导阻滞的预后及再灌注治疗的意义

目的分析急性心肌梗死合并三度房室传导阻滞(Ⅲ°AVB)患者的临床特征,探讨再灌注治疗对急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ°AVB预后的意义。方法1992年~2005年连续入院的急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ°AVB患者51例(Ⅲ°AVB组),每组选择前后相继入院的急性心肌梗死患者2例,共102例构成非Ⅲ°AVB组。比较两组基线临床资料、住院期间死亡率、并发症,以及再灌注治疗的差异。观察Ⅲ°AVB组12h内有效再灌注治疗的病例和未能再灌治疗的病例住院期间的转归。结果(1)与非Ⅲ°AVB组比较,Ⅲ°AVB组发病年龄较大,下壁或右心室梗死比例高,住院期间死亡、心室颤动、KillipⅣ级心功能、心源性休克发生率高,需要起搏治疗的例数多,两组差异有统计学意义。(2)Ⅲ°AVB组排除既往有心肌梗死史及合并其他全身疾病的病例5例,其余46例,17例发病12h内再灌注治疗,住院期间死亡1例,29例未再灌注治疗,死亡12例,P<0.02.。结论急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ°AVB预后差,住院期间死亡率高。12h内再灌注治疗患者住院期间死亡例数相对较少,这种预后的差异是否有普遍意义,还需进一步研究。     

Long-term prognosis after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients

Although it has been well demonstrated that TIMI grade 3 flow is associated with improved survival after acute myocardial infarction in non-elderly patients, its implication in elderly patients has not been clarified. To assess this issue, 1,115 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography within 24 hours after the onset of chest pain were studied: there were 131 elderly patients (age > or = 75 years) and 984 non-elderly patients (age < 75 years). Follow-up was achieved for 1,092 patients (98%). Elderly patients were associated with more female, Killip class > or = 2, 3 vessel disease and non-smokers. Although modality of reperfusion therapy was not different, final TIMI flow grade was less frequently obtained in elderly patients (53% vs 65%, p = 0.005). Elderly patients were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (25% vs 9%, p < 0.001) and lower 10 years cardiac death free rate (p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards model showed that final TIMI flow grade 3 was an independent predictor of 10 years cardiac death free in elderly patients (odds ratio (OR) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.74, p = 0.004) as well as non-elderly patients (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.29-0.58, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our data suggest that final TIMI grade 3 flow is an important determinant to improve short- and long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients as well as in non-elderly patients.     

The role of magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction

Magnesium possesses numerous salutary effects for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is a coronary vasodilator, calcium antagonist, afterload reducer, antiarrhythmic, and antiplatelet drug that modulates autonom-ic function and limits reperfusion injury when administered early in infarction. Various clinical trials of magnesium therapy for AMI have proffered conflicting results as to the efficacy of magnesium therapy because of significant differences in the timing of magnesium administration. Additional clinical trials that focus on early administration of magnesium are warranted to delineate the role of magnesium therapy for AMI.     

急性心肌梗塞患者再灌注治疗后ST段回落的影响因素

目的:分析急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者再灌注治疗后ST段回落(STR)的影响因素。方法:收集114例溶栓和71例急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的AMI患者,按溶栓或PCI治疗后90min心电图单导联STR分别分为STR<50%和STR≥50%组,对临床资料中多个变量进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析。结果:单因素分析显示,与STR<50%患者相比,PCI组STR≥50%患者入院时血糖(Glu)(P=0.016)和白细胞(WBC)(P=0.011)较低,单支冠脉血管病变者较多(P=0.023),溶栓组STR≥50%患者Glu(P=0.002)、WBC(P=0.036)和killip心功能分级(P=0.012)较低,发病到治疗的时间更短(P=0.016),有高血压病史者(P=0.033)和前壁梗塞者(P=0.011)较少。Logistic回归分析结果PCI组最终进入方程的变量为入院时Glu(B=-0.299,P=0.021)和WBC(B=-0.201,P=0.026),溶栓组进入方程的变量有高血压病史(B=-0.978,P=0.027)、GIu(B=-0.252,P=0.003)和治疗前时间(B=-0.004,P=0.018)。结论:入院时血糖水平为AMI患者PCI或溶栓治疗后ST段回落独立的影响因素,WBC是PCI患者ST段回落的另一影响因素,高血压病史和治疗前时间则是溶栓治疗患者ST段回落的另外两个影响因素。     

The management of patients with acute myocardial infarction after successful reperfusion with streptokinase

Intracoronary streptokinase administration has been an effective procedure for establishing reperfusion of an evolving myocardial infarction by lysing the thrombus that is usually responsible for the infarction. After reperfusion is accomplished, appropriate management of the patient must be planned to provide the best chance for assuring continued vessel patency, and appropriate management of the patient's residual coronary artery disease also must be considered. In selected patients, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the residual coronary lesion has been performed successfully immediately following reperfusion with streptokinase. Early coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been performed with good results in other patients. The appropriate management of the patient with acute myocardial infarction is still evolving, and only with additional study and experience will the "best" approach in the management of these patients be defined.     

Primary ST changes. Diagnostic aid in paced patients with acute myocardial infarction.

In 34 out of 36 patients with apical right ventricular endocardial pacing, primary ischaemic ST alterations were observed during the early stage of acute myocardial infarction. These ST changes, indicating acute injury, were detected in the paced beats in inferior and in anterior infarct. The primary ST changes were consistent only during the early stages of acute myocardial infarction and were not detected when the electrode tip was not in the apex of the right ventricle. It is suggested that the primary ST changes should be used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in paced patients.     

急性心肌梗塞再灌注损伤临床表现及分析

目的:对急性心肌梗塞(AMI)再灌注后出现的特殊临床表现进行分析。方法:对50例AMI患者静脉溶栓后冠状动脉造影(显示为TIMI血流3级)的资料进行分析。结果:再灌注后有48例胸痛迅速缓解,有2例患者在再灌注后胸痛突然加重;有44例患者出现心律失常;40例出现一过性低血压;8例出现一过性ST段抬高。结论:冠脉血管再通后绝大部分患者胸痛迅速缓解,但大多有心律失常发生,一过性低血压,少数患者可出现ST段一过性胸痛加重;故溶栓后应进行持续心电图和血压监测。     

早期再灌注对急性心肌梗死患者血浆脑钠素水平的影响

目的 :探讨早期再灌注对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者血浆脑钠素 (BNP)水平的影响。方法 :选择AMI患者 5 6例 ,胸痛发作 12h内成功再灌注者 (38例 )为试验组 ,再灌注失败或未进行再灌注者 (18例 )为对照组。ELISA法测定入院即刻、1、2、7、14、2 8d时血浆BNP水平。结果 :AMI患者血浆BNP水平较正常人明显升高 ;试验组血浆BNP水平呈单峰曲线 ,对照组呈双峰曲线 ;再灌注可明显降低AMI患者BNP水平 ,第 7天时浓度升高不明显 ,未形成第 2个高峰。结论 :早期再灌注可明显降低血浆BNP水平。