肱骨远端解剖型锁定接骨板的初步应用

Objective To investigate surgical techniques and effects of AO distal humeral plate used as a treatment alternative for distal humerus fractures. Methods From April 2008 to July 2009, 22 cases of distal humerus fracture were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with AO distal humeral plate (DHP). They were 10 males and 12 females. Their ages ranged from 14 to 65 years (average, 40 years). According to AO classification, one case was Type A, 6 were Type B and 15 were Type C. Their elbows were not immobilized postoperatively. The mean follow-up was 15 months. Functional results were evaluated according to the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS). Results Fractures healed in all cases. There was no hardware failure or loss of reduction. No patient complained of pain. They had an average elbow flexion of 108° (range, 60° to 130°) and an average full extension to 25° (range 0 to 80°) . The average ulnohumeral motion was 79° (range, 10° to 130°). The average MEPS was 91 points (range, 60 to 100 points). Fifteen cases scored excellent, 5 good and 2 fair. Conclusions DHP has advantages of an anatomically preshaped locking plate which may enhance anchorage in fractures difficult to manage, such as metaphyseal comminuted supra-intercondylar fractures, lower fractures with relatively small distal fragments and osteoporotic fractures, and allow early postoperative rehabilitation. However, in order to achieve an optimal result,precise location and pre-bending of the plate should be ensured.     

平行双接骨板内固定治疗老年肱骨远端粉碎性骨折

Objective To summarize our experience of treating distal humeral fractures of AO/OTA type C with parallel-plate fixation in the aged. Methods From January 2007 to September 2008, we treated 22 cases of type C distal humeral fractures by parallel-plating. They were 6 males and 16 females, with a mean age of 70. 2 (range, 60 to 81 ) years, including 3 open fractures (Gustilo type Ⅰ) and 19 close fractures. According to AO classification, there were 5 cases of type C1, 10 cases of type C2 and 7 cases of type C3. The posterior midline approach was selected. After the articular surface of the distal humerus was exposed through the olecranon osteotomy or the liguliform flap of triceps brachii muscle, parallel-plate fixation was performed to fix fractures internally. All patients began functional exercise of the elbow joint from 3 days after operation. Results All patients were followed up for a mean of 18 (range, 13 to 35) months. All fractures achieved complete union. The mean degrees of the elbow movement were as follows: extension was 16°(range, 0 to 50°), flexion 125° (range, 95° to 140°), supination 65° (range, 40° to 90°) and pronation 67°(range, 40° to 90°). According to Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), 11 cases were graded as excellent, 8 as good, 2 as fair and one as poor. 86. 4% of the patients had an excellent or good functional result. Two cases reported transient ulnar nerve paralysis, 2 heterotopic ossification, one delayed union and elbow stiffness,3 slight symptoms of traumatic arthritis, and 2 slight malformation of cubitus varus. Conclusions Parallel-plate fixation is a preferred treatment for AO type C distal humeral fractures in the aged because of satisfactory bone healing, early mobilization and recovery of joint function. However, more attention should be paid to the complexity of the fracture which may influence the therapeutic effects of the operation.     

平行双接骨板内固定治疗老年肱骨远端粉碎性骨折

Objective To summarize our experience of treating distal humeral fractures of AO/OTA type C with parallel-plate fixation in the aged. Methods From January 2007 to September 2008, we treated 22 cases of type C distal humeral fractures by parallel-plating. They were 6 males and 16 females, with a mean age of 70. 2 (range, 60 to 81 ) years, including 3 open fractures (Gustilo type Ⅰ) and 19 close fractures. According to AO classification, there were 5 cases of type C1, 10 cases of type C2 and 7 cases of type C3. The posterior midline approach was selected. After the articular surface of the distal humerus was exposed through the olecranon osteotomy or the liguliform flap of triceps brachii muscle, parallel-plate fixation was performed to fix fractures internally. All patients began functional exercise of the elbow joint from 3 days after operation. Results All patients were followed up for a mean of 18 (range, 13 to 35) months. All fractures achieved complete union. The mean degrees of the elbow movement were as follows: extension was 16°(range, 0 to 50°), flexion 125° (range, 95° to 140°), supination 65° (range, 40° to 90°) and pronation 67°(range, 40° to 90°). According to Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), 11 cases were graded as excellent, 8 as good, 2 as fair and one as poor. 86. 4% of the patients had an excellent or good functional result. Two cases reported transient ulnar nerve paralysis, 2 heterotopic ossification, one delayed union and elbow stiffness,3 slight symptoms of traumatic arthritis, and 2 slight malformation of cubitus varus. Conclusions Parallel-plate fixation is a preferred treatment for AO type C distal humeral fractures in the aged because of satisfactory bone healing, early mobilization and recovery of joint function. However, more attention should be paid to the complexity of the fracture which may influence the therapeutic effects of the operation.     

肱骨髁间骨折术后不愈合的原因分析及治疗

Objective To investigate the causes and treatment of postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus. Methods Twenty-six patients suffering from postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus, 14 males and 12 females, were analyzed in this study. Four cases underwent total elbow arthroplasty(TEA), and the other 22 received refixation and autografting, 4 of whom healed only after 2 operations. The causes of postoperative nonunion were analyzed. Results This group had 28 unstable fixations, 16 postoperative plaster external fixations and 21 significant bone defects. On average, they had a follow-up of 11.4 months (4 to 41 months). In the 4 TEA cases, the average flexion was 112° (90° to 130°) and the extension 18° (0 to 35°). Their average MEPS score was 85(80 to 90 points). The other 22 cases achieved bone union ultimately, with an average flexion of 97.7°± 10. 0° (70° to 110°),an average extension of 30. 9°± 12.8°(0 to 60°), and an average motion arc of 66. 8°± 10. 5° (50° to 90°).Their average MEPS score was 81.4 ± 11. 1 points (65 to 100 points). Conclusions Inadequate internal fixation, elbow stiffness due to plaster external fixation and significant bone defects are the main causes for postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus. 90-90 plate fixation and parallel plate fixation, together with constructive bone grafting, can achieve bone union in most cases, though the motion arc of the elbow is still unsatisfactory.     

肱骨髁间骨折术后不愈合的原因分析及治疗

Objective To investigate the causes and treatment of postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus. Methods Twenty-six patients suffering from postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus, 14 males and 12 females, were analyzed in this study. Four cases underwent total elbow arthroplasty(TEA), and the other 22 received refixation and autografting, 4 of whom healed only after 2 operations. The causes of postoperative nonunion were analyzed. Results This group had 28 unstable fixations, 16 postoperative plaster external fixations and 21 significant bone defects. On average, they had a follow-up of 11.4 months (4 to 41 months). In the 4 TEA cases, the average flexion was 112° (90° to 130°) and the extension 18° (0 to 35°). Their average MEPS score was 85(80 to 90 points). The other 22 cases achieved bone union ultimately, with an average flexion of 97.7°± 10. 0° (70° to 110°),an average extension of 30. 9°± 12.8°(0 to 60°), and an average motion arc of 66. 8°± 10. 5° (50° to 90°).Their average MEPS score was 81.4 ± 11. 1 points (65 to 100 points). Conclusions Inadequate internal fixation, elbow stiffness due to plaster external fixation and significant bone defects are the main causes for postoperative nonunion of the intercondylar fracture of humerus. 90-90 plate fixation and parallel plate fixation, together with constructive bone grafting, can achieve bone union in most cases, though the motion arc of the elbow is still unsatisfactory.     

克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折不同进针方式的比较

Objective To compare the treatment outcomes of techniques of K-wire fixation for treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures in children and provide guidelines for selection of internal fixation methods for humeral supracondylar fractures in children.Methods Sixty-four cases d humeral supracondlylar fractures in children were treated by K-wire internal fixation from January 2004 to January 2009.They were divided into 2 groups, with similar fracure types distributed to each group.Group one (crisscross K-wire fixation) contained 38 cases among which 21 were Gartlad Ⅱ fractures and 17 were Gartland Ⅲ fractures.Group two (lateral parallel K-wire fixation) cases contained 26 cases among which 18 cases were Gartland Ⅱ fractures and 8 cases were Garland Ⅲ fractures.Postoperative elbow functions were evaluated and compared between the two groups.Statistical analysis of the excellent-good rate was carried out.Results Postoperatively all 64 patients were follow-up for 6 to 54 moths (average 26 months).The excellent-good rate of elbow fiuctions in group one and two was 92.1% and 84.6%, respectively.There was no significant difference in functional recovery between the two fixation methods (P＞ 0.05).However ulnar nerve injury occurred in 4 cases of the crisscross K-wire insertion group, while none occurred in the lateral parallel K-wire insertion group.Conclusion Crisscross and lateral parallel K-wire fixation have similar clinical outcomes in treating humeral supracondylar fiactures in children.Lateral parallel K-wire fixation technique is simpler and can avoid the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury.It therefore is an effective method to treat Gartland Ⅱ and Ⅲ supracondylar humerus fractures.     

克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折不同进针方式的比较

Objective To compare the treatment outcomes of techniques of K-wire fixation for treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures in children and provide guidelines for selection of internal fixation methods for humeral supracondylar fractures in children.Methods Sixty-four cases d humeral supracondlylar fractures in children were treated by K-wire internal fixation from January 2004 to January 2009.They were divided into 2 groups, with similar fracure types distributed to each group.Group one (crisscross K-wire fixation) contained 38 cases among which 21 were Gartlad Ⅱ fractures and 17 were Gartland Ⅲ fractures.Group two (lateral parallel K-wire fixation) cases contained 26 cases among which 18 cases were Gartland Ⅱ fractures and 8 cases were Garland Ⅲ fractures.Postoperative elbow functions were evaluated and compared between the two groups.Statistical analysis of the excellent-good rate was carried out.Results Postoperatively all 64 patients were follow-up for 6 to 54 moths (average 26 months).The excellent-good rate of elbow fiuctions in group one and two was 92.1% and 84.6%, respectively.There was no significant difference in functional recovery between the two fixation methods (P＞ 0.05).However ulnar nerve injury occurred in 4 cases of the crisscross K-wire insertion group, while none occurred in the lateral parallel K-wire insertion group.Conclusion Crisscross and lateral parallel K-wire fixation have similar clinical outcomes in treating humeral supracondylar fiactures in children.Lateral parallel K-wire fixation technique is simpler and can avoid the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury.It therefore is an effective method to treat Gartland Ⅱ and Ⅲ supracondylar humerus fractures.     

Selection of approach and fixation in the treatment of type C fracture of distal humerus in adults

Objective：To study the surgical treatment for distal humeral fractures in adults according to the follow-up results.Methods： Twenty-one cases （16 males and 5 females）of distal humeral fracture were included in this study. The average age was 42.5 years （range： 37-52 years）. Fractures were classified according to the AO classification system.Nine cases of C1,8 C2 and 4 C3-type fractures were identified.Open reduction and internal fixation were performed in all cases. A tricep-reflecting approach was adopted, and either the AO orthogonal plating or parallel plating technique was chosen,based on the fracture type. The plaster cast was removed 3 weeks after operation. Rehabilitation was encouraged during this period and afterwards. The average follow-up time was 12.2 months （range： 8-28 months）. The outcome was scored according to Aitken and Rorabeek system.Results：No nerve injury,nonunion or failure of fixation was encountered during the operation and follow-up.However, ossifying myosifis occurred in one case.Conclusions：A triceps-reflecting approach can provide adequate exposure to the joint. The use of AO orthogohal plating or parallel plating techniques based on the type of fractures can provide rigid fixation for the fracture.     

Radial head fixation under arthroscopy for Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures

Objective To evaluate the early therapeutic effects of arthroscopic procedure used for Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures. Methods From October 2006 to October 2008, 36 cases of fresh Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures were treated under arthroscopy by 2 protocols. Group A (16 cases) used prone position, brachial plexus anaesthesia and 4 portals while group B (20 cases) side-lying position, general anaesthesia and 3 portals. After debridement and anatomical reduction, the fractures were fixed by absorbable screws. The range of motion (ROM) was compared at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively among all the patients.Comparisons were also done between the 2 groups at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively in the ROM and Mayo elbow performance score(MEPS). Results Fine union was achieved in all the 36 cases without complications. The average ROM of flexion-extension was 128.4°± 12. 7° at 12 weeks and 132.5°± 10. 2°at 24weeks, without any significant difference ( t = 2. 713, P = 0. 539); the average ROM of rotation was 115.3°± 24.0° at 12 weeks and 118.1 °± 19. 3° at 24 weeks, without any significant difference ( t = 5.120, P =0. 778) . No significant differences were found between the 2 groups at either 12 or 24 weeks in ROM of flexion-extension, ROM of rotation or MEPS points ( P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions Short term results show that a satisfactory functional outcome can be achieved by arthroscopy via proper portals in treatment of Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures. Advantages of arthroscopy are minimally invasive approaches, direct visualization of the fracture and early recovery.     

Radial head fixation under arthroscopy for Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures

Objective To evaluate the early therapeutic effects of arthroscopic procedure used for Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures. Methods From October 2006 to October 2008, 36 cases of fresh Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures were treated under arthroscopy by 2 protocols. Group A (16 cases) used prone position, brachial plexus anaesthesia and 4 portals while group B (20 cases) side-lying position, general anaesthesia and 3 portals. After debridement and anatomical reduction, the fractures were fixed by absorbable screws. The range of motion (ROM) was compared at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively among all the patients.Comparisons were also done between the 2 groups at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively in the ROM and Mayo elbow performance score(MEPS). Results Fine union was achieved in all the 36 cases without complications. The average ROM of flexion-extension was 128.4°± 12. 7° at 12 weeks and 132.5°± 10. 2°at 24weeks, without any significant difference ( t = 2. 713, P = 0. 539); the average ROM of rotation was 115.3°± 24.0° at 12 weeks and 118.1 °± 19. 3° at 24 weeks, without any significant difference ( t = 5.120, P =0. 778) . No significant differences were found between the 2 groups at either 12 or 24 weeks in ROM of flexion-extension, ROM of rotation or MEPS points ( P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions Short term results show that a satisfactory functional outcome can be achieved by arthroscopy via proper portals in treatment of Mason Ⅱ radial head fractures. Advantages of arthroscopy are minimally invasive approaches, direct visualization of the fracture and early recovery.     

Digital replantations distal to the distal interphalangeal joint

Microvascular replantations of digits distal to the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint were reviewed in 33 digits of 29 patients. Twenty-five digits were completely amputated and eight were incompletely amputated. Ten of 33 replants failed and 23 digits survived. Even without venous reconstruction, good results were obtained in Zone I. Of eight completely amputated digits in Zone 1 in which venous reconstruction was not performed, seven digits survived. Of four completely amputated digits in Zone 2 without venous reconstruction, all became necrotic. In digits followed for six months or more after surgery, 11 of 13 replantations showed good functional recovery. Two digits that developed paresthesia after replantation were functionally useless. Seven digits without bilateral digital nerve reconstruction were reviewed six months or more after surgery. Sensory recovery was good in the digital phalanx; the factor impeding functional recovery was the development of paresthesia. Replanted digits distal to the DIP joint are thus satisfactory in both function and cosmesis, even if digital nerves have not been reconstructed. The replantation of such digits should be considered.     

肱骨远端解剖型锁定接骨板的初步应用

目的 评价新型肱骨远端解剖型锁定接骨板(DHP)的治疗方法及疗效.方法 2008年7月至2009年4月使用DHP治疗且获得随访的肱骨远端骨折22例,男10例,女12例;年龄14～65岁,平均40.2岁;左侧13例,右侧9例.骨折按照AO分型:A型1例;B型6例;C1型2例,C2型1例,C3型12例.均采用切开复位DHP固定;术后无需外固定,第2天开始功能锻炼.所有患者按照Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)及X线片评估疗效.结果 22例患者获得11～20个月(平均15个月)随访.骨折均获愈合,平均愈合时间16周,无内固定失效或骨折再移位.2例患者因肘关节僵硬接受肘关节松解手术,1例患者螺钉进入关节,但对肘关节功能无影响,2例患者内固定突起于皮下致轻微疼痛.22例患者中2例有轻微疼痛,前臂旋转功能同健侧一致,肘关节平均屈伸79°(10～130°),屈曲108°(60°～130°),伸直25°(0～80°).MEPS评分平均91分(60～100分),其中优15例,良5例,中2例,优良率91.0%.结论 DHP对于较高位的肱骨髁上部分粉碎骨折、低位的关节面粉碎骨折,以及合并骨质疏松的肱骨远端骨折均能够达到满意的稳定固定,允许早期功能锻炼.     

解剖型钢板内固定治疗股骨远端骨折

1999年6月～2005年10月,我院采用Link解剖型钢板内固定治疗股骨远端骨折32例,获得了满意疗效。     

Comparative study of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy and open distal gastrectomy

BACKGROUND: Most studies comparing surgical results of laparoscopic procedures for gastric cancer with open gastrectomies have been conducted based on limited experience. We aimed to compare laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) and conventional open distal gastrectomy (ODG) after a protracted learning experience. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed medical records data. Two hundred fifty six patients underwent distal gastrectomies (136 LADG, 120 ODG). There were 150 early gastric cancer (EGC) patients (120 LADG, 30 ODG). RESULTS: Mean operation times for LADG and ODG were similar among EGC (156.5 versus 159.3 minutes, p = 0.666). Mean retrieved lymph node counts for LADG and ODG were different, but were > 30 (31.3 versus 40.4 for all and 30.4 versus 38.1 for EGC). For all subjects or EGC patients after LADG, C-reactive proteins on day 5 were substantially lower, first liquid diet was resumed substantially sooner, and postoperative hospital stays were substantially shorter than for ODG. CONCLUSIONS: LADG with lymph node dissection after a learning curve has several advantages compared with ODG, namely, less inflammatory reaction, rapid return of gastrointestinal function, and shorter hospital stay without compromising operation time or operative curability.     

腹腔镜远端胰腺切除

目的 比较不同方式腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术的安全性、可行性.方法 2005年9月至2012年10月,57例胰腺体尾部肿物患者接受腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术.根据手术方式将患者分为远端胰腺及脾切除组、保留完整脾动静脉的保脾远端胰腺切除组、不保留脾动静脉的保脾远端胰腺切除组及中转开腹组.记录4组患者术中情况(包括手术时间、术中出血量、输血量等)、术后恢复情况(包括术后住院天数、并发症发生率等)以及病理资料,并进行对比分析.结果 57例患者中,5例中转开腹,52例完成腹腔镜手术(其中1例为手助).保脾手术22例(39％),非保脾手术30例(61％).4组患者手术时间、术中出血量,术后住院时间差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).无手术死亡病例,术后B级胰漏2例,无C级胰漏.结论 不同术式的腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术均是安全的,应根据患者的具体情况选择不同术式.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with minilaparotomy for distal pancreatic cystadenoma

Two patients with cystic tumors of the pancreas treated by laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy are presented. The first patient was a 34-year-old woman with a 6-cm cystadenoma of the tail of the pancreas treated with a complete laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. After mobilization of the distal pancreas and spleen, the pancreas was transected proximally together with the splenic artery and vein using an endoscopic linear stapler. The second patient was a 71-year-old woman with a 6-cm cystadenoma of the body of the pancreas, treated by hand-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with minilaparotomy because the tumor was adjacent to the portal vein and celiac axis. Using an upper median minilaparotomy, dissection of the gastrocolic ligament, division of the splenic artery, and transection and closure of the pancreas were performed. Division of the splenic vein and mobilization of the distal pancreas and spleen were performed via a hand-assisted laparoscopic approach. There were no postoperative complications (such as pancreatic fistulas) in either patient, and the postoperative courses were uneventful. The patients returned to normal activity within 1 week after the operation. Complete laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy are preferable to conventional open surgery for benign tumors of the pancreas because of their less-invasive nature. Additionally, in tumors of the body of the pancreas, hand-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy might have the advantages of laparotomy and laparoscopy in terms of handling the splenic artery and vein just below the minilaparotomy site, suggesting an easier and safer procedure than complete laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. Therefore, hand-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy can be recommended as a useful alternative to complete laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for selected patients with benign tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas.     

微创胰体尾切除术——机器人手术系统的优势

目的 探讨机器人手术方式在胰体尾切除术上的可行性、安全性、适应证以及与腹腔镜相比优劣势.方法 回顾性分析自2005年9月到2012年4月完成的微创胰体尾切除术51例,根据手术方式分为机器人手术组(RDP组,n=21)与腹腔镜手术(LDP组,n=30),比较两组术中情况(包括手术时间、术中出血量、输血量等)与术后恢复情况(包括术后住院天数、并发症发生率、保脾率等),并进行对比分析.结果 RDP组中转开腹l例,中转率4.76％(1/21).与LDP组相比,RDP组良性肿瘤保脾率较高(61.5％比25.0％,x2=4.786,P=0.039),淋巴结清扫程度也较LDP组彻底(4.14±2.73枚比1.33±1.21枚,t=2.203,P=0.041).结论 胰体尾肿瘤采用机器人胰体尾切除术是安全可行的.对于保脾胰体尾切除术及标准胰体尾癌根治术,机器人手术系统是有其优势的.