核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病的临床和病理特征

目的 探讨核黄素反心性脂质沉积性肌病的临床和病理特征。方法 回顾性分析4例核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者的临床资料结果本组4例患者表现为亚急性起病的四肢近端和躯干肌无力,不能耐受疲劳,3例患者有颈肌和脊旁肌萎缩、无力,2例有明显的咀嚼肌无力。2例肌电图示肌源性损害,1例示双侧胫神经传导速度轻度减慢。肌肉活检发现肌纤维内大量脂肪沉积,未见肌纤维坏死和再生,改良Gomorii色染色、琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素C氧化酶染色以及电镜观察未发现有线粒体酶活性缺失,以及线粒体结构和数量的异常改变。应用维小素B2单药治疗后2例明显好转,2例痊愈。2例患者分别在治愈后1年、5年复发,重新给予维生素B2治疗仍然有效。结论 本病多以颈肌、脊旁肌和咀嚼肌受累,病理特征为肌肉脂肪沉积,无线粒体异常改变。维生素B2单一治疗对本病有显著疗效,此亦可与其他肌病鉴别。     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病临床特征与基因突变分析:两家系三例报告并文献复习

目的分析核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病临床特征和基因型,以实现早期诊断与治疗。方法与结果两家系3例核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者主要表现为进行性呼吸肌、四肢近端肌无力,肌电图呈肌源性损害,油红O染色肌纤维内可见脂肪滴沉积。3例患者均存在电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶(ETFDH)基因突变,分别为c.250GA(Ala84Thr)纯合突变和c.250GA(Ala84Thr)、c.524GA(Arg175His)复合杂合突变。维生素B2治疗后症状明显改善,1例治疗10个月后呼吸肌和四肢近端肌无力症状完全消失,恢复正常运动功能;1例治疗2个月后行走、跑步如常,颈部肌肉恢复至正常状态;1例治疗2个月后可参加剧烈运动且无疲劳感。结论核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病虽然以四肢近端和躯干肌无力,以及运动不耐受为主要表现,但也需注意少数以呼吸肌无力为首发症状的病例,避免漏诊和误诊。维生素B2单药治疗效果极佳,症状可明显好转或痊愈。因此,临床疑似核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者可尝试维生素B2诊断性治疗。     

ETFDH基因突变致核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病18例临床、病理和基因突变特点分析

目的 探讨ETFDH基因突变致核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(Riboflavin-responsive lipid storage myopathy, RR-LSM)的临床、病理和ETFDH基因突变特点。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2020年12月就诊于我院,经肌肉活检病理确诊和基因检测证实的18例RR-LSM患者的临床和病理资料,并采取外周血DNA进行Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序,进行数据读取和生物信息学分析。结果 18例患者中男女各9例,发病年龄9～60岁,平均(29.83±13.44)岁,病程1 m～22 y,平均4.5 y。主要临床表现为肢体近端无力和运动不能耐受,伴颈伸肌无力14例,咀嚼肌无力9例,吞咽困难5例,恶心纳差5例,少数患者伴有肌肉疼痛和呼吸困难。本组患者肌肉病理均可见肌纤维内有大量脂质沉积,5例可见少量坏死肌纤维,伴有CD68(+)的巨噬细胞浸润。18例患者经核黄素治疗均获得良好疗效。本组病例均检测到ETFDH基因突变,其中复合杂合突变15例(83.3%),单一杂合突变2例(11.1%),纯合突变1例(5.6%)。共发现20个突变位点,其中频率最高...     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病治疗前后肌肉病理比较:一例报告并文献复习

目的观察核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病治疗前后肌肉组织变化。方法对1例核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者随访10年,比较左卡尼汀治疗前后临床表现和肌肉病理变化,并行电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶(ETFDH)基因突变分析。结果患者具有脂质沉积性肌病的主要表现,四肢乏力、抬头费力、吞咽困难等;血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶水平明显升高;肌电图呈肌源性损害;肌肉病理观察可见大量脂质沉积;ETFDH基因突变分析呈杂合突变。经左卡尼汀治疗数年后恢复正常生活和工作,肌肉组织活检呈正常形态。结论脂质沉积性肌病患者经适当治疗后,不仅临床症状可完全缓解,而且可逆转肌肉病理改变。     

脂质沉积性肌病临床、神经电生理及肌肉病理研究

目的 研究脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床、神经电生理及肌肉病理学特征.方法 回顾性分析8例LSM患者的临床、肌肉病理和神经电生理资料.结果 此组患者为亚急性或慢性起病,主要表现为近端肌无力,活动后易疲劳,血清肌酶升高;HE染色见肌纤维内出现大量裂隙样改变及微小空泡,油红O染色反应增强,表现为肌纤维内空泡或裂隙充满脂肪滴,ATP染色显示两型肌纤维均受累,以I型肌纤维为主;电镜证实肌纤维内有大量脂肪滴沉积.部分病例肌电图表现为肌源性损害.8例LSM患者经卡尼汀和糖皮质激素治疗均有效.结论 LSM是一种以肌无力和运动不耐受为主要表现的脂质代谢性肌病,病理改变以肌纤维内脂质沉积为主,采用卡尼汀和糖皮质激素等治疗效果较好.     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病两家系临床分析

目的探讨由ETFDH基因突变引起的核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(Lipid storage myopathy,LSM)的临床特点以及核黄素的治疗效果。方法通过肌肉磁共振(MRI)、肌肉活检及基因检测确诊两家系3例LSM患者,并评估给予核黄素治疗前后患者运动症状的变化。结果 2例左侧三角肌肌肉MRI与肌肉活检提示肌肉脂质沉积,基因检测揭示1例存在ETFDH基因c.1395dupT(p.G466Wfs*24)和c.770AG(p.Y257C)复合杂合突变,2例存在ETFDH基因c.770AG(p.Y257C)纯合突变,3例经核黄素治疗1个月后运动症状均得到显著改善。结论对于无明显诱因引起的双下肢无力患者,可通过肌肉活检和基因检测进行确诊,且核黄素能够有效改善运动症状。     

核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症的临床表现与基因突变多样性

目的探讨核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(MADD)的临床表现和基因突变的多样性。方法与结果收集5例核黄素反应性MADD患者的临床特征、血清学指标、肌电图、肌肉组织活检和基因分析结果,对核黄素反应性MADD的临床特点进行回顾分析和总结。5例患者发病年龄为13～32岁,平均20.40岁;临床表现为波动性或进行性肌无力,主要累及面部、颈部、四肢近端和呼吸肌,运动、劳累或感染后症状加重;血清肌酸激酶水平轻至中度升高,其中2例血清乳酸水平于运动后明显升高;4例呈肌源性损害,1例在疾病早期呈神经源性损害、晚期以肌源性损害为主;肌肉组织活检有2例肌纤维内可见大量油红O染色阳性脂肪滴沉积。基因分析显示,4例表现为ETFDH基因纯合或复合杂合突变,分别携带G250A纯合突变(1例)、G250A和G524A复合杂合突变(2例)、T1211C和C1454G复合杂合突变(1例),1例携带ETFDH基因G1399C杂合突变和ETFB基因C725T杂合突变。结论中国大陆核黄素反应性MADD患者主要表现为骨骼肌受累的脂质沉积性疾病,呈进行性或波动性病程,应注意与各种类型的肌营养不良症、线粒体肌病、糖原贮积病、重症肌无力和周围神经病相鉴别;ETFDH基因突变是其主要致病原因。由于核黄素反应性MADD患者预后良好,对于疑似病例可以小剂量维生素B2进行诊断性治疗,同时结合尿有机酸、血酰基肉碱、肌肉组织活检和基因检测以明确诊断。     

脂质沉积性肌病的临床、神经电生理和骨骼肌病理分析

目的 探讨脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床表现、神经电生理及肌肉病理特点.方法 回顾分析16例LSM的临床表现、肌电图和神经传导、肌肉活检病理改变.结果 LSM主要临床特点为亚急性或慢性起病,以近端肌无力为主,症状呈波动性,肌无力重而肌萎缩轻.血清肌酶有不同程度的升高,肌电图多为肌源性损害,激素、核黄素治疗有效.临床上容易误诊为多发性肌炎、肌营养不良症、心肌炎、胃肠道疾病等.肌肉病理学特点为肌纤维内可见大量均匀的小筛孔样空泡,部分空泡融合成大泡或形成裂隙状.ORO染色证实筛孔样空泡被大量红染的脂肪颗粒充填,受累肌纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主.4例患者行电镜检查可见肌原纤维间有大量脂滴沉积,其中1例伴有异常线粒体增多.结论 LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病,肌无力较重而肌萎缩轻.神经电生理改变相对较轻,部分患者肌电图为肌源性损害.激素、核黄素治疗可获得良好疗效,肌肉活检病理学检查是诊断LSM的重要手段.     

以横纹肌溶解为表现的脂质沉积性肌病临床、病理与基因改变特点

目的研究以横纹肌溶解(rhabdomyolysis,RM)为表现的脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathies,LSM)临床、病理及基因改变特点,提高对其诊断的警惕性。方法回顾分析我院诊断的3例临床表现为急性横纹肌溶解的脂质沉积性肌病临床、病理及基因改变特点,结合相关文献复习进行讨论。结果 2例以急性横纹肌溶解为首发表现,1例是诊断为LSM后,因停药后出现上呼吸道感染诱发急性横纹肌溶解。3例患者肌肉病理HE染色均可见筛状空泡,ORO染色证实肌纤维内有大量脂滴。其中2例可见较严重的肌纤维坏死。其中2例患者行ETFA、ETFB、ETFDH基因突变检测,ETFA基因正常,均发现ETFB基因第5外显子c.734CT(Thr245Met)和ETFDH基因第2外显子c.92 CT(Thr3Ile)杂合突变。结论不明原因及反复出现肌肉酸痛、无力伴肌酸激酶明显增高、肌红蛋白尿等横纹肌溶解表现时,应考虑LSM可能,及时行肌肉活检明确诊断。以RM为表现的LSM出现相关ETFB与ETFDH基因的杂合突变,可能为多态性位点,意义未知。LSM患者停药或合并上呼吸道感染可诱发急性横纹肌溶解。     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病伴感觉共济失调性神经病3例报告

目的研究核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病伴感觉共济失调性神经病的临床、电生理、病理和基因改变特点。方法 3例男性患者来自2个家系,其中2例为兄弟,发病年龄41～43岁,主要症状是四肢肌无力,伴随双足麻木和行走不稳。查体发现四肢近端肌力下降、末梢性感觉丧失和Romberg征阳性。3例患者的血尿代谢筛查均提示存在血多种脂酰肉碱水平升高和尿戊二酸水平增高。3例患者均进行了神经电生理、肌肉活检以及电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶(ETFDH)基因检查,2例进行腓肠神经活检。结果 3例患者的肌电图分别出现肌源性损害、可疑神经源性损害和无异常。3例患者的四肢感觉神经传导速度显著减慢或不能引出,运动神经传导速度仅在1例出现轻度减慢。3例患者的骨骼肌均可见肌纤维内脂肪滴显著增多,2例有个别破碎红纤维,2例出现小角状肌纤维。2例患者的腓肠神经均可见有髓神经纤维中-重度减少,伴随有髓神经纤维轴索变性和再生。3例患者均携带ETFDH基因的复合杂合突变,其中2兄弟为c.65A>G和c.242T>C,另1例为c.770A>G和c.1450 T>C。结论 ETFDH基因突变导致的核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病可以伴随感觉共济失调性神经病。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.