2010年北京市放射治疗资源现状

目的 调查和分析北京地区放射治疗资源现状,为放疗学科发展、资源配置和人才培养提供参考依据.方法 以现场调查为主,辅以电话或电子邮件联系方式.调查内容包括放疗机构分布、放疗设备使用、人员构成和业务开展情况.结果 截至2010年6月,北京市有放疗机构33家,其中31家已开展三维适形或立体定向放射治疗,19家开展调强放射治疗,6家开展图像引导放射治疗,2家开展最新动态旋转调强放射治疗.共有医用直线加速器52台,较2006年9月增加11台;另有1台螺旋断层治疗机,2台术中放疗机.本市共有放疗医务人员(不包括护士)495人,其中,放疗医师214人,物理师78人,技师203人;副高以上职称各占52.3%、17.9%及1.5%.结论 北京地区放射治疗资源现状高于全国水平,但不均衡.应优化资源配置,加速培养人才,以满足日益增长的患者需求.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate and analyze the resources of radiotherapy in Beijing,in order to provide reference for the subject development,resources allocation and professional training of radiotherapy.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted by on-site inspection,supplemented by telephone or e-mail investigation among the 33 hospitals with radiotherapy facilities to know the current status of distribution of radiotherapy institutions,radiotherapy facilities,human resources and number of patients treated.Results There were 52 linear accelerators,1 spiral CT machine,and 2 intraoperative radiotherapy machines in these 33 hospitals up to June 2010.Three-dimensional conformal or stereotaetic radiotherapy was carried out in 31 hospitals,intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)in 19,image guided radiation therapy(IGRT)in 6,and volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMRT)in 2.The number of professional personnel(except nurses)was 495,including 214 radiation oncologists,78 radiotherapy physicists,and 203 radiotherapy technologists,and those with senior professional titles accounted for 52.3%,17.9%,and 1.5%,respectively.Conclusions Compared to the national level,the radiotherapy resources level is higher in Beijing,but the distribution of resources is imbalanced.The resource allocation should be optimized and training of the personnel should be strengthened so as to meet the growing needs of patients.     

广西壮族自治区肿瘤放射治疗发展现状调查

目的 调查广西壮族自治区肿瘤放射治疗学科发展现状.方法 以现场调查为主,辅以电话或电子邮件联系等方式,调查广西医疗机构放疗学科设置、人员配备、放疗设备配置情况及业务规范化开展情况.结果 截至2014年8月底,广西共有40家医疗机构已开展放疗,正在筹建的5家,其中38家已开展三维适形放疗技术,23家开展调强放疗技术,5家开展容积图像引导技术.共有医用直线加速器48台,后装治疗机15台,γ刀/X刀4台.从事放疗的人员(不含护士)647人,其中,医生322人,物理师100人,技师213人,专职工程师12人.开放病床2 000~2 500张,2013年全区共有约2万名肿瘤患者接受放疗,日均治疗1 600~2 000人次.结论 广西现有放疗资源不足,放疗设备投入不够,接受放疗的肿瘤患者所占比例不高,需合理规划发展;各单位放疗质量参差不齐,需建立统一的诊疗规范,整体提高广西的放疗水平;医务人员不足,物理技术方面高素质人才缺乏,需大力培养和引进高素质的专技人员;在新技术的临床引进方面相较我国发达地区有所落后.     

2020年江苏省放射治疗资源调查

目的调查江苏省各地区医疗机构放射治疗资源现状。方法以国家重点职业病监测项目的子项目"医用辐射防护监测"启动调查,根据调查内容设计统一电子调查表,通过网络方式进行分发与回收,对江苏省2020年所有开展放射治疗的医疗机构(不包括部队医院)进行调查。结果截至2020年底,江苏省开展放射治疗的医疗机构共113家(不包括部队医院),其中三级医院86家,二级医院23家,一级医院2家,未评级医院2家,苏北地区医院数量最多。从事放疗工作的人员共2 033人,其中医学物理师319人,占比为15.69%,比例略高于全国平均水平。放射治疗设备195台,其中医用直线加速器153台,后装机31台,γ刀和60Co治疗机分别为9台与2台。每百万人口拥有加速器数量1.80台,高于2018年全国1.45台的水平。放疗年治疗人数为92 441人,年治疗频度为1.090例/千人口,低于国际上I类医疗保健水平地区。结论江苏省放射治疗资源高于全国平均水平,但可能仍不能完全满足现有患者的医疗需求,且离I类医疗保健水平地区还有不小差距。     

淮安市2020年放射诊疗资源应用现状调查

目的 调查淮安市放射诊疗资源配置现状及医疗照射频度。方法 根据"江苏省放射卫生信息管理平台"2020年监测数据，对淮安市放射诊疗机构的人员、设备、照射频次进行描述性分析。结果 淮安市共有放射诊疗机构181家，其中三级医院7家（3.9%），二级医院24家（13.3%），一级医院126家（69.6%），未评级医院24家（13.3%）；放射工作人员1 397人，其中男性948人（67.9%），女性449人（32.1%）；放射诊疗设备459台，其中放射诊断设备420台，放疗设备13台，核医学设备4台，介入放射学设备22台；不同级别医院放射工作人员和设备的平均数量相差较大，三级、二级、一级和未评级医院平均放射工作人员分别为80.1、20.9、2.2和2.0人，三级、二级、一级和未评级医院平均放射诊疗设备数量分别为15.7、5.5、1.4、1.6台。淮安市2020年度X射线诊断频次2 903 246人次，放射治疗27 648人次，核医学8 078人次，介入放射学17 874人次。全市医疗照射频度为599.50人次/千人口，其中常规X射线诊断频度为334.59人次/千人口，CT为239.82人次/千人口，乳腺和牙科共计14.18人次/千人口，介入3.62人次/千人口，放射治疗5.61人次/千人口，核医学1.69人次/千人口。结论 各级医院放射诊疗资源不平衡，需加强合理配置。二级医院的放射工作人员可能更容易产生职业倦怠。新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化下，要加大放射卫生监督力度，确保放射诊疗活动的正当性和防护最优化。医疗照射频度与经济水平基本一致，分析不同地区医疗照射频度差异及预测发展趋势，需建立更为精确的预测模型。     

北京地区介入放射诊疗资源与防护状况调查与分析

目的 调查北京地区介入放射诊疗资源分布和放射防护状况,规范介入放射诊疗行为并促进放射防护监管措施的落实。方法 以北京地区开展介入放射诊疗工作的各级各类医疗机构为调查对象,设计专门的调查表并成立市区两级调查组,逐级调查各区域截至2020年底介入放射工作基本情况和介入放射工作人员职业健康监护情况,依据国家有关法规标准对指标参数进行分析评估。结果 截至2020年底,北京地区开展介入放射工作的医疗机构93家,800 mA(含)以上数字减影血管造影机(DSA)236台;开展介入放射学手术135 593例,年介入手术量在1 000例以上的40家,10~1 000例的41家;介入放射工作人员3 539人,持有《放射工作人员证》者为99.0%,职业健康检查、个人剂量监测和放射防护培训通过率分别为96.9%、99.5%和95.8%;配置的工作人员防护用品3 532件,其中98.9%的机构配备了分体式铅衣或一体式铅衣,但6.5%的机构未配置铅防护眼镜、54.9%的机构未配置铅防护手套。结论 北京地区介入放射诊疗防护状况和防护管理总体较好,但应结合介入放射诊疗资源分布的现况进一步完善监管机制,强化人员的在岗期间职业健康检查、放射防护培训和防护用品的配置与使用。     

四川省调强放疗光子线束吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证研究

目的 用粉末热释光剂量计（TLD）和胶片测量调强放疗（IMRT）光子线束吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证研究。方法 用国际原子能机构（IAEA）提供的聚苯乙烯固体模体,经CT扫描,影像传给放射治疗计划系统（TPS）制定放疗计划,源皮距90 cm,深度10 cm,照射野5 cm×5 cm,计算吸收剂量6 Gy相应的监督单位（MU）。根据四川省各个地域医疗水平、放射治疗开展情况和物理师技术力量等因素选择了7家三级甲等医院,每家医院选取1台常用的加速器,7台加速器生产厂家分别为瓦里安、医科达和西门子,并分别实施调强放疗计划。医院使用的均质固体模体,尺寸30 cm×30 cm,25 cm×25 cm的胶片放在模体上,厚度>20 cm的固体模体板覆盖在胶片上面,射线束中心对准胶片中心,实施调强放疗计划的验证。结果 7台加速器中,TLD吸收剂量与TPS计划剂量相对偏差分别为1.4%、3.7%、-2.5%、-0.3%、4.9%、4.9%和5.0%,满足IAEA要求的±5%以内;胶片吸收剂量与TPS计划剂量相对偏差分别为4.7%、4.3%、1.5%、3.9%、-1.6%、3.3%和-1.3%,满足IAEA要求的±5%以内;5台加速器胶片二维剂量分布3 mm/3%通过率分别为99.9%、98.5%、98.5%、97.9%和70.0%,其中4台加速器满足IAEA要求的通过率为90%以上,1台不满足要求。结论 用TLD和胶片测量调强放疗光子线束野吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证,科学实用,经济方便,可为放射治疗计划提供质量保证。     

武汉市放射诊疗机构X射线诊断设备及频度调查

目的 掌握武汉市放射诊疗机构X射线诊断设备基本情况及频度水平,为卫生行政部门制定医疗照射防护策略及合理调配放射诊疗资源提供依据。方法 采用普查的方法,通过"武汉市职业病防治综合管理信息平台"收集2022年全市1 030家放射诊疗机构(不包括部队和武警医院)填报的X射线诊断设备基本情况和诊断人次调查表,将调查的各类型X射线诊断人次数除以2021年底武汉市常住人口数,获得武汉市不同X射线诊断应用频度。结果 武汉市1 030家放射诊疗机构拥有各类型X射线诊断设备2 540台,放射工作人员7 062人,其中37.76%的设备和75.01%的放射工作人员集中在三级医院;全市平均每百万人拥有186.10台X射线诊断设备,其中数字X射线摄影机(DR)48.65台/百万人最多,其次为口内牙科机31.21台/百万人;全市X射线诊断总数11 884 582人次,集中在X射线摄影与计算机体层成像(CT)诊断检查,分别占43.61%与43.59%,频度分别为379.75人次/千人口与379.52人次/千人口;中心城区放射诊疗资源配置优于远城区。结论 武汉市X射线诊断设备发展较快且仍有增长空间,诊断频度未恢复到新冠疫情前水平,中心城区与远城区放射诊疗资源配置需统筹优化,医疗照射防护管理力度应不断加强,以促进区域间放射诊疗事业可持续发展,保障患者及受检者健康安全。     

无锡市2020年度放射诊疗资源及医疗照射应用频度调查

目的 调查无锡市放射诊疗资源配置、分布及医疗照射应用频度,为合理调配医疗资源,规范医疗照射管理提供依据。方法 根据"江苏省放射卫生信息管理平台"2020年度监测数据,结合无锡市统计年鉴提供的2019年底无锡市常住人口,对无锡市放射诊疗机构的人员、设备、医疗照射应用频度进行描述性分析。结果 2020年无锡市的放射诊疗设备923台,放射诊疗工作人员2 480人,每百万人口拥有的设备及人员数量分别为140.03台和376.24人;2020年度无锡市医疗照射应用频度为1 137.53人次/千人口,其中常规X射线诊断为646.17人次/千人口,CT诊断为394.11人次/千人口,介入诊疗5.34人次/千人口,放射治疗0.79人/千人口,核医学诊疗7.12人/千人口。介入治疗、核医学诊疗及放疗主要集中在三级医院。结论 无锡市放射诊疗资源配备,高于全国及全省平均水平,然存在资源配置不均衡的情况。常规X射线及CT检查应用频度高于全省水平,医疗照射引起的人群集体剂量较高,需加强放射诊疗活动正当性判断。     

在线校正对前列腺癌图像引导调强放疗剂量的影响

前列腺癌调强放疗技术的开展已有十余年,已有大量研究证明调强放疗能显著降低膀胱直肠受量,提高靶区适形度,从而能提高靶区照射剂量[1-2].在前列腺癌调强放疗实施过程中,摆位误差、器官的运动造成的分次间误差和分次内误差会造成靶区漏照和危及器官超量等现象[3-4].近年来开展的图像引导放疗(IGRT)技术能在线校正摆位误差,能安全给予靶区更高的剂量.本研究通过分析摆位误差对前列腺癌调强放疗剂量的影响,探讨在线校正对前列腺癌调强放射治疗的必要性.     

河南省8台加速器调强放疗靶体积和危及器官剂量及二维剂量分布验证方法研究

目的研究用热释光剂量计(TLD)和免冲洗胶片(film)测量调强放疗(IMRT)计划靶区(PTV)、危及器官(OAR)处方剂量和二维剂量分布验证方法。方法选择河南省的8台不同型号医用直线加速器,国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供聚苯乙烯专用模体,经CT模拟定位机扫描,影像传输至治疗计划系统(TPS),分别勾画PTV和OAR的处方剂量,能量6 MV X射线。对模体实施IMRT照射,照射后的TLD和胶片邮寄至中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所二级标准剂量学实验室测量和估算。结果按IAEA要求,对PTV和OAR处方剂量,TLD测量剂量与TPS计划处方剂量的相对偏差为±7.0%。对PTV的剂量验证结果表明,8台加速器的相对偏差在-0.3%~6.9%范围内,符合要求。对OAR剂量验证结果表明,6台加速器的相对偏差在-7.0%~0.3%范围内,符合要求,2台加速器的相对偏差在-10.8%^-8.4%范围内,不符合要求。按IAEA要求,二维剂量分布3 mm/3%通过率≥90%。7台加速器通过率在90.2%~99.9%范围内,符合要求,1台加速器通过率为70.0%,不符合要求。结论免冲洗胶片和热释光剂量计验证调强放疗靶体积和危及器官处方剂量及二维剂量分布,方法简单可靠,是开展调强放射治疗质量控制的重要步骤,可为医疗机构或第三方服务机构核查临床处方剂量提供有力支撑。     

Addressing the burden of cervical cancer through IAEA global brachytherapy initiatives

PurposeBrachytherapy (BT) is an essential component of definitive therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Despite the advantages of the dose distribution with BT in cervical cancer, there is paucity of specific skills required for good-quality BT applications. Furthermore, replacing BT with other modern external beam techniques as a boost can lead to suboptimal results in cervix cancer.Methods and MaterialsReview of available IAEA resources, research and cooperation programs available from the IAEA was completed. These opportunities can be used to address challenges in Brachytherapy.The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provides support for BT through various means that includes education and training, both long term, short term and continuing medical education of professionals, providing expert visits to support implementation, development of curricula for professionals, e-learning through the human health campus, contouring workshops, 2D to 3D BT training, and virtual tumor boards. In addition, the IAEA provides support for implementing quality assurance in radiotherapy to its member states and provides guidelines for comprehensive audits in radiation therapy (QUATRO), and produces safety standards and training in radiation safety. In addition, mapping BT resources, making the case for investment and support for setting up BT services and radiotherapy centers are also available. The IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory provides calibration services to Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratories for well chambers used to confirm the reference air kerma rate of Co60 and Ir192 high-dose-rate BT sources, as well as for Cs137 low-dose-rate sources.Furthermore, the IAEA supports research and development in radiotherapy (and BT) through coordinated research activities that include controlled randomized clinical trials, Patterns of Care studies among others. Partnerships with professional organizations and funding bodies, as well as through the United Nations Joint Global Programme on Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control support radiotherapy activities, including BT in countries worldwide.ConclusionThe IAEA supports brachytherapy implementation, training and research and provides resources to professionals in the area.     

Automatic film processing: analysis of 9 years of observations.

A survey method known as the sensitometric technique for the evaluation of processing (STEP) has been used to monitor processing speed of over 2,000 automatic film processors in hospitals, private offices, and mammography facilities since 1981. Analysis of data obtained through this program revealed underprocessing at 33% (76 of 231) of observed hospitals in 1987, 7% (13 of 179) of mammography facilities in 1988, and 42% (101 of 241) of private practices in 1989. Underprocessing at mammography facilities decreased from 18% (25 of 139) in 1985, which was contrary to the trend in hospitals. The consequence of underprocessing is higher radiation exposure and a degradation in film contrast. Evaluation of automatic film processors is a necessary part of any comprehensive evaluation of a diagnostic radiography facility. The STEP procedure was designed only as a field survey test; to ensure optimal conditions for obtainment of diagnostic quality radiographs, facilities should perform quality assurance evaluations of their processing equipment and verify that processing recommendations of manufacturers are being followed.     

北京市核医学2019年基本情况调查分析

目的:全面了解北京市医疗机构核医学发展现状,为国家相关主管部门合理配置医疗资源和制定相关医疗政策提供参考数据。方法:采用问卷调查形式,对2019年北京市拥有核医学相关科室的医疗单位进行调查。调查问卷的发放采用现场当面呈送与电子邮件相结合的方式。调查内容包括医疗机构或科室的概况、业务设置、影像设备规模、科室人员、诊疗工作...     

Confidence and proficiency levels of medical dosimetry graduates

The purpose of this study was to examine the confidence and proficiency levels of medical dosimetry graduates as they transition from student to professional during their first employment as medical dosimetrists. In addition, this study explored the support provided by employers to assist those medical dosimetry graduates during this transitional period. With assistance from the Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board (MDCB), individuals who graduated from a Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology accredited medical dosimetry program between 2011 and 2018 and earned MDCB certification between 2012 and 2018 were invited to complete an original survey detailing their experiences during their first employment as medical dosimetrists. Data were collected using Qualtrics and analyzed with IBM's SPSS. Most (93, 56.7%) participants indicated a moderate confidence level in their abilities to function as medical dosimetrists and suggested it took approximately 6 months (56, 34.1%) to feel confident in their role as medical dosimetrists in the professional clinical setting. Regarding treatment planning techniques, participants indicated low proficiency levels in proton beam and brachytherapy plans and high proficiency levels in 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and electron beam plans. These findings suggest that educators should consider strengthening curricula and offering additional clinical rotations specific to those areas that lacked proficiency. Most (128, 78.0%) did not complete a dosimetry-specific new employee training program, but believed such support would have been somewhat helpful (44, 34.4%) during their transition from student to professional. Hiring managers and dosimetry supervisors may find it beneficial to implement support measures to assist medical dosimetry graduates as they transition from student to professional.     

Comparing second cancer risk for multiple radiotherapy modalities in survivors of hodgkin lymphoma

Objectives:To assess if excess absolute risk (EAR) of radiation-induced solid cancer can be used to rank radiotherapy plans for treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in a statistically significant way.Methods:EAR models, calibrated with data from the Life Span Study and HL survivors, have been incorporated into a voxelised risk-calculation software, which is used to compare four treatment modalities planned for five virtual HL patients. Organ-specific parameters are generated repeatedly in a Monte Carlo fashion to model their uncertainties. This in turn enables a quantitative estimation of the EAR uncertainties.Results:Parameter-driven uncertainties on total EAR are around 13%, decreasing to around 2–5% for relative EAR comparisons. Total EAR estimations indicate that intensity modulated proton therapy decreases the average risk by 40% compared to the intensity modulated radiation therapy plan, 28% compared to the volumetric modulated arc therapy plan whereas the three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy plan is equivalent within the uncertainty.Conclusion:Relative EAR is a useful metric for distinguishing between radiotherapy plans in terms of second cancer risk.Advances in knowledge:Relative EAR is not dominated by model or parameter uncertainties and can be used to guide the choice of radiotherapy for HL patients.     

A study of radiation safety education practices in acute care Texas hospitals

A survey study was performed to assess the extent of radiation safety education and training in acute care Texas hospitals for radiologic technologists and other hospital personnel. The findings revealed a self-perceived need by hospital administrative personnel and were interpreted to suggest a quantitative need for increased radiation safety education for several classes of hospital personnel. The findings are discussed relative to potential certification requirements for technologists and implications for the training of other personnel.     

全国医疗机构放射诊断资源基本情况分析

目的:分析全国放射诊断资源分布的基本情况,为进一步优化放射诊断资源配置,改进放射诊断放射防护薄弱点提供数据支持。方法:根据2017—2019年发布的全国医用辐射防护监测方案的统一方案和调查表开展调查,调查对象包括全国所有开展放射诊断医疗机构;放射诊断调查指标包括放射诊断医疗机构分布、各类设备数量、放射工作人员的数量等信...