小细胞肺癌的CT表现分类及其价值

【摘要】目的：探讨小细胞肺癌（SCLC）的特征性CT表现。方法：回顾性分析143例小细胞肺癌（SCLC）患者的胸部CT图像,根据肿块位置、淋巴结及纵隔侵犯情况等对SCLC进行分型。Ⅰ型,仅肺门肿块;Ⅱ型,肺门肿块伴同侧纵隔淋巴结增大,肿块与淋巴结分界清晰（Ⅱa）或不清晰（Ⅱb）;Ⅲ型,肺门肿块伴双侧纵隔淋巴结增大 ,肿块与同侧淋巴结分界清晰（Ⅲa）、不清晰（Ⅲb）或与双侧淋巴结融合（Ⅲc）;Ⅳ型,周围型肿块。结果：143例中Ⅰ型20例（13.99%）,Ⅱ型46例（32.10%）,Ⅲ型57例（39.86%）,Ⅳ型20例（13.99%）。Ⅳ型肿块可见分叶（n=11）、毛刺征（n=13）和胸膜相连或胸膜牵拉（n=19）。合并支气管狭窄/阻塞134例;血管侵犯110例（76.9%）,包括主、叶肺动脉（PA）及上腔静脉（SVC）;胸腔积液和（或）胸膜结节或增厚71例;肺实质受累124例（86.7%）,包括邻近肺实变/结节（n=77）、血行播散（n=52）、淋巴道播散（n=96）、阻塞性肺炎（n=56）和阻塞性肺不张（n=38）。合并慢支、肺气肿100例（69.9%）。结论：小细胞肺癌的CT征象有一定特征性,对其CT表现进行分型有助于病变的早期诊断。     

中央型小细胞肺癌的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨中央型小细胞肺癌(Small Cell Lung Cancer,SCLC)的CT表现特点,并找出与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、肺结核、结节病、纵隔淋巴瘤的鉴别诊断要点。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的57例中央型SCLC、60例NSCLC,5例肺结核,2例结节病,3例纵隔淋巴病的胸部平片及CT资料,全部病例均行胸部平片和CT平扫、增强检查。结果:57例中央型SCLC,CT主要表现为沿支气管长轴生长的肺内肿块,肺门与纵隔广泛淋巴结肿大,而肺不张相对少见。NSCLC60例主要表现为肺门肿块,支气管阻塞性改变相对多见。5例肺结核表现为肺内结节和肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大,伴有同侧和/或对侧肺内结核病灶。2例结节病,表现为双侧肺门对称性淋巴结肿大。3例纵隔淋巴病表现为中前纵隔的弥漫性软组织肿块。结论:沿支气管长轴生长的肺内肿块、肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大。支气管阻塞改变少见,随访1～2个月,肿块体积增大1倍以上,是中央型SCLC的CT诊断要点,据此特征诊断正确率达80％。结合临床与其他检查方法可与NSCLC、肺结核、结节病、纵隔淋巴瘤鉴别。     

中央型小细胞肺癌的CT表现及其诊断

目的探讨中央型小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的CT表现及诊断价值。方法对50例资料完整、经病理证实的中央型SCLC的CT征象及临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果 50例中央型小细胞肺癌CT表现为:(1)肺门区椭圆形或类圆形肿块,边缘清楚、光滑,相应支气管改变轻,肿块包绕支气管形成"包绕征";(2)纵隔淋巴结肿大早而明显;(3)阻塞性改变少而轻。结论肿块包绕支气管征合并广泛的肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大是中央型SCLC较为特征性的CT表现,结合临床,对本病作出及时诊断是可能的。     

40例小细胞肺癌的螺旋CT表现

目的:分析40例肺小细胞肺癌的螺旋CT表现,以提高对该病的认识.方法:收集有CT和临床资料并经病理证实的SCLC 40例,回顾性总结分析CT影像特征.结果:中央型肺癌33例,CT表现为肺门分叶状结节或肿块,伴阻塞性肺炎12例(36.4%),阻塞性肺不张7例(21.2%),30例(90.1%)伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大,8例行CT增强,肿块和淋巴结均匀轻度强化.周围型SCLC 7例,密度均匀,均呈分叶状,CT无特征性表现.结论:小细胞肺癌CT主要征象以肺门区实性肿块为主,多伴有肺门、纵隔淋巴结转移,支气管阻塞征象出现较晚.     

周围型小细胞肺癌的CT征象分析

目的 探讨周围型小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的CT征象.方法 回顾分析78例经病理证实的周围型SCLC的CT影像特点.根据有无纵隔淋巴结转移及其大小,将78例周围型SCLC分为2型:Ⅰ型孤立病灶型、Ⅱ型肺内病灶+淋巴结型;又将Ⅱ型分为2个亚型:Ⅱa型,肺门、纵隔淋巴结短径<10 mm;Ⅱb型,肺门、纵隔淋巴结短径≥10 mm.结果 Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型71例,其中Ⅱa型8例,Ⅱb型63例.78例SCLC均为实性病变;圆形、类圆形52例,纺锤形、蠕虫状9例,其他形状17例.71例行CT增强扫描,9例呈均匀强化,58例呈不均匀强化,4例病灶内见大面积不强化坏死区.边缘光整65例,毛糙12例,模糊1例.支气管充气征3例,空泡征4例,钙化4例.分叶征46例,毛刺征5例;支气管血管束增粗、结节41例,胸膜凹陷6例,边缘磨玻璃影5例,血管集束征1例;肺气肿42例,阻塞性肺炎4例;支气管与结节边缘截断18例.纵隔淋巴结转移63例,纵隔淋巴结大于肺原发灶42例.少量胸腔积液9例.     

艾滋病合并肺部恶性肿瘤的CT表现

【摘要】目的：探讨艾滋病相关肺部恶性肿瘤的CT表现特征。方法：回顾性分析8例艾滋病合并肺部恶性肿瘤患者的CT表现。结果：4例卡波西肉瘤中3例表现为支气管血管束增粗、小叶间隔增厚,多个沿支气管血管束分布的结节、纵隔、腋窝或肺门淋巴结肿大,双侧胸腔积液,1例主要表现为结节;1例淋巴瘤为单发肿块,病灶内可见坏死及空气支气管征,增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化;3例肺癌均为明显强化的孤立肿块,腺癌为形态不规则的外周型肿块伴肺内转移,鳞癌和小细胞癌为中央型肿块,前者可见阻塞性肺炎、肺不张及病灶侧肺门淋巴结肿大,后者纵隔及病灶侧肺门淋巴结显著肿大,3例病灶侧均可见胸腔积液。结论：艾滋病合并肺内恶性肿瘤的CT表现具有一定特征性,CT检查对其诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

胸部结节病的CT诊断

目的:分析胸部结节病的CT表现,提高对本病的认识和诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经活检病理证实或临床治疗观察符合诊断标准的26例胸部结节病的CT表现。结果:26例结节病中,肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大23例(88.5%),其中肺门或/和纵隔淋巴结肿大8例(30.7%),肺门或/和纵隔淋巴结肿大伴有肺内病变15例(57.7%),仅见肺部浸润性改变而无淋巴结肿大1例(3.8%),肺纤维性改变2例(7.7%)。肺内主要表现为结节影15例,支气管血管束增粗7例,小叶间隔增厚4例,实变影1例,磨玻璃影1例。结论:双侧肺门对称性淋巴结肿大和/或纵隔淋巴结肿大以及沿支气管血管束分布的结节影是胸部结节病的特征性表现;不典型者需密切结合临床检查及治疗后随访。     

串珠征在周围型小细胞肺癌中的诊断价值

目的：探讨串珠征的形成机制,评价其在周围型小细胞肺癌(SCLC)、周围型肺腺癌及周围型肺鳞癌中的鉴别诊断意义。方法收集病理证实的周围型 SCLC 78例、周围型肺腺癌69例、周围型肺鳞癌33例,分别统计串珠征的阳性率、纵隔淋巴结的转移率及纵隔淋巴结大于肺原发灶的比例,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果78例周围型 SCLC中10例串珠征阳性(12.8%),且纵隔淋巴结均大于肺原发灶;78例中63例纵隔淋巴结转移(80.8%),42例纵隔淋巴结大于肺原发灶(53.8%)。69例周围型实性肺腺癌中,无1例出现串珠征,25例纵隔淋巴结转移(36.2%),2例纵隔淋巴结大于原发灶(2.9%)。33例周围型肺鳞癌中1例串珠征阳性(2.8%),该例肺门淋巴结明显小于肺原发灶,33例中13例纵隔淋巴结转移(39.4%),6例纵隔淋巴结大于原发灶(16.7%)。经统计分析,串珠征在周围型 SCLC与周围型肺鳞癌中差异无统计学意义,周围型 SCLC与周围型肺腺癌、肺鳞癌在纵隔淋巴结转移率及纵隔淋巴结大于肺原发灶的阳性率差异均有统计学意义。结论串珠征在一定程度上反映 SCLC 的生物学特性,在周围型SCLC与周围型肺腺癌、肺鳞癌的鉴别诊断中有重要价值,应结合纵隔淋巴结大小。     

胸部结节病的影像诊断

目的:分析各期胸部结节病影像表现,探讨其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析23例胸部结节病患者的胸片,CT及临床资料,病理证实11例,临床治疗证实12例。结果:1期双侧肺门和纵隔淋巴结肿大10例,仅右侧肺门淋巴结肿大伴纵隔淋巴结肿大2例,结合临床胸片与CT诊断正确率无差异,均为83.3%。Ⅱ期双侧肺门和纵隔淋巴结肿大伴肺内病变9例,Ⅲ期肺呈纤维化改变2例,结合临床胸片与CT诊断正确率分别为46%,57%,两种检查方法有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论:胸片是诊断结节病的基础,并易于临床随访,1期胸部结节病例可经胸片确诊。HRCT提高了影像学诊断本病的准确性和可靠性。     

小细胞肺癌的CT表现与诊断途径

目的探讨小细胞肺癌（SCLC）的CT表现、分型及诊断途径。方法对220例SCLC进行X线CT回顾性分析,并与54例病理观察相对照,讨论SCLC的CT表现与病理基础。结果肺内肿块、肺门与纵隔广泛性淋巴结肿大,而肺不张少见,是SCLC的CT表现特点,CT诊断的可能性达80.5%,结合经皮针刺活检阳性率可达91.1%。结论CT平扫结合CT导向经皮针刺活检是SCLC确诊的主要途径。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.