经颅超声溶栓对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及日常生活活动能力的改善情况

目的探讨分析经颅超声溶栓对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及日常生活活动能力的改善情况。方法回顾性分析2012-06—2014-04在我院进行治疗的104例急性脑梗死患者的临床资料。结果治疗组总有效率90.38%,高于对照组的75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组在治疗2d、5d、10d的NIHSS评分均明显低于对照组,Barthel指数评分均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅超声溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效显著,可快速恢复神经功能和改善日常生活活动能力,值得临床推广应用。     

注射用脑蛋白水解物(Ⅱ)对急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效观察

目的研究注射用脑蛋白水解物(Ⅱ)对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者的神经功能缺损及认知功能的影响。方法选取2017年9月至2018年2月河北医科大学第二医院神经内科收治的ACI患者(发病≤3d)患者100例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各50例。对照组予以ACI患者常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用注射用脑蛋白水解物(Ⅱ),连续使用(14±3)d,对比两组患者美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)、改良Rankin量表(MRS)评分。结果对照组中1例患者出院后随访中因心肌梗死死亡,予以停止随访观察。治疗前,治疗组及对照组的NIHSS、MMSE、MOCA、MRS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组各自组内比较第7天、14天、30天两组NIHSS、MMSE、MOCA、MRS评分较治疗前均有改善(P0.05),两组MRS评分组间比较改善值差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组NIHSS评分、MMSE评分、MOCA评分组间比较总改善值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论注射用脑蛋白水解物(Ⅱ)能明显改善ACI患者神经功能缺损和认知功能障碍,有临床应用价值。     

经颅超声溶栓联合尿激酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效分析

目的观察经颅超声溶栓联合尿激酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果。方法选取80例超早期急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组及对照组各40例。观察组在对照组基础上加经颅超声溶栓治疗。对比分析2组疗效、神经功能缺损评分、血管再通率等。结果 2组脑动脉闭塞率、总有效率、治疗(7d、14d、28d)后神经功能缺损评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);治疗3d后组间神经缺损评分和BI指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅超声溶栓联合尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗可显著改善急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损状况,提高患者生活质量,可推广应用。     

经颅超声激发与尿激酶溶栓治疗在急性脑梗死中的应用

目的探讨经颅超声激发联合尿激酶溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取我院2012-06-2014-06收治的急性脑梗死患者96例,按随机数字表分为2组,对照组46例,在常规治疗的基础上采用小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗,观察组50例在对照组治疗的基础上,给予经颅超声激发治疗。2组患者均于治疗前、溶栓术后2h、24h、7d行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分评估,并采用经颅多普勒超声对患者血管再通情况进行评估;采用CT检查评估患者脑出血情况。结果观察组治疗后2h、24h、7dNIHSS评分明显低于对照组;观察组治疗后2h、24h时血管再通率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组总有效率明显优于对照组(P0.05),2组脑出血发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅超声激发联合尿激酶溶栓可显著提高急性脑梗死患者血管再通率,改善神经功能损伤,提高日常生活能力,提高了临床有效率,改善了患者的预后,且无明显不良反应,未增加颅内出血转化率,安全性高,值得临床推广。     

轻症脑梗死rt-PA静脉溶栓的疗效及安全性观察

目的观察静脉注射阿替普酶(rt-PA)治疗急性轻症脑梗死患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,收集110例起病4.5h内、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分≤7分的轻症脑梗死患者的临床资料,其中试验组53例接受rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,对照组57例接受常规治疗,通过分析患者基线资料及溶栓后24h、7dNIHSS和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、90d的mRS评分及治疗期间的颅内出血转化、其他部位出血、药物过敏、死亡等不良事件,评估试验治疗方案的有效性和安全性。结果在2组患者人口学特征、影像学特点、实验室检查、神经功能评分等基线资料中,既往脑出血史对照组显著高于试验组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而其他基线资料2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。24h后试验组NIHSS、mRS评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);7d后试验组NIHSS、mRS评分同样低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);90d时试验组mRS为0分、0~1分的比例显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。安全性方面2组中轻型出血转化各1例,无过敏及死亡病例,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但颅外少量局限性出血等不良反应,试验组显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论轻症脑梗死接受rt-PA静脉溶栓有效和相对安全。     

依达拉奉联合早期高压氧疗对急性缺血性卒中的疗效观察

目的 研究依达拉奉联合早期高压氧疗对急性缺血性卒中(ACI)患者的疗效观察.方法 120例急性脑梗死患者随机分为依达拉奉治疗组60例和常规治疗组60例(予常规抗血小板聚集、改善脑循环、营养脑细胞等治疗),依达拉奉治疗组在常规治疗的基础上予依达拉奉注射液及早期高压氧疗,治疗后7、14、28 d用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分量表(NIHSS)评分并进行疗效评定.结果 2组NIHSS评分在治疗前差异无统计学意义 (P＞0.05);2组NIHSS评分在治疗后均明显低于常规治疗组(P＜0.01).结论 依达拉奉联合早期高压氧疗治疗后NIHSS评分明显低于常规治疗组,疗效明显优于常规治疗对照组.     

经颅超声溶栓对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及日常生活活动能力的改善情况

目的分析经颅超声溶栓对急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损和日常生活活动能力的积极影响。方法选择我院收治的110例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,随机分为A组30例、B组45例、C组35例,A组给予尿激酶溶栓治疗,100万U尿激酶+100mL生理盐水静滴;B组给予经颅超声溶栓治疗仪治疗(频率为800kHz、1.25 W/cm2、脉冲超声,20min/次,1次/d,连续治疗10d);C组给予联合溶栓治疗。通过NIHSS(神经功能缺损评分)及BI(Barthel指数,日常生活活动能力评分)观察比较3组治疗前后神经功能缺损改善指标、日常生活能力指标等。结果治疗后C组NIHSS评分明显低于A组、B组,B组NIHSS评分明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后C组BI评分明显高于A组、B组,B组BI评分均明显高于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅超声溶栓对急性脑梗死患者具有极高的应用价值,溶栓效果较高,能加速神经功能恢复,改善患者日常生活活动能力,是一种操作简单、安全有效的溶栓治疗方法。     

尤瑞克林治疗急性脑梗死80例临床观察

目的观察尤瑞克林治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法起病48 h内急性脑梗死患者80例,随机分为2组。对照组为常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用尤瑞克林0.15 PNA/d慢速静滴,连用2周。治疗前后评定临床神经功能缺损程度(NIHSS)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)和MRS量表;检测肝肾功能、纤维蛋白原、血小板、C反应蛋白,记录不良反应。结果治疗组患者临床症状改善,NIHSS、ADL和MRS评分均明显改善(P<0.01);临床有效率达90%。结论尤瑞克林治疗急性脑梗死安全、有效。     

注射用尤瑞克林治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 观察注射用尤瑞克林治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及安全性.方法 选择我院神经内科2007-08～ 2008-08符合诊断标准的60例急性脑梗死患者,随机分成2组即尤瑞克林治疗组和对照组.2组均给予抗血小板聚集及一般营养脑神经细胞药物常规治疗,治疗组另外加用尤瑞克林治疗(注射用尤瑞克林0.15PNA,静滴,1次/d,连用14d),观察2组治疗前、治疗后第7天和第15天的神经功能缺损程度,并进行卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,以及3个月时日常生活活动能力评分(ADL).结果 治疗后尤瑞克林组以及对照组NIHSS评分与治疗前比较有显著改善(P<0.05或P<0.01);治疗组患者治疗后神经功能恢复明显优于对照组,NIHSS评分、ADL评分及临床总有效率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 尤瑞克林可有效促进脑梗死所致神经功能缺损症状的恢复,改善病人的预后,降低病死率和致残率,且安全、不良反应少.     

SAS对中青年男性急性脑干梗死患者预后的影响

目的 探讨重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(sleep apnea syndrome,SAS)对中青年男性急性脑干梗死患者预后的影响.方法 50例急性中青年男性脑干梗死患者,其中合并重度SAS组30例,不合并SAS组20例.采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)及改良Rankin量(modified rankin sale,MRS)评定2组患者发病24 h内及发病1个月后神经功能缺损程度及残障程度.结果 重度SAS组和不伴SAS组患者在年龄、血糖、血脂、治疗等方面差异无统计学意义,2组在发病24 h内NIHSS及MRS评分差异无统计学意义;1个月后重度SAS组NIHSS及MRS评分与同组24 h内评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);1个月后非SAS组NIHSS及MRS评分与同组24 h内评分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);重度SAS组和不伴SAS组患者在发病1个月后NIHSS及MRS评分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征影响中青年脑干梗死患者的预后,导致神经功能恢复差,残障程度重.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.