男性后尿道损伤35例治疗体会

目的探讨男性尿道损伤早期治疗方法。方法对本院诊治的35例男性后尿道损伤的治疗进行描述性分析。其中1例行留置导尿术,3例行单纯膀胱造瘘术,31例行尿道会师气囊导尿管牵引术。结果采用留置导尿术的患者排尿通畅;采用单纯膀胱造瘘术的患者尿道狭窄,行后期后尿道吻合术;采用尿道会师牵引术的患者中19例尿道狭窄（61%）;2例死亡。结论对于男性后尿道断裂,尿道会师牵引术简单、安全,能Ⅰ期恢复尿道的连续性,术后尿道狭窄机会少;即使发生狭窄其长度也较短,为较合理、有效的方法。     

前尿道损伤早期处理的治疗体会

目的 探讨前尿道损伤早期处理方式的选择.方法 回顾性总结2001年9月至2011年6月我科47例尿道损伤患者的临床资料,分析术后并发症及排尿情况.结果 47例患者随访41例,随访时间1～84个月,术后2～6周拔除尿管;采用膀胱穿刺造瘘术3例,留置导尿8例,输尿管镜尿道置管术18例,腔镜下尿道会师术4例,尿道修补术或断端吻合术14例(术后会阴伤口感染2例,尿漏2例),术后31例排尿良好,尿道狭窄10例,失访6例.结论 前尿道不全断裂首选输尿管镜尿道置管术,不成功时行腔镜下尿道会师术,而对于前尿道断裂仍宜行尿道断端吻合术.     

膀胱粘膜移植尿道成形术治疗陈旧性尿道狭窄

陈旧性尿道狭窄是泌尿外科临床工作的难题之一,常因狭窄段长、位置高不易显露、炎症或其他局部病理情况,使尿道修复成功率低或术后并发症多而不够满意。我院自1983年元月以来采用膀胱粘膜移植尿道成形术,治疗陈旧性尿道狭窄10例,效果满意,现报告如下。临床资料:10例均为男性,年龄18～52岁,平均37.6岁。尿道狭窄长度为2.5～5cm.8例为骨盆骨折致后尿道断裂,2例骑跨伤致尿道球部断裂。10例中7例曾急诊行尿道会师术,1例耻骨上膀胱造瘘;2例尿道球部断裂曾行断端吻合术,术后经反复尿道扩张仍有排尿不畅。3例后尿道断裂者曾     

老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂的治疗体会

目的探讨老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂的合理治疗方法.方法2003年9月至2011年6月,治疗老年前列腺增生患者尿道断裂患者11例.球部尿道断裂4例患者先行尿道吻合术,其中2例术后2周内行经尿道前列腺电切术;另外2例3个月后分别行前列腺电切术和开放前列腺摘除术.后尿道断裂患者共7例,1例行尿道会师术加开放前列腺摘除术;1例先行尿道会师术后再行经尿道前列腺电切术;3例膀胱造瘘术患者延期行后尿道吻合术者,2例行经尿道前列腺电切术,另1例行开放性前列腺摘除术;2例单纯行膀胱造瘘术.结果本组患者随访4~60个月.球部尿道断裂患者术后均排尿通畅,球部尿道吻合术后及早行前列腺切除的2例(8周)治疗周期明显短于另外2例(25周).后尿道断裂行尿道修复手术的患者治疗结束后排尿通畅者4例;1例病人自述排尿尚满意,但需间歇尿道扩张术;另外2例行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术.后尿道断裂患者治疗周期平均为19.6周(4~50周),排除2例造瘘者,平均治疗周期25.4周(7~50周);行尿道会师术患者平均治疗周期为10.5周,明显短于先膀胱造瘘再行后尿道吻合术3例患者(35.3周).结论前、后尿道断裂,在行尿道修复术后及早解除前列腺梗阻是恢复尿路通畅的关键,可缩短治疗周期.     

骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤的早期处理

目的：探讨骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤早期合理的处理方法。方法：回顾性分析36例男性骨盆骨折并发后尿道损伤患者的临床资料，其中8例尿道黏膜裂伤或尿道部分断裂患者行留置导尿，另28例尿道完全断裂患者均在伤后24h内行手术治疗，其中18例行尿道会师加牵引，其余10例单纯膀胱造瘘。结果：随访6个月～5年，8例留置尿管患者，拔管后排尿通畅6例，尿线变细2例，经定期尿道扩张，排尿正常。18例尿道会师加牵引患者，拔管后适时扩张尿道，排尿通畅15例，尿线较细3例，经定期尿道扩张后，1例排尿通畅，2例失败。10例单纯膀胱造瘘患者，术后均不能排尿，分别于伤后6～12个月行开放手术及尿道内切开治疗。结论：尿道会师加牵引术是治疗骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂的有效方法。     

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤致阴茎勃起功能障碍48例临床分析

目的探讨男性骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤致阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析48例男性骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤患者的临床资料,其中28例急诊行尿道端端吻合术,13例患者Ⅰ期先行膀胱造瘘术,3～6个月后行尿道瘢痕切除＋Ⅱ期尿道吻合术或冷刀切开术,5例行尿道会师牵引固定术,2例行保守治疗后仅留置导尿管。其中15例不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤的患者同期行骨盆复位内固定术。结果 48例患者中39例出现不同程度勃起功能障碍,术后通过病史、查体、实验室检查,国际勃起功能指数、夜间阴茎勃起（NPT）监测,罂粟碱试验、彩色多普勒血流显像（CDU）、动态阴茎海绵体造影、球海绵体肌反射（BCR）和尿动力学检查等方法。其中神经性勃起障碍28例,动脉性15例,静脉性4例,心理性2例。结论 ED是骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的常见并发症,严重骨盆骨折致后尿道的损伤发生ED的机率明显升高。     

小儿外伤性后尿道损伤急症处理与远期疗效观察

为了评价小儿外伤性后尿道损伤急症处理方法的效果，将１９例后尿道损伤患儿分为尿道会师组和单纯膀胱造瘘组，对二组的急诊处理方法及远期疗效进行了回顾性分析。结果：尿道会师组术后７５％出现尿道狭窄，单纯膀胱造瘘组为１００％，长期随访发现二组阳萎和尿失禁发生率之间无显著性差异。结论：（１）小儿后尿道损伤急症处理方法的选择应根据患儿全身情况，尿道损伤部位，断端移位情况等决定；（２）同单纯膀胱造瘘术相比，不加牵引的尿道会师术并不增加远期阳萎和尿失禁的发生率     

骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂的早期手术方法及其治疗效果。方法自1995年1月至2005年1月,共收治骨盆骨折合并尿道断裂患者25例。根据Tile的分型方法,骨盆稳定型损伤1例,旋转不稳定型损伤17例,旋转及垂直均不稳定型损伤7例。尿道完全断裂23例、部分断裂2例。手术方法包括：（1）急诊尿道吻合、尿道会师部分吻合、尿道会师、尿道阴道贯通伤修补,同期行骨盆骨折开放复位内固定术9例。（2）急诊尿道会师,延期（7—21d）行骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术10例。（3）急诊膀胱造瘘,限期（3～21d）行尿道会师及骨盆骨折切开复位内固定术6例。结果术后随访6～120个月,平均34个月。骨盆损伤根据Majeed的疗效标准,优17例,良5例,可3例。尿管拔除后,19例（76％）患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率平均为18．6mL／s,排泄性尿路造影示尿道断端对位良好,瘢痕平均长度为0．51cm;5例（20％）出现不同程度的排尿困难,须定期扩张尿道或改行其他手术;1例（4％）女性患者不能控制排尿,须进一步治疗。术后耻骨上原发软组织撕脱伤感染伴耻骨后脓肿形成1例,后尿道狭窄5例,阳痿3例,尿失禁1例。结论骨盆骨折的早期复位和有效固定是实现“无张力尿道修复”的解剖基础。     

76例后尿道损伤诊治分析

目的 探讨骨盆骨折致后尿道损伤的早期诊治及处置.方法 总结76例后尿道损伤的处置过程及诊治经验.结果 采用单纯膀胱造瘘术10例,尿道会师术(气囊尿管牵引法)35例,早期尿道断端吻合术31例,都取得了较为满意的治疗效果.结论 在骨盆骨折所致后尿道损伤治疗中,在首保抢救生命的前提下,根据患者后尿道损伤的不同程度,患者合并伤的严重程度以及医院的诊疗条件和医师对尿道损伤手术的熟练程度,选用合适的术式,是保证患者生命,提高疗效,减少并发症的关键.     

长针在外伤性后尿道狭窄对端吻合术中的应用

自1990年5月～1999年5月对35例外伤性后尿道狭窄行狭窄段切除,长针对端吻合术,效果满意。报告如下。临床资料　本组35例均为男性,年龄25～50岁,平均35岁。骨盆骨折致尿道完全断裂会师术后15例,单纯膀胱造瘘5例,经会阴尿道修补术后狭窄10例,瘢痕切除对端吻合术后再狭窄5例,尿道膀胱造影显示狭窄段1ｃｍ～25例,>3ｃｍ10例。手术方法　会阴倒Ｖ形切口,游离　　作者单位:150086哈尔滨医科大学第二临床医学院泌尿外科(史沛清、周力、李翼飞、张春影、祝青国);哈尔滨市第一医院(史东民);牡丹江市第一人民医院(朱振庆);内蒙古海拉尔铁路医院(高勇);…     

Urethral injury in the multiple-injured patient

A total of 74 patients with urethral injury due to external trauma consisted of 48 posterior urethral injuries (25 complete rupture, 23 partial rupture) and 26 anterior urethral injuries (two complete rupture, 16 partial rupture, and eight contusion). The diagnosis was made by retrograde urethrography. All 48 patients with posterior urethral injury had associated injuries, including a fractured pelvis in 46, and a mortality rate of 33%. Only seven of the 26 patients with anterior urethral injury had associated injuries and a mortality rate of 14%. The management of posterior urethral injury is changing from primary realignment of the ruptured urethra to suprapubic cystostomy alone and followed later by urethral surgery for the resulting stricture. The impotence rate is significantly lower with management with suprapubic cystostomy alone. However, the type of pelvic fracture, the urethral injury itself disrupting neurovascular structures, and the surgical dissection (initial primary realignment or delayed urethroplasty) must be investigated before it can be determined whether the impotence associated with pelvic trauma is caused by the injury itself or by the surgical dissection undertaken to reconstruct the urethra.     

Pelvic fracture urethral injuries: the unresolved controversy

PURPOSE: The unresolved controversies about pelvic fracture urethral injuries and whether any conclusions can be reached to develop a treatment plan for this lesion are determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All data on pelvic fracture urethral injuries in the English literature for the last 50 years were critically analyzed. Studies were eligible only if data were complete and conclusive. RESULTS: The risk of urethral injury is influenced by the number of broken pubic rami as well as involvement of the sacroiliac joint. Depending on the magnitude of trauma, the membranous urethra is first stretched and then partially or completely ruptured at the bulbomembranous junction. Injuries to the prostatic urethra and bladder neck occur only in children. Injury to the female urethra usually is a partial tear of the anterior wall and rarely complete disruption of the proximal or distal urethra. Diagnosis depends on urethrography in men and on a high index of suspicion and urethroscopy in women. Of the 3 conventional treatment methods primary suturing of the disrupted urethral ends has the greatest complication rates of incontinence and impotence (21 and 56%, respectively). Primary realignment has double the incidence of impotence and half that of stricture compared to suprapubic cystostomy and delayed repair (36 versus 19 and 53 versus 97%, respectively, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In men surgical and endoscopic procedures do not compete but rather complement each other for treatment of different injuries under different circumstances, including indwelling catheter for urethral stretch injury, endoscopic stenting or suprapubic cystostomy for partial rupture, endoscopic realignment or suprapubic cystostomy for complete rupture with a minimal distraction defect and surgical realignment if the distraction defect is wide. Associated injury to the bladder, bladder neck or rectum dictates immediate exploration for repair but does not necessarily indicate exploration of the urethral injury site. In women treatment modalities are dictated by the level of urethral injury, including immediate retropubic realignment or suturing for proximal and transvaginal urethral advancement for distal injury.     

创伤性后尿道损伤的腔镜治疗(附18例报告)

目的探讨输尿管镜在骨盆骨折后尿道断裂治疗中的临床价值。方法对18例男性骨盆骨折后尿道断裂患者施行输尿管镜下尿道会师治疗。结果12例患者采用逆行法，6例采取顺行法完成尿道会师，手术均获成功且排尿正常。9例1个月后排尿造影检查，9例3个月后尿道镜检查，未发现尿道狭窄。1例3个月时出现尿线细缓，予间歇扩张6个月后治愈。全组性功能均恢复，无尿失禁发生。结论输尿管镜下尿道会师术实现了骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的微创治疗，有效减少了术后并发症。手术具有操作相对简便、省时的优点。     

Urethral injury due to external trauma

Fifty-six patients with urethral injuries comprised 35 involving the posterior urethra and 21 involving the anterior urethra. Immediate retrograde urethrography confirmed the clinical diagnosis made when blood was found at the external urinary meatus after external trauma. Traffic accidents caused most of the posterior urethral injuries and were associated with severe injuries to multiple systems and a significant mortality rate (34 per cent). Primary realignment of the urethral injury by a urethral catheter in all cases of urethral rupture (plus a suprapubic cystostomy in most of these cases) resulted in a stricture rate of 62 per cent on follow-up. However, only half of these strictures required surgical correction. The incidence of incontinence was 10 per cent and of impotence 38 per cent.     

Experience with management of posterior urethral injury associated with pelvic fracture

Review of records from 205 patients with pelvic fracture and hematuria revealed that 121 underwent urologic and radiographic evaluation. Of these patients 20 had severe posterior urethral injuries documented by urethrography of voiding cystourethrography: 9 underwent primary repair and 11 had delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty after initial cystostomy alone. Patients who underwent primary repair had a 77 per cent incidence of stricture, a 22 per cent incidence of incontinence and a 33 per cent incidence of impotency. Patients who underwent delayed closure had no incidence of stricture, incontinence or impotence. Patients in both groups had urinary tract infections. Simple cystostomy followed by delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty appears superior to primary realignment in the management of patients with posterior urethral injuries.     

Pelvic fracture urethral injuries in girls

PURPOSE: Injuries to the female urethra associated with pelvic fracture are uncommon. They may vary from urethral contusion to partial or circumferential rupture. When disruption has occurred at the level of the proximal urethra, it is usually complete and often associated with vaginal laceration. We retrospectively reviewed the records of a series of girls with pelvic fracture urethral stricture and present surgical treatment to restore urethral continuity and the outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, 8 girls 4 to 16 years old (median age 9.6) with urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture were treated at our institutions. Immediate therapy involved suprapubic cystostomy in 4 cases, urethral catheter alignment and simultaneous suprapubic cystostomy in 3, and primary suturing of the urethra, bladder neck and vagina in 1. Delayed 1-stage anastomotic repair was performed in 1 patient with urethral avulsion at the level of the bladder neck and in 5 with a proximal urethral distraction defect, while a neourethra was constructed from the anterior vaginal wall in a 2-stage procedure in 1 with mid urethral avulsion. Concomitant vaginal rupture in 7 cases was treated at delayed urethral reconstruction in 5 and by primary repair in 2. The surgical approach was retropubic in 3 cases, vaginal-retropubic in 1 and vaginal-transpubic in 4. Associated injuries included rectal injury in 3 girls and bladder neck laceration in 4. Overall postoperative followup was 6 months to 6.3 years (median 3 years). RESULTS: Urethral obliteration developed in all patients treated with suprapubic cystostomy and simultaneous urethral realignment. The stricture-free rate for 1-stage anastomotic repair and substitution urethroplasty was 100%. In 1 girl complete urinary incontinence developed, while another has mild stress incontinence. Retrospectively the 2 incontinent girls had had an associated bladder neck injury at the initial trauma. Two recurrent vaginal strictures were treated successfully with additional transpositions of lateral labial flaps. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that combined vaginal-partial transpubic access is a reliable approach for resolving complex obliterative urethral strictures and associated urethrovaginal fistulas or severe bladder neck damage after traumatic pelvic fracture injury in female pediatric patients. Although our experience with the initial management of these injuries is limited, we advocate early cystostomy drainage and deferred surgical reconstruction when life threatening clinical conditions are present or extensive traumatized tissue in the affected area precludes immediate ideal surgical repair.     

Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries: Evaluation of Various Methods of Management

Purpose

The results of various immediate treatments of urethral injuries complicating a fractured pelvis were evaluated.

Materials and Methods

The records of 100 male patients with pelvic fracture urethral injury were reviewed, 73 of whom were treated by suprapubic cystostomy and delayed repair, 23 by primary realignment and 4 by primary suturing. Also, the findings of 771 patients reported in the literature were reviewed.

Results

Urethral stricture was an almost inevitable consequence (97 percent of the cases) after suprapubic cystostomy. Primary realignment decreased the incidence of stricture to 53 percent but produced a 36 percent impotence rate. Primary suturing also decreased the incidence of stricture to 49 percent but produced the greatest complication rates for impotence (56 percent) and incontinence (21 percent).

Conclusions

Suprapubic cystostomy alone is indicated for incomplete urethral rupture, slight urethral distraction and critically unstable patients, and when there are inadequate facilities or inexperienced surgeons. Primary realignment is advised if there is wide separation of the urethral ends, or associated injury of the bladder neck or rectum. Primary suturing is not recommended for any condition.     

Prostatomembranous urethral disruptions: management by suprapubic cystostomy and delayed urethroplasty

Management of prostatomembranous urethral disruptions associated with pelvic fractures remains a major controversy in urology. A group of 64 patients who suffered a prostatomembranous urethral disruption in association with a pelvic fracture and who were managed initially by suprapubic cystostomy with delayed urethroplasty was compared to 17 patients managed initially by primary realignment. No statistically significant difference in the incidence of impotence or urinary incontinence was found between the 2 groups (p greater than 0.5) Secondary reconstructions for impassable strictures developed in 95% of the patients treated by a suprapubic tube alone compared to 53% of those treated by primary realignment. Indeed, only 1 patient in the latter group achieved urethral continuity that did not require further intervention. We conclude that while primary realignment is associated with no increase in the instance of impotence and urinary incontinence, it subjects the patient to a major operation at a critical time and provides little in the way of long-term positive gains for the effort expended. In the final analysis the outcome is more dependent upon the nature of the injury and the quality of the repair than upon the order in which the repair is effected.     

Pelvic fracture-associated urethral injuries in girls: experience with primary repair

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with four urethral injuries in females accompanying a pelvic fracture, managed with primary repair or realignment of the urethra. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were three teenage girls and one adult (22 years old). All the patients had complete urethral injuries associated with a pelvic fracture from accidents. They were managed by immediate suprapubic cystostomy followed by repair or realignment of the urethra over a catheter on the same day. The catheter was removed after 3 weeks and a voiding cysto-urethrogram taken. Thereafter they were followed with regular urethral calibration. RESULTS: All patients voided satisfactorily with a good stream; three were fully continent and the fourth had transient stress urinary incontinence. One patient needed dilatation at 2 months and another visual internal urethrotomy at 5 months. At a mean (range) follow-up of 33 (9-60) months all the patients had a normal voiding pattern and were continent; none developed vaginal stenosis. CONCLUSION: Primary repair of the urethra, and if that is impossible, simple urethral realignment over a catheter, is the procedure of choice for managing female urethral injury associated with a pelvic fracture. The procedure has the additional advantage of reducing the risk of vaginal stenosis.