内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折17例分析

目的 探讨采用手术切开复位，内固定方法治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 对17例胫骨平台骨折，其中SchatzkerⅡ型3例，Ⅲ型2例，Ⅳ型3例，Ⅴ型5例，Ⅵ型4例，均进行手术切开复位，“T”型支持钢板，胫骨外侧钢板(高尔夫型棒钢板)加拉力螺丝钉内固定治疗。结果 本组均获得随访，随访时间6～28个月，平均7个月，17例骨折均在12周愈合。术后疗效优9例、良5例、可3例、差1例。结论 胫骨平台骨折特别是复杂型骨折(指SchatzkerⅣ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型)，采用手术切开复位内固定治疗是积极有效的方法，可获得满意的疗效。术中应注意达到解剖复位，坚强内固定，术后早期功能锻炼，避免术后关节粘连僵硬的发生，是取得良好疗效的关键。     

双切口双钢板并植骨治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨双钢板治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 2005年12月~2010年1月对我院54例SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者进行内外侧双钢板固定。对术后并发症及骨折愈合情况、膝关节功能进行随访,分析其手术疗效。结果54例患者均获得随访6~20m,平均随访18m,均获得骨性愈合,全组无切口感染及皮肤坏死,未见内固定断裂或松动。术后膝关节功能参照HSS评分系统评分平均90.8分（82~95分）。结论双钢板固定胫骨平台骨折固定牢靠,允许膝关节早期进行功能锻炼,是治疗SchatzkerV、VI型胫骨平台骨折的有效方法。     

双侧锁定钢板治疗复杂型胫骨平台骨折疗效分析

目的探讨应用双侧锁定钢板治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法我院自2009年3月~2012年6月应用双侧锁定钢板治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者32例,男26例,女6例;年龄18~62岁,平均43.5岁。结果术后随访9~18个月,平均12个月,术后骨折全部愈合,愈合时间4~7个月,平均5.2个月,内固定无松动、拔出及断裂,关节面无塌陷,下肢力线无偏移。根据Rasmussen胫骨平台骨折评分系统进行膝关节功能评价,本组优19例,良8例,可3例,差2例,优良率为84.4%。结论应用双侧锁定钢板治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折具有创伤小、复位满意、固定牢靠、能早期膝关节功能锻炼等优点,是一种比较理想的手术方法。     

关节镜下及切开复位治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的：探讨关节镜下或切开手术治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法：38例胫骨平台骨折的病人按骨折类型分为两组：A组12例为SchatzkerⅠ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型，在关节镜下手术；B组为SchatzkerⅣ型、Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型，共26例，行切开复位内固定手术。结果：随访13～36个月，平均26个月。按Rasmussen评分标准，A组优8例、良4例，B组优9例、良11例、可6例。结论：关节镜下治疗SchatzkerⅠ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折创伤小，是一种有效的治疗方法；对SchatzkerⅣ型、Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型高能量损伤，既要注意解剖复位，亦要重视软组织损伤的处理，可降低术后并发症，有利病人康复。     

高能量胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨高能量胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院自1998年1月-2004年12月收治高能量伤所致胫骨平台骨折患者38例,骨折按Schatzker分类:Ⅳ型骨折11例;Ⅴ型骨折18例;Ⅵ型骨折9例,均采用了切开复位.支持钢板固定治疗.结果 35例获得随访,随访6～30个月,平均14个月.功能评价采用按照马元璋评价标准,优良率为84.2%.结论 手术治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折必须着重于需选择手术时机、坚强的内固定、尽量维持正常的力轴线,确保关节稳定,积极早期处理合并伤、早期的膝关节功能锻炼.     

切开复位内固定治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折

目的:探讨高能量胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析我院自1996年1月-2002年12月收治高能量伤所致胫骨平台骨折患者38例,骨折按Schatzker分类:Ⅳ型骨折11例;Ⅴ型骨折18例;Ⅵ型骨折9例,均采用了切开复位,T型和L型钢板固定治疗.结果:35例获得随访,平均随访4.5月(6-29月).功能评价采用Mechant评分标准,优良率为80%.结论:手术治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折必须着重于早期正确处理软组织损伤、骨折的解剖复位、坚强的内固定.     

胫骨平台骨折的现代治疗探讨

目的总结近年来治疗胫骨平台骨折的经验教训，为临床选择更好的治疗方法、提高胫骨平台骨折手术疗效提供参考。方法回顾分析自2001-2007年收治的胫骨平台骨折89例，其中按照Schatzker分型复杂胫骨平台骨折（Ⅴ型，Ⅵ型）67例，男性75例，女性14例。均行切开复位，严格按照内固定原则分别采用螺丝钉和／或外固定架、钢板、微创内固定系统固定骨折进行治疗，必要时辅以关节镜探查镜下手术。结果75例得到随访，最短6个月，最长6年，平均31个月。骨折均愈合，疗效评定参照Merchant标准，术后6个月优良率为81．6％，术后1年优良率为89．3％。结论胫骨平台骨折应当考虑手术治疗，周密的术前计划、妥善处理软组织损伤、正确选择切口、灵活应用内外固定物及关节镜辅助均是手术成功的重要因素。     

复杂胫骨平台骨折手术方法选择及疗效分析

目的探讨双钢板内固定术和经皮﹙有限切开﹚复位外固定术治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效.方法2007年5月~2009年12月,本科采用双切口双钢板内固定及经皮﹙有限切开﹚复位外固定术治疗27例 SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者,并对临床结果进行分析.结果术后27例均获随访,随访10~26月,平均17.6月.骨折均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间5~10月,平均7.2月,膝关节功能评分采用Lysholm标准评定:优19、良6、可2,优良率92.6%.结论复杂胫骨平台骨折应视软组织损伤情况,选择合适固定方法及时机.软组织损伤较轻时选择双切口双钢板内固定,软组织损伤较严重时选择﹙有限切开﹚外固定术.因此,选择合适的手术方法和时机可减少软组织并发症,使骨折固定稳定,关节功能恢复满意.     

双切口双锁定钢板治疗复杂型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨双切口双锁定钢板治疗SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型复杂胫骨平台骨折的方法与临床疗效。方法对59例复杂胫骨平台骨折进行随访和回顾性分析。患者均行切开复位,双切口双锁定接骨板内固定,骨缺损者植以自体髂骨,对不同类型软组织损伤同时采取相应的处理方法。结果术后随访59例,随访时间6~24个月,平均15个月,59例骨折均获得骨性愈合,所有患者均恢复了患肢的正常力线,患肢稳定。结论该方法手术时间短,利于患者早期CPM锻炼,有利于膝关节功能恢复,临床疗效较好。     

有限内固定联合外固定与钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的比较

目的比较有限内固定联合外固定支架与切开复位钢板内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法 2010年1月至2014年1月我院收治的55例Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者,根据治疗方式的不同分为联合组(采用有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗)和钢板组(采用切开复位钢板内固定治疗)。比较两组手术时间、出血量、住院天数、切口并发症、骨折愈合时间、膝关节疼痛(visual analogue score,VAS)及膝关节功能(Rasmussen评分)。结果联合组手术时间(t=7.230,P0.01)、出血量(t=8.084,P0.01)、住院天数(t=5.505,P0.01)及骨折愈合时间(t=2.871,P0.01)均显著少于钢板组。钢板组术后切口并发症发生率(38.2%)显著高于联合组(9.5%)(P0.05)。末次随访时,两组患者VAS评分与Rasmussen评分等差异无统计学意义(0.05)。结论采用有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗或切开复位钢板内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折,均可获得满意临床疗效,但前者具有创伤较小、切口并发症发生率低、住院天数较短、骨折愈合快等优点。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.