Body Composition

In brief: Athletes at many levels undergo body composition assessments to learn how much fat they have. Yet the subject of body composition remains fraught with confusion and unanswered questions. How accurate are the present methods for assessing body composition? Of what use is body composition assessment in preventive health care? How much do primary care physicians need to know about body composition? What are the optimal proportions of body fat for athletic performance and for health? How much is known about the measurement of muscle and bone as body components? Four panelists with long experience in body composition research address these and other questions.     

飞行人员人体成分分析与研究

目的 进一步了解飞行人员身体情况,探究其人体成分的均衡状况,积极预防亚健康,增强其身体机能,提高我军战斗力.方法 对60名健康飞行人员进行人体成分分析,并与70名健康人员(对照组)进行对比分析.结果 飞行员组与对照组人体成分分析各个参数比较,飞行员组在体质量、体质指数、体脂百分比、无机盐、细胞内液、细胞外液方面都高于对照组,且差异有显著性(P＜0.05);而在年龄、肌肉、腰臀比、水肿指数方面无差异(P＞0.05).结论 飞行员组的高体质量、高体脂应加以足够的重视.     

Techniques for Intravascular Foreign Body Retrieval

As endovascular therapies increase in frequency, the incidence of lost or embolized foreign bodies is increasing. The presence of an intravascular foreign body (IFB) is well recognized to have the potential to cause serious complications. IFB can embolize and impact critical sites such as the heart, with subsequent significant morbidity or mortality. Intravascular foreign bodies most commonly result from embolized central line fragments, but they can originate from many sources, both iatrogenic and noniatrogenic. The percutaneous approach in removing an IFB is widely perceived as the best way to retrieve endovascular foreign bodies. This minimally invasive approach has a high success rate with a low associated morbidity, and it avoids the complications related to open surgical approaches. We examined the characteristics, causes, and incidence of endovascular embolizations and reviewed the various described techniques that have been used to facilitate subsequent explantation of such materials.     

Practical Assessment of Body Composition

In brief: The assessment of body composition has become an important method for determining a desirable body weight of adults and athletes. Hydrostatic weighing is a popular and valid method, but it is often not feasible for the clinical setting or for mass testing; thus, anthropometry has become the preferred method. This article reviews the scientific basis for generalized body composition prediction equations and provides methods for evaluating body composition. The authors recommend using a sum of three skinfolds (triceps, chest, and subscapula for men and triceps, abdomen, and suprailium for women) and give detailed instructions for securing accurate measurements of body fat.     

中国竞技健美运动员身体成分调查分析

目的:研究我国竞技健美运动员身体成分的特点,为我国竞技健美运动的发展及增强国民体质提供研究和实践参考。方法:采用生物电阻抗法,对参加2004年全国健美锦标赛和全国健身先生、健身小姐大赛的168名运动员进行体成分测试,并按照性别、项目以及参赛级别的不同进行统计分析。结果:(1)与成年男子健美组小级别运动员相比,中级别运动员体脂百分比无明显增加(P>0.05),但是瘦体重和体液总量明显增加(P<0.01);与前两者相比,大级别运动员体脂百分比、瘦体重以及体液总量均明显增加(P<0.01)。(2)健身先生组运动员与成年男子健美组中级别运动员相比,体脂百分比无明显变化(P>0.05),但瘦体重和体液总量明显减小(P<0.01)。(3)与成年女子健美组小级别运动员相比,大级别运动员和健身小姐组运动员体脂百分比增加不多(P>0.05),但瘦体重和体液总量明显增加(P<0.05)。     

Estimation of Body Composition of Female Intercollegiate Basketball Players

In brief: The body composition of 49 female intercollegiate basketball players was used to derive a sport-specific equation and to assess the applicability of the Sloan et al (population-specific) and Jackson et al (generalized) equations for use with this sample. The sport-specific equation yielded an adjusted multiple regression of.71 and a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of.0077. A comparative analysis indicated that mean body density was significantly underestimated by 0.0112 gmml^?1 using the Sloan and by 0.0126 gmml^?1 using the Jackson equations. The SEEs for the Sloan (.0073 gmml^?1) and Jackson (.0085 gm ml^?1) equations were low; however, each equation produced a large total error (.014 and.016 gmml^?1).     

Body mass index-adapted prospective coronary computed tomography angiography. Determining the lowest limit for diagnostic purposes

Purpose

To investigate the value of 4 different protocols for prospectively triggered 256-slice coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA).

Methods

Two hundred and ten patients underwent prospectively triggered coronary CTA for suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with heart rate >75 bps before the scan despite ß-blocker administration and with arrhythmia were excluded. From January to September 2010, 60 patients underwent coronary CTA using a non-tailored protocol (120 kV; 200 mAs) and served as our ‘control’ group. From September 2010 to April 2012, based on the body mass index (BMI) of the examined patients (BMI subgroups of < 25; 25–28; 28–30, and ≥ 30 kg/m²) current tube voltage and tube current were: (1) slightly, (2) moderately or (3) strongly reduced, resulting into the 3 following BMI-adapted acquisition groups: (1) a ‘standard’ (100/120 kV; 100–200 mAs; n = 50), 2) a ‘low dose’ (100/120 kV; 75–150 mAs; n = 50), and 3) an ‘ultra-low dose’ (100/120 kV; 50–100 mAs; n = 50) protocol.

Results

Patients examined using the non-tailored protocol exhibited the highest radiation exposure (3.2 ± 0.4 mSv), followed by the standard (1.6 ± 0.7 mSv), low-dose (1.2 ± 0.6 mSv) and ultra-low dose protocol (0.7 ± 0.3 mSv) (radiation savings of 50%, 63% and 78% respectively). Overall image quality was similar with standard dose (1.9 ± 0.6) and low-dose (2.0 ± 0.5) compared to the non-tailored group (1.9 ± 0.5) (p = NS for all). In the ultra-low dose group however, image quality was significant reduced (2.7 ± 0.6), p < 0.05 versus all other groups).

Conclusion

Using BMI-adapted low dose acquisitions image quality can be maintained with simultaneous radiation savings of ∼65% (dose of ∼1 mSv). This appears to be the lower limit for diagnostic coronary CTA, whereas ultra-low dose acquisitions result in significant image degradation.     

绿康银杏叶片的薄膜包衣工艺优化研究

目的:建立绿康银杏叶片的最佳薄膜包衣工艺.方法:采用正交设计试验,考察影响绿康银杏叶片薄膜包衣工艺的4个因素:包衣粉用量、出风温度、喷雾压力、包衣液浓度,每个因素各取3个水平进行试验.结果:包衣粉用量、出风温度具有显著性影响,其次为喷雾压力,包衣液浓度无显著性影响,综合确定其最佳工艺为A2B2C2D2.结论:优化所得的包衣工艺可行.     

用生物电阻抗法测量人体体成分及分析

采用生物电阻抗方法测量了217名普通大学生的体成分,并与理想体重、体重指数、皮褶厚度法、腰臀比等其它体成分评价方法比较.结果显示,生物电阻抗方法可以测定人体体脂比,细胞内、外液,蛋白质、矿物质含量等,有助于客观地评价机体的营养状况.因其自身优势在诊断肥胖方面较其它评价体成分的方法更趋合理和科学.     

Body Fat Assessment: A Comparison of Visual Estimation and Skinfold Techniques

In brief: The purpose of this study was to compare skinfold measurement and visual estimation as methods of measuring percent body fat by testing them against densitometry. Seventy-one male volunteers underwent skinfold measurements and underwater weighing and were photographed from the front, side, and rear. The skinfold measurements and underwater weighing were used to determine percent fat by accepted mathematical methods. Two experts then visually estimated the subjects' percent fat by comparing the photographs with five sets of reference photographs The results suggest that some individuals can visually estimate percent fat about as accurately as it can be calculated from skinfold measurements.     

Nutrition Education,Body Composition,and Dietary Intake of Female College Athletes

In brief: This study examined the effects of nutrition education (through individual counseling) on the body composition and diet patterns of 39 female college athletes. Anthropometric and diet data were collected before and after the playing season. Ten of the athletes received individual nutrition counseling during the season and comprised group 1; the other 29 made up group 2. Neither group met the recommended dietary allowance for energy before or after the season, but group 1 significantly lowered fat and cholesterol levels and increased carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The findings suggest that individual counseling is effective in improving the diet quality of female athletes.     

Effects of a Rebound Exercise Training Program on Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition

In brief: Training on rebound exercise equipment (minitrampolines) is a popular new approach to aerobic conditioning, but its physiological benefits have been a matter of debate. This study was designed to determine if rebound aerobic dancing is an effective way to improve aerobic capacity and body composition. A group of previously sedentary college women who trained on rebound equipment three times a week for eight weeks showed a 9% increase in max but no significant change in percent body fat. A control group showed no significant changes. The improvement was similar to results produced by conventional aerobic dance programs of like intensity but moderate in comparison to other established forms of aerobic exercise.     

Optimal CT Number Range for Adipose Tissue When Determining Lean Body Mass in Whole-Body F-18 FDG PET/CT Studies

Purpose

The aim of this study was to define an optimal CT number range applicable to adipose tissue (AT) measurement in modern PET/CT systems.

Methods

CT number (in Hounsfield units, HU) was measured in three different pure AT compartments in 53 patients. CT number range for AT was determined in three different ways, including pixel histogram analysis, to take the effect of partial volume averaging into account. The effect of changing the CT number range for AT on the total AT volume was investigated.

Results

The lower limits for CT number for pure subcutaneous AT, retroperitoneal AT, and visceral AT were −140, –140, and −130 HU, respectively. The corresponding upper limits were −70, –71, and −52 HU. The CT number range for AT using three methods when considering partial volume averaging was −144 to −141 HU to −30 to −33 HU, showing similar values between the three methods. The optimal CT number range for AT based on these data was −140 to −30 HU. Increases in total AT volume of 7.5 % and 1.8 % were found when the upper or lower limit was extended using 10 HU intervals, respectively, compared with the reference range of −140 to −30 HU.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the optimal CT number range of AT that is applicable to modern PET/CT systems can be defined as −140 to −30 HU. The use of this CT number range of AT allowed lean body mass to be determined in whole-body F-18 FDG PET/CT studies.     

Optimizing strategies for laser angioplasty

The intrinsic optical properties of normal and diseased vascular tissues and their interaction with continuous wave (cw) and pulsed laser light were investigated to determine the optimal source for laser angioplasty. Both intima and atheromatous plaque demonstrated increasing spectral absorbance at shorter wavelengths (in the near ultraviolet). The relative differences in absorbance between diseased and nondiseased tissues were not sufficient to allow selective ablation of plaque. Atheromatous plaque appears more resistant than normal intima to damage by cw argon laser. The interaction of tissue with a high-power, pulsed ultraviolet laser showed a nonlinear response as pulse repetition rate and pulse energy were varied. From theoretical considerations and our experimental results, we propose that a pulsed ultraviolet laser with 50 millijoules of power per pulse and a repetition rate of 10 pps would be safer and more effective for recanalization than the cw argon laser.     

人体脂肪含量及分布DEXA测量的可行性研究

目的探讨肥胖症定量诊断价值。方法应用双能X线吸收测量法(DEXA)对135例肥胖者及对照组75例正常体重者进行全身及局部包括上肢、下肢、躯干的脂肪含量测定,研究不同年龄段、性别的肥胖症患者及正常体重人体内脂肪含量及分布规律;探讨肥胖症患者及正常体重者DEXA的诊断指标。结果DEXA与体重测量仪对体重测量的结果进行t检验,两者无显著性差异。获得正常对照组及肥胖组的男、女的上肢、下肢、躯干及全身的脂肪含量。肥胖男性的全身脂肪含量频数表百分位数95%可信区间的下限值P5=23,肥胖女性P5=29。在每个年龄段的男、女肥胖组的全身脂肪含量都大于对照组,无论肥胖组或对照组,女性的脂肪含量都高于男性。结论DEXA测量人体内全身的脂肪含量判断肥胖症的切点男为23%,女为29%,其准确率高。     

64层VCT图像后处理技术在气管支气管异物中的临床应用

目的：探讨64层VCT多种图像后处理显示技术在气管支气管异物中的临床应用价值。方法：对30例疑为气管支气管异物患者实施肺螺旋CT平扫,结合多平面重组（MPR）、CT仿真内镜（CTVE）、最小密度投影（MinIP）、容积再现（VR）、透明成像（Reysum）、表面遮盖显示法（SSD）、图像反转等图像后处理分析各种重组方法对支气管异物的显示情况及诊断价值。结果：30例患者均获清晰图像,支气管异物23例,其中右支气管异物15例,左支气管异物8例,全部病例经临床支气管镜证实,7例正常。各种重组方法相结合可清楚显示气管、支气管异物的位置、形状、大小及异物所致气管、支气管狭窄的部位、程度和外形改变,其中MPR、MinIP、VR、图像反转这4种后处理显示率最高。结论：64层VCT图像后处理技术在气管支气管异物诊断中具有重要的临床应用价值。