颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人缺血性烟雾病的疗效分析

目的探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人缺血性烟雾病(MMD)的疗效。方法分析接受颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术的30例成人缺血性MMD患者的临床资料。结果术后复查DSA或CTA示26例吻合口通畅良好;颅脑灌注成像示21例脑灌注较术前明显改善;术后发生脑梗死3例和过度灌注1例,TIA6例,但发作次数及持续时间较术前均明显减少。结论颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术能有效增加成人缺血性MMD患者脑血流量,改善生活质量。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄的血流动力学研究

目的探讨动态磁敏感对比增强灌注成像(DSC-PWI)在颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术中的应用价值,为颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄和(或)闭塞提供脑血流灌注变化的影像学证据。方法共76例行单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术患者,分别于术前1个月和术后1周内行头部MRI常规和DSC-PWI检查,观察手术前后基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)大脑中动脉供血区脑血流动力学变化[包括相对脑血流量(r CBF)、相对脑血容量(r CBV)、相对平均通过时间(r MTT)和相对达峰时间(r TTP)]。结果术后患侧基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)r CBF均较术前升高(P=0.000,0.001);仅基底节区层面r CBV较术前升高(P=0.021);基底节区层面和半卵圆中心层面r MTT(P=0.000,0.000)和r TTP(P=0.000,0.000)均较术前降低。结论颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术可以改善大脑中动脉供血区脑血流灌注。DSC-PWI能够完成对脑缺血区域血流动力学的评价,是评价手术疗效和动态观察脑血流动力学变化的最佳无创性技术。     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗动脉粥样硬化性脑缺血13例报告

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术（superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass,STA-MCA bypass）治疗动脉粥样硬化性脑缺血的疗效。方法 对北京天坛医院进行STA-MCA bypass治疗的13例经计算机断层扫描灌注成像（computertomography perfusion,CTP）评价存在低灌注的颈内动脉和（或）大脑中动脉粥样硬化性重度狭窄和（或）闭塞患者进行回顾性研究。通过手术中脑血管吲哚菁绿荧光造影和手术后数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）、计算机断层扫描血管成像（computer tomography angiography,CTA）等确定吻合血管通畅程度。比较手术前、后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes ofHealth Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分、改良的Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）评分及CTP参数值。结果 13例患者中,男11例、女2例,11例行STA-MCA bypass,2例行STA-MCA bypass联合脑-硬脑膜-动脉贴敷术,吻合血管血流通畅。手术后3个月mRS评分较术前下降（0.92±0.76 vs 2.38±1.26,P =0.001）。手术侧比非手术侧MCA供血区域CTP参数绝对值的比较,手术前和术后15 d内相对脑血流量（relative cerebral blood flow,RCBF）、相对平均通过时间（relative mean transit time,RMTT）及相对达峰时间（relative time to peak,RTTP）分别为0.71±0.13 vs 1.00±0.25、2.53±1.32 vs 1.48±0.94和1.20±0.11 vs 1.07±0.12,P =0.002、0.036和0.015）。手术后3～10个月RTTP较术前下降（1.10±0.96vs 1.22±0.82,P =0.043）。13例患者在随访期间无死亡、无新的脑缺血事件发生。结论 对于CTP评价存在低灌注的动脉粥样硬化性脑血管重度狭窄或闭塞患者,STA-MCA bypass可能能够改善低灌注状态、减少缺血症状发作及预防卒中再发生;CTP可能成为简单可靠并有推广价值的评价手段。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗成人烟雾病

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA-MCA）搭桥术治疗成人烟雾病的效果。方法 回顾性分析17例成人烟雾病患者（出血型13例,缺血型4例）的临床资料,均行STA-MCA搭桥术治疗,其中双侧STA-MCA搭桥术15例,单侧STA-MCA搭桥术2例。结果 术后13例出血型患者临床症状改善,2例出现过度灌注综合征。17例随访3~36个月,13例出血型患者中,12例恢复正常或临床症状改善,1例术后突发颅内出血,预后不良;4例缺血型患者术后3例未再出现短暂性脑缺血发作,1例短暂性脑缺血发作的频率和持续时间减少。结论 STA-MCA搭桥术治疗烟雾病,可以降低出血型患者的再出血率和致残率,以及缺血型患者的短暂性脑缺血发作的发生率。     

大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞显微手术治疗单中心经验并文献复习

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(STA-MCA)搭桥术治疗成人大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞的疗效.方法 回顾性分析31例行STA-MCA搭桥术治疗的大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞患者的临床资料,术前均行全脑血管造影(DSA)评价颈外动脉-颞浅动脉、颈内动脉、大脑中动脉的狭窄程度,CT灌注成像(CTP)评估脑血流灌注情况.手术采用经额颞入...     

Common features in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease

Five patients treated for intracranial cerebral hemorrhage after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in Xuwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing,China,from 2005-2011 were included in this study.Prior to superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass,all patients showed diminished cerebrovascular reactivity and an ipsilateral ischemic lesion.Intracranial cerebral hemorrhage developed within 1-4 days following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass.Transcranial Doppler showed increased middle cerebral artery velocity of 50-100% in the operated hemisphere.These findings suggested that focal hyperperfusion,an ipsilateral ischemic lesion and diminished cerebrovascular reactivity are the important characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in patients with steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease.     

Ultrasonic Doppler assessment of hemodynamics in extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis in children with Moyamoya disease

Recently the extra-intracranial (EC/IC) arterial bypass operation has been introduced in the treatment of Moyamoya disease and excellent postoperative outcomes have been reported. To assess the cerebral hemodynamic changes after the bypass surgery, ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry was performed in 10 children with Moyamoya disease. Their surgical treatments included superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis or encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis. The flow velocity and pattern of the major cerebral arteries and STAs, the donor artery of the bypass, were studied both before and after the operation. The results of Doppler flowmetry were compared with clinical symptoms and angiographical findings. Though the Doppler sonography of the major cerebral arteries showed little change, the flow velocity of the STAs revealed a pronounced and rapid increase after the bypass surgery. The flow pattern of the STAs, which was of the external carotid type preoperatively, changed to the internal carotid type postoperatively. These ultrasonic Doppler findings were thought to be due to a decrease in the peripheral vascular resistance, and suggested a good patency of the bypass arteries. These results of the Doppler flowmetry were in good agreement with clinical and EEG improvement and the findings of the postoperative cerebral angiography. It is suggested that ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry is a noninvasive and reliable method of assessing the function of the EC/IC bypass in children with Moyamoya disease.     

联合血管重建术治疗烟雾病疗效评价

目的 探讨联合血管重建术治疗烟雾病的疗效.方法 23例缺血型烟雾病患者均采用颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合与脑-硬膜-肌肉血管融合术（STA-MCA＋ EDMS）手术方法.术前、术后1周及术后3个月行mRS评分,并测量术前、术后1周手术侧大脑中动脉分布区的CT灌注参数.结果 22例患者术后1周行DSA或CTA检查示吻合口通畅,1例吻合血管闭塞.术后3个月mRS评分与术前、术后1周两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.所有患者手术侧大脑中动脉分布区CT灌注成像各参数分别行分析,结果显示：术后1周示CBF增加,MTT、TTP缩短,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 联合血管重建术能改善缺血型烟雾病患者症状.     

颅内外血管吻合结合间接血管重建治疗烟雾病

目的 探讨颅内外血管吻合结合间接血管重建治疗烟雾病的疗效.方法 65例烟雾病中,缺血型49例,出血型16例,均接受颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合与脑-硬膜-肌肉血管融合术相结合的手术治疗,其中15例行同侧颞浅动脉两个分支吻合,9例行双侧手术.术后采用CTA、TCD、CT灌注成像和DSA评价手术效果.结果 采用该术式后,患者手术侧血流均有立即改善,随访效果好.结论 颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支直接吻合术结合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术治疗烟雾病效果良好.     

症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性

目的 应用单一症状性M1段狭窄模型定量分析症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性.方法 从连续203例症状性颅内动脉狭窄选择性支架成形术患者中严格筛选所有单一M1段狭窄患者.所有患者均进行头颅CT、CT灌注(CTP)和DSA检查.根据CTP检查结果,测量两侧从前往后包括额叶、前分水岭、岛盖、颞叶、后分水岭和枕叶的各脑区CTP各参数.CTP参数包括平均通过时间(MTT)、脑血流量(CBF)和脑血容量(CBV).以健侧作为正常对照,计算患侧各脑区CTP参数相对值和判定患侧各脑区CTP各参数变化.根据DSA造影结果,肓法手工测量M1段狭窄率和判断侧支代偿动脉来源及侧支血流分级.对M1段狭窄率与患侧各脑区CTP各参数绝对值、相对值进行相关性分析.结果 20例患者入组,患侧M1段狭窄率平均为70.5%±10.6%(53%～91%).以对侧为对照,患侧额叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV升高;前分水岭MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;岛盖MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;颞叶MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV正常;后分水岭MTT延长,CBF下降,CBV正常;枕叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV正常.狭窄M1段供血相关脑区,从前往后各脑区血流灌注逐渐减低;而后分水岭是惟一处于血流失代偿期的脑区.所有患者DSA显示侧支代偿均主要来自大脑前动脉软脑膜支.M1段狭窄率与后分水岭区相对CBV正相关(r=0.66,P=0.002);与其余各脑区各CTP灌注参数均没有相关性.结论 症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患侧各脑区组织灌注水平受侧支代偿动脉的影响有明显空间分布效应;M1段狭窄率与血流失代偿期脑区相对CBV呈正相关,与血流代偿期脑区组织灌注没有相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To quantitatively analyze the correlation between stenosis ratio and cerebral perfusion in patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery.Methods All the patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery were selected to this study from consecutive 203 patients with elective stenting of symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis.Brain CT, CT perfusion (CTP) and DSA examinations were performed in all cases.The CTP parameters of mean transit time (MTT), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) including bilateral frontal lobe, anterior watershed, opercula of the insula (including parsopercluaris and part of insula), temporal lobe, posterior watershed and occipital lobe.Compared with the unaffected side as control, the change of CTP and their relative CTP parameters in these ROIs at affected side were analyzed.Based on DSA data, the ratio of M1 stenosis was measured manually and blindly, the source of collateral branch of compensative artery was estimated and the blood flow was graded.Correlation between the ratio of M1 stenosis and the CTP parameters including the absolute and the relative values was investigated.Results Twenty patients were selected into this study; their average M1 stenosis ration of the affected side was 70.5% ± 10.6% (53% to 91%).Compared with the unaffected side, MTT and CBF were no significant change but CBV increased in the affected frontal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF was normal and CBV increased in the affected anterior watershed and opercula of the insula; MTT prolonged, CBF and CBV had no significant difference in the affected temporal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF decreased and CBV had no significant difference in the affected posterior watershed; MTT, CBF and CBV were normal in occipital lobe.Tissue perfusion gradually decreased from the front to the backward in all the M1 stenosis affected cerebral regions and the posterior watershed area was the only region at hemodynamic failure stage.Leptomeningeal vessels of the anterior cerebral artery were the major sources of compensative arteries shown in the DSA in all cases.The ratio of M1 stenosis was positively correlated (r =0.66, P =0.002) with the rCBV in posterior watershed and there is no significant correlation between the ratio and any other CTP parameters in any regions.Conclusions Associated with distribution of collateral compensative artery,tissue perfusion showed obvious spatial distribution at different level in different cerebral region.M1 stenosis ratio is positively correlated with rCBV in hemodynamic failure regions, and there is no correlation with tissue perfusion in hemodynamic compromise regions.     

Cerebral blood flow studies using N-isopropyl I-123 p-iodoamphetamine in cerebral ischemic lesions

Eighteen patients were studied for cerebral blood perfusion abnormalities using N-isopropyl I-123 p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) and rotating dual gamma camera emission computed tomography (ECT). All were stroke patients, 10 with cerebral vasospasm after an aneurysmal rupture, 3 with an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, 2 with an occlusion of the internal carotid artery (IC), one with an IC stenosis, one with Moyamoya disease and one with RIND. Four patients had extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass operations. In three of them, CBF studies were done before and after bypass surgery. An arterial line was placed in the left radial artery and connected to a Harvard pump. IMP (1.5-3 mCi) was injected into an arm vein while at the same time an arterial blood sample was withdrawn at a constant speed for 5 minutes. Scanning was started 35 minutes after IMP injection. After a scan, multiple transverse, coronal and sagittal section images were reconstructed with a minicomputer. We determined the values of regional CBF in the regions of interest using an image. Transmission computed tomography (CT) studies were performed on the same day. In eight patients, CBF study by 133Xe inhalation method (NOVO cerebrograph) was done. ECT showed diffuse low perfusion in two patients and focal low perfusion in 16 patients while CT showed abnormalities in 9 patients (50%). ECT abnormalities were more extensive than CT abnormalities. The values of rCBF in the superficial brain determined by ECT were similar to those examined by the inhalation method (ISI). Significant increase in rCBF was observed after the bypass operations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)