人内耳骨迷路的组织发生

目的 :了解人胚胎内耳骨迷路的组织发生。方法 :取因故人工流产的胚胎 42例 ,将内耳作石蜡包埋 ,连续切片 ,光镜观察。扫描电镜标本用冷冻割断法 ,观察其割断面的表面结构。结果 :胚胎第 6周蜗管周围的间充质聚集 ,7- 8周变为初软骨 ,9- 12周分化为真性软骨 (透明软骨 ) ,14周骨化开始 ,2 5周骨化完成。结论 :骨迷路的形成是以软骨内成骨的方式进行的     

鹅免疫淋巴器官的发育

目的：探讨长骨骨干骨密质发生发育的组织形态结构特点。方法：根据人胚胎各期外形特征、长度和体质量, 确定收集胚胎标本的胚胎龄。截取不同胚龄人胚胎标本及成人股骨中段,脱钙,制备切片,H-E染色。结果 ：股骨 发生方式属软骨内骨发生。胚胎8周,在软骨基质表面附着成骨细胞,已有薄层的骨质出现,可见骨髓腔,腔内有骨髓。 胚胎16周,无软骨基质,骨组织呈网状,网状骨表面有成骨细胞附着,网间含骨髓。胚胎25周左右,网状骨增多增厚, 其余结构同前。胚胎38周左右,骨组织继续增厚,骨单位雏形形成。成人长骨骨干密质骨横切面,可见大小不一 的骨单位、间骨板,还可见少量较大的腔隙。结论 ：骨发生和生长过程中,骨的改建与整个机体的发育和生理功能 相适应,持续伴随终身。在胚胎时期,长骨形成为软骨内骨发生方式,骨干密质骨的形成在软骨基质完全被骨组织 取代后是以成骨为主,直至出生 ;其形态结构变化依次经历了软骨组织形成与破坏、网状骨组织形成、骨单位雏形 形成 ;形成骨髓腔的部位则破骨大于成骨,最终形成长骨骨干部连通的髓腔。出生后,受应力的作用,成骨和破骨 均活跃,典型的骨单位、间骨板和环骨板形成。     

砧骨豆状突的观察和研究

目的 :研究人体听骨中砧骨长脚及豆状两骨之间的关系 ,砧骨长脚末端的豆状突在听骨链解剖中是否为一块独立的骨。方法从 1 63例胎尸中选择出完整砧骨 2 0 6块 ,又从死婴 4例中选完整砧骨 7块 ,在成人中耳炎手术中获得的完整砧骨 1 0块总计 2 2 3块 ,作为实验材料。在显微镜下观察豆状突的形态与砧骨长脚之间的关系 ,观察砧骨长脚与豆状突之间的微细结构和组织切片。结果 :发现豆状突有其独立的骨化中心 ,它为软骨内骨化 ,砧骨长脚和豆状突之间有纤维组织连接。结论 :豆状突可能为人体中一块独立的最小骨 ,即听骨链中的第四对骨     

人胚胎长骨中骨形态发生蛋白的免疫组化研究

目的：探讨骨形态发生蛋白与人胚胎骨发生及发育的关系。方法：用免疫组化技术和图像分析系统研究了第9－24周人胚胎股骨中骨形态发生蛋白的分布规律及胎龄性变化。结果：第9周胚胎股骨为软骨锥形,雏形的软骨膜,软骨基质及其两端的软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白呈阳性反应,第10－24周胚胎股骨中,骨形态发生蛋白阳性反应主要见于成骨细胞,骨膜内层细胞,新生骨细胞及骨基质中,破骨细胞及骨髓细胞骨形态发生蛋白也呈阳性反应,骺软骨为阴性,但其内的软骨管为阳性反应,图象分析测定表明：人胚胎股骨内成骨细胞及骨小梁的平均灰度值随胎龄增加而逐渐下降,同一股骨内不同部位的骨小梁和成骨细胞的平均灰度值有所不同,结论：骨形态发生蛋白与胚胎骨的发生及发育密切相关。     

人胚胎期软骨管的观察

本文对19例人胚胎软骨进行了微血管造影观察。自第2～3胎月以后,各部位软骨内相继出现血管,但它是以一种特殊的方式,即软骨管的形式存在于软骨内。软骨管的形成方式,包括两个方面:1.随着软骨的增大,原来处于软骨表浅部位的软骨管,被逐渐包埋于软骨内;2.软骨管本身不断增长、分支,并向软骨深部推进。软骨管的功能除滋养软骨外,它们还是软骨生长中心,并且直接参与骺二次化骨中心的成骨活动。     

国人顶间骨与前顶间骨的观测

顶间骨系枕骨异常化骨所产生。胚胎第8周时枕鳞上部出现一对骨化中心,由于异常化骨,枕鳞上部可终生分隔形成顶间骨,或出现若干分隔的缝间骨,较大的缝间骨称前顶间骨。顶间骨为位于两侧顶骨间所夹的枕骨鳞部,大小不等、形状各异的独立骨块。因南美秘鲁印加土族(Peru     

骨、软骨组织工程种子细胞及其免疫学相关研究进展

近年来,细胞生物与生物材料学的迅速发展加快了骨、软骨组织工程的研究.骨、软骨组织工程的系列研究中,种子细胞是骨、软骨组织工程研究的核心内容.本文就骨、软骨组织工程的种子细胞成骨细胞、软骨细胞、骨髓基质细胞、间充质干细胞、胚胎干细胞及其免疫学相关研究进展作一讨论.     

股骨下端骺微血管的观察

本文报道用微血管造影及组织切片的方法,观察了18例胚胎和10例儿童的股骨下端骺。结果发现仅关节软骨内无血管。而软骨骺内的血管分布有一定规律:从髁间窝来的血管分布于骺中心区域;两髁侧面来的血管分布于两髁外侧份;骺软骨板附近的血管主要来自髌面上方及髁间窝上方。骺骨化中心最早围绕软骨管发生。骨化向周围扩展的速度不均匀,靠近血管处比远离血管处扩展块。骺未化骨时,其内的血管处于软骨管内,在化骨过程中,部分转变为骨骺血管,继续供应骺骨化中心: 2岁前,仅由3～5支来自髁间窝的血管供应;2岁后,髌面上方来的血管也开始进入;5岁后,两髁侧面来的血管相继开始供应骺骨化中心。     

自体或同种异体耳软骨重建听骨链的评价

将自体耳廓软骨及70％酒精保存的同种异体耳廓软骨分别植入豚鼠耳泡,观察2、4、8周。另于临床手术中又得到了3个已重建听骨链分别达6月、2年及8年的人自体耳屏软骨骨柱。对这些标本进行了光镜及扫描电镜的研究。结果发现,在动物标本中,70％酒精保存的同种异体耳软骨周围有炎细胞浸润,骨基质有吸收,监被纤维结缔组织所取代。而自体软骨无此变化,生长良好。在人的     

同种异体软骨听骨赝复物与羟基磷灰石听骨赝复物修复听骨链损伤的比较

背景:以往多采用同种异体软骨听骨赝复物作为听骨链重建的材料,近年来羟基磷灰石听骨赝复物已广泛地应用于鼓室成形术的临床工作中。而目前有关两种听骨赝复物在鼓室成形术、听骨链重建中的临床疗效比较尚无相关报道。目的:比较两种听骨赝复物的临床疗效,旨在探求更适宜临床推广应用的听骨赝复物。方法:将进行鼓室成形、听骨链重建术的慢性中耳炎患者60例分为同种异体软骨听骨赝复物组和羟基磷灰石听骨赝复物组,两组在术前、术后进行纯音听力测试,以语言频率区(0.5,1.0,2.0kHz)听阈气导平均值及气骨导差平均值统计,取最后一次(至少6个月以后)复查听力结果作为组间对比指标之一。同时记录两组病例移植鼓膜愈合情况,即移植鼓膜良好上皮化的时间,两组听骨赝复物的脱出率。结果与结论:在相同病变类型、相同术式患者中,同种异体软骨听骨赝复物与羟基磷灰石听骨赝复物植入后听力恢复水平方面差异不显著(P0.05),术后移植鼓膜愈合情况方面差异不显著(P0.05)。在相同病变类型、相同术式的术后赝复物脱出率均为0。提示同种异体软骨听骨赝复物与羟基磷灰石听骨赝复物在慢性中耳炎患者行鼓室成形、听骨链重建术中的临床疗效相似。     

胎儿听骨的应用解剖学及骨化进程的研究

本研究解剖3～9个月流产死胎儿105具,自210耳取完整听骨615块,做了18项测量,并观察了鼓环的发生及形成,听骨各月龄的形态大小、长度、鼓室内变化及听骨骨化进程。     

The urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) in embryo-fetal bone formation in the human: an immunohistochemical study

The role of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human embryofetal bone formation between the 9th and the 20th week of gestation has been studied immunohistochemically. While mature osteocytes of the secondary spongiosa and resting chondrocytes of the bone epiphyses were negative for both antigens in each developmental stage, metabolically active parts of the osseocartilaginous system showed a strong immunoreactivity. Until the end of the 10th week of gestation urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 could not be demonstrated in the shaft of the preexisting cartilaginous models of bones, which correlates with the morphological developmental stage of the embryos. Later, osteoblasts and chondrocytes in the areas of enchondral ossification, and the perivascular chondrocytes of the epiphyseal secondary ossification centres, showed similarly high concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Moreover, the individual ossification stages of the different bones in embryo-fetal development could be demonstrated immunohistochemically. While humeri and femora showed diaphyseal immunoreactivities at an early stage, positive reactions in the phalanges were found only much later. Thus, the enzymes of the fibrinolytic system studied are clearly involved in the desmal and enchondral ossification process in the osseocartilaginous compartment.     

Regeneration of rat auditory ossicles using recombinant human BMP-2/collagen composites

Tympanoplasty operations to improve hearing impairment require a wide middle ear cavity and reconstruction of columellar formations. There is no specific material for use in the reconstruction of columellar formations. Tissue response to BMP has been employed as regenerative material. To our knowledge, however, there are no reports of the reconstruction of columellar formations using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/bovine collagen composites in the middle ear. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/bovine collagen composites (rhBMP-2 composites) are appropriate for use as regenerative material for tympanoplasty. In the form of pellets, rhBMP-2 composites were implanted as columellae into the tympanic cavity. At 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery, the middle ear of the animals (n = 4 at each week) was stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopic observation. All composites were in the process of ossification or had ossified according to their developmental stages and were covered with a single layer of squamous or cuboidal epithelium. The new bone formed in these composites was persistently stable and displayed some columellar conditions assessed by histological examination. This study led to the conclusion that rhBMP-2 composites make excellent regenerative material for auditory ossicles.     

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/atelocollagen composite as a new material for ossicular reconstruction

Ossicular reconstruction is the rebuilding of the damaged middle ear. There are many different prosthesis and techniques used to reconstruct the middle ear ossicles. However, precision in the surgical procedures and prostheses used for ossiculoplasty are still imperfect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)/ atelocollagen composite for ossicular reconstruction implanted in the tympanic cavity of rat. The ossicles were extirpated by perforating the tympanic membranes of rats. rhBMP-2/atelocollagen composite was implanted as substitute of ossicles in intimate contact with the tympanic membrane. Composites were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and radiological examination. To evaluate the auditory function, auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured. rhBMP-2/atelocollagen composites showed good stability and durability without any inflammatory reaction within the tympanic cavity. The process of new bone formation was similar to intramembranous ossification. They also demonstrated that the hearing ability was re-established by ABR threshold shifts. rhBMP-2/atelocollagen composite exhibited excellent potential for ossicular reconstruction, maintaining their vibratory function. This ossicular tissue engineering may be considered as a future therapeutic strategy for ossiculoplasty.     

Development of the human knee joint

ABSTRACT Background: Many studies have been published on the development of the human knee joint, but different investigators disagree on its morphogenetic time table. Most discrepancies center on the cavitation of the knee joint and the participation of the superior tibiofibular joint in the joint knee system. Methods: We summarize our observations of the development of the knee joint in 50 serially sectioned human embryonic and fetal lower limbs (26 embryos and 24 fetuses). Results: The epiphysis of the femur and tibia become condryfied from O'Rahilly stage 18, and ossification begins during the 13th week of development. The patella appears as a dense blastema during O'Rahilly stage 19, becomes condryfied during O'Rahilly stage 22, and begins its ossification during the 14th week of development. The knee joint cavity appears during O'Rahilly stage 22, initially as the femoropatellar joint. This process begins at the periphery of the articular interzone. The superior tibiofibular joint communicates with the lateral meniscotibial joint between 10 and 11 weeks of development and becomes separated from the 13 week on. The menisci arise from the eccentric portions of the articular interzone during O'Rahilly stage 22; however, until week 9 of development, they are not easily distinguishable. Conclusions: We establish the morphogenetic time table of the human knee joint. Anat. Rec. 248:269-278, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Development and surgical anatomy of the round window niche

The round window niche is a bony pouch of the tympanic cavity and clinically frequently explored, therefore its topography has fundamental impact on microsurgery. A total of 783 macerated and formalin-fixed temporal bones were used to study the normal anatomy of the round window and its development. The ossification of the niche starts in the 16th fetal week and is complete at birth. A process of the otic capsule, called the cartilage bar, forms the inferior wall of the round window niche. The anterior and superior walls of the niche form by intramembranous ossification, whereas the posterior and inferior walls predominantly form by enchondral ossification. The uneven growth of different walls of the round window niche can alter the shape of the entrance, which results in eight different types of niches: extremely narrow, descending tegmen, anterior septum, bony membrane, open fundus, exostosis, jugular dome and trabeculae.     

MORPHOLOGIC and RADIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLIEST BONE MARROW FORMATION IN HUMAN EMBRYOS and FETUSES

Morphologic and radiologic studies were undertaken on 26 human embryos and fetuses to determine the stage and site of the earliest bone marrow formation. Up to the 10th week of gestation, primary bone marrow is not present anywhere although the intramembranous ossification occurs in the maxilla and mandible and also in the middle portion of the clavicle. At the 11th week of gestation, X-ray examination showed in two fetuses the bone formation in the clavicle, scapula, maxilla, mandible, and the diaphysis of the long bones. Serial sections of these fetuses revealed that the primary bone marrow occurs first in the middle portion of the clavicle. From a series of our embryological studies, the concept of the mononuclear phagocyte system which involves the bone-marrow-derived monocytic origin of tissue macrophages, is not accepted, at least, on the origin of Kupffer cells in human fetal livers.     

Wormian bones: A review

Wormian bones are abnormal ossicles that develop from extra ossification centers within the cranium. They are most frequently located in the lambdoid suture or the coronal suture, and have been seen in the fontanelles, particularly the posterior fontanelle. It is unclear at this time exactly how or why they are formed, although genetic as well as environmental factors have been proposed. Their initial formation is thought to be caused by a degree of dural strain and increased sutural width. These conditions can result from mechanically induced stress due to intentional deformation like that practiced in ancient cultures, premature sutural closure, or from reduced skull ossification as seen in metabolic bone diseases. The cause of the malformation can have an influence on the number and location of Wormian bones. Clinically, Wormian bones are used as markers in the diagnoses of many autosomal dominant genetic disorders, namely, craniosynostosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. Clin. Anat. 26:922–927, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人胎视网膜发生的光镜和电镜观察

本文在光镜下观察40例人胎视网膜的发生,在电镜下观察15例人胎视网膜视细胞、双极细胞、节细胞的发育。结果表明:胚胎第9周时神经上皮可分内、外成神经细胞层。第10周时内、外成神经细胞层之间的Chievitz带消失;第11周时节细胞从内成神经细胞层内迁;第13周节细胞与内成神经细胞之间出现内网层;第16周始双极细胞从外成神经细胞层中内迁形成外网层和内核层。第20周后视网膜各层形成。而视细胞、双极细胞、节细胞的超微结构于胎儿8个月后才发育完善。其结构与成人基本相同。