供肝动脉解剖变异之修整

目的: 探讨供肝动脉解剖特点，掌握供肝修整技术尤其动脉解剖变异之供肝修整方法及技巧。方法:对64例人肝（含24例无脑胎肝和40例成人肝脏）动脉实施解剖及修整，其中31例应用于临床肝移植。结果:64例中肝动脉解剖变异者共12例（18.75%）。其中24例胎儿供肝中5例（20.83%）肝动脉解剖变异，起源于肠系膜上动脉（SMA）替代肝右动脉型1例；起源于SMA副肝右动脉型3例；肝动脉起自SMA型1例。成人供肝动脉变异7例 (17.5%)，来源于SMA替代肝右动脉型2例；来自胃左动脉替代肝左动脉型2例；来自SMA副肝右动脉型3例。应用于临床原位肝移植的31例供肝中，4例存在肝右动脉解剖变异。肝移植时对变异之供肝动脉根据不同情况，可选用变异血管结扎、就近与胃十二指肠动脉、脾动脉或肠系膜上动脉吻合、应用供体髂总动脉搭桥与受体腹主动脉吻合等方法进行修整。结论:肝动脉的修整在供肝修整中占重要地位，供肝切取时避免损伤变异之肝动脉是保障修整成功的关键，对过细的副肝动脉修整时，术中观察侧支反流后可考虑是否予以结扎。     

供肝切取中肝动脉的变异分析

目的探讨肝动脉的变异类型及快速切取供肝过程及修整过程中保护肝动脉不受损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析2000年5月至2004年3月200例供肝切取及修整过程的资料,总结肝动脉变异情况及肝动脉的重建方法。结果200例中有37例肝动脉变异,2例因肝动脉保护不当而出现肝移植术后胆道合并症。结论大多数的变异肝动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉和胃左动脉;快速整块腹腔器官切取方法是保证肝动脉不受损伤的基础;所有变异的肝动脉均应重建。     

供肝动脉变异和植入前动脉重建

目的探讨供肝动脉变异类型,术中损伤原因及植入前重建的方法。方法1993年10月至2004年12月,中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心共行供肝切取和修整术600例,术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管。结果在600例供肝中,19·2%(115/600)供肝动脉变异。53例(53/600)变异动脉须血管重建,其中39例(39/53)代替性或副肝右动脉来自肠系膜上动脉,1例(1/53)代替性肝右动脉来自腹腔干,5例(5/53)代替性或副肝左动脉来自胃左动脉,2例(2/53)变异肝左动脉和3例(3/53)变异肝右动脉离断后来源不清,3例(3/53)变异肝左和肝右动脉双重替代。6例(6/485)供肝切取术中意外损伤正常肝动脉,需要动脉重建。变异肝动脉损伤19例(19/115),均行动脉重建。动脉重建方法包括变异动脉与脾动脉(36/53)、胃十二指肠动脉(12/53)以及复杂的吻合方法(5/53)。结论供肝快速切取过程中,肝动脉变异增加肝动脉意外损伤发生率,损伤变异动脉均须在植入前重建。变异动脉重建方法的选择取决于肝动脉解剖学特点。     

肝移植供体切取中变异肝动脉的保护

目的 探讨在肝移植供体切取过程中如何避免损伤变异肝动脉。资料与方法 分析123例供肝切取资料，统计变异肝动脉发生率。结果 肝动脉解剖变异32例（26．02％），其中仅肝右动脉（RHA）变异11例（8．94％），仅肝左动脉（LHA）变异10例（8．13％），左右肝动脉均变异3例（2．44％），肝总动脉（CHA）起于肠系膜上动脉7例（5．69％），其它少见类型1例（0．81％），为肝固有动脉（PHA）来源于胃左动脉。结论 肝动脉解剖复杂，熟悉肝动脉解剖变异可减少供肝切取过程中的肝动脉损伤。     

肝肾联合供体快速切取失误及其防范

目的 探讨快速肝肾联合供体切取过程中的失误并总结经验。方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心2008年1月至2009年6月共232例肝肾联合快速切取过程中的失误和肝动脉变异以及损伤情况。快速切取技术采用原位腹主动脉-肠系膜上静脉灌注加下腔静脉引流,肝肾整块切取后分离肝肾。结果 肝脏包膜不同程度撕裂伤25例（10.8%）,肝脏左叶刀割伤1例。1 例重度脂肪肝植入后原发性无功能。肾脏损伤2例,1例为右肾实质切割伤,1例肾窦处肾静脉撕裂伤,无法修整均废弃。肝肾分离时高位离断第一肝门1例。肝动脉变异46例（19.8%）,76%（35/46）的变异动脉起自胃左动脉和肠系膜上动脉。变异肝动脉损伤3例（6.5%）,2例起自胃左动脉的副肝左动脉,1例起自肠系膜上动脉的副肝右动脉。结论 肝肾联合快速切取技术能同时保护肝肾供体的质量,其方法简单、安全。充分的灌注、娴熟的切取技巧以及防止变异肝动脉的损伤是保证供体质量的关键。     

快速供肝切取与修整的外科技巧

目的总结肝脏移植供肝的快速切取和修整经验。方法分析2004年共186例快速供肝的切取和修整的资料。快速切取技术采用原位腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉灌注附加下腔静脉引流，快速切取供肝，4℃UW液中保存和修整肝脏。结果供肝热缺血时间为3～10min，平均4．5min；冷缺血时间平均为3-16h，平均7h。供肝的修整时间为26～90min，平均46min。供肝修整时发现肝动脉解剖变异20例。结论快速供肝切取法要求术者技术娴熟、动作迅速和准确，可最大限度地减少供肝热缺血时间。快速切取法能保证供肝的质量和确保供肝切取的成功。     

远端胃癌D2根治术中影响手术的腹腔干变异及其意义

目的探讨远端胃癌D2根治术中影响手术的腹腔干变异及其意义。方法回顾性分析2013年2月~2015年2月我科收治的163例胃癌D2根治术中发现的影响手术的腹腔干变异情况。结果 163例中发现影响手术的腹腔干变异4例,1例肝总动脉起源于胃左动脉,1例胃左动脉缺失由肝总动脉发出3只胃分支动脉替代,2例胃左动脉起独立源于腹主动脉。结论远端胃癌根治术时应考虑到腹腔干血管变异的可能,小心解剖变异血管,避免损伤脏器的血供。     

原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建

目的 探讨原位肝移植供肝动脉变异的修整与重建的方法与技巧. 方法 回顾性分析91例原位肝移植供肝修整以及变异肝动脉重建时处理的方法和技巧.结果 修整的91例供肝全部用于肝移植.发现其中20例(21.9%)存在肝动脉解剖变异,20例中12例需行变异肝动脉重建,动脉重建方法包括将变异的肝右动脉与脾动脉(7/12)或胃十二指肠动脉(5/12)吻合.供肝应用后未出现与修整相关的手术并发症. 结论 供肝的正确修整及合适的供肝动脉重建可减少肝移植后并发症.     

左外区活体肝移植动脉的临床应用解剖研究

目的 观察肝左区肝动脉解剖结构，模拟肝左外区活体肝移植动脉切取方法。方法 解剖非肝病死亡之成人甲醛固定尸体肝脏标本30例，观察新鲜成人尸体肝脏铸型标本30例，测量肝左及左外区动脉长度、管径及属支分布情况。结果 左半肝动脉的血供来自肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝中动脉，肝外迷走动脉支有左膈下动脉、胃左动脉和胃右动脉，并于不同部位发出后分别进入左外区上、下段。结论 左半肝动脉主要有5种类型，因此解剖变异较多，左外区活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点，设计合理的切取模式；移植前肝动脉需进行必要的整形，以便与受体动脉吻合。     

供肝127例变异肝动脉修整和重建技术体会

目的探讨在供肝修整中防止变异性肝动脉损伤的注意事项。方法总结598例供肝修整中127例肝动脉变异发生率、类型;动脉误伤和重建前后情况。并对供肝修整的技巧进行回顾性分析。结果在598例供肝中按Hiatt分型Ⅰ型471例（75．7％,471／598）,Ⅱ型51例（9．7％．51／598）,Ⅲ型57例（10．6％,57／598）,Ⅳ型8例（2.3％,8／598）,Ⅴ型7例（1．5％,7／598）,Ⅵ型4例（0．2％,4／598）;其中供肝动脉变异127例（21．2％,127／598）,供肝获取、修整时动脉损伤25例（4．2％,25／598,正常肝动脉损伤5例,变异肝动脉损伤20例）;动脉重建共75例（12．5％．75／598）,其中变异动脉70例。动脉重建方法选择变异或损伤动脉合适部位整形,尽量单次吻合完成植入前重建,包括变异动脉与脾动脉（52／127）、胃十二指肠动脉（18／127）、腹腔干（3／127）及肝总动脉（2／127）吻分。结论在供肝修整中应高度重视肝动脉变异问题;注重供肝修整顺序和方法;掌握好解剖学特点,辨别动脉变异、小心细致地选择适宜的方式修整和重建;才是肝移植术中防止动脉并发症发生的技术关键。     

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??Prevention and accident injury in the process of combined liver and kidney graft rapid harvesting FU Bin-sheng, ZHANG Tong, LI Hua, et al. Liver Transplant Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital?? Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
Corresponding author: CHEN Gui-hua, E-mail: chgh1955@263.net
Abstract Objective To evaluate accident injury in the process of combined liver and kidney graft rapid harvesting and summarize clinical experiences. Methods From January 2008 to June 2009, a quick procedure for combined liver and kidney procurement was used in 232 cases. The clinical data of the cases, including accident injury of graft and anomalous hepatic arteries were analyzed retrospectively. The procedure included in situ perfusion through aorta and superior mesenteric vein plus drainage through inferior vena cava. Liver and kidney were separated after harvested en bloc. Results Varied degree laceration of liver capsule existed in 25 cases (10.8%), and knife wound in left lobe of liver in 1 case. Primary non-function was found after implanted the severe fatty liver graft in 1 case. Kidney injury existed in 2 cases including 1 case of cuts in renal parenchyma of the right kidney and 1 cases of renal vein laceration in renal sinus, which were discarded because they could not be repaired. The first hepatic portal was cut at the high level during separation in 1 case. Anomalous hepatic arteries were found in 46 grafts (19.8%) with 76 percents of anomalous arteries originating from the left gastric artery and the superior mesenteric artery. Accident injury of anomalous hepatic artery was found in 3 cases (6.5%), including the left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery (2 cases) and the right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery (1 case). Conclusion Combined liver and kidney graft rapid harvesting is a simple and safe procedure, which can protect the quality of liver and kidney simultaneously. Adequate perfusion, skilled procurement techniques and the prevention of anomalous hepatic arteries injury are critical to assurance of graft quality.     

原位肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理

目的探讨肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理。方法统计2000年8月至2002年12月期间进行肝移植术的67例次供、受者肝动脉的变异情况；分析肝动脉的重建方式，探讨肝动脉变异与手术后肝动脉血栓形成的关系、肝动脉血栓形成的危险因素及肝动脉血栓形成后的处理。结果67例次供者肝脏和65例受者肝脏共出现肝动脉变异12例次，发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(5例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(3例)。肝动脉的重建方式如下：供者及受者肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉分叉处成型后吻合58例；腹主动脉与肝动脉搭桥2例；利用变异的肝动脉分支吻合7例。手术后发生肝动脉血栓形成3例，均经腹股沟处股动脉插管行肝动脉溶栓治疗，此3例患者中死亡1例。结论避免变异的肝动脉损伤、选择适当的肝动脉吻合方式可以保证移植肝脏的动脉血供。肝动脉血栓形成与肝动脉变异无关。作为肝动脉血栓形成后的保守治疗方法，肝动脉内溶栓治疗有可能避免2次移植。     

Incidence of Donor Hepatic Artery Thrombosis in Liver Grafts Recognized During Organ Procurement and Backtable: A Rare but Treacherous Pitfall In Liver Transplantation

IntroductionDonor hepatic artery thrombosis (dHAT) identified during liver procurement and backtable is a rare and little-reported event that can make liver transplants unfeasible.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of dHAT identified during liver grafts procurements or backtable procedures. All grafts were recovered from brain-dead donors. The demographic characteristics of the donors and the incidence of dHAT were analyzed. The data were also compared to a cohort of donors without dHAT.ResultsThere was a total of 486 donors during the study period. The incidence of dHAT was 1.85% (n = 9). The diagnosis of dHAT was made during procurement in 5 cases (55.5%) and during the backtable in 4 (44.4%). Most donors were female (n = 5), with an average BMI of 28.14 ± 6.9 kg/m², hypertensive (n = 5), and with stroke as cause of brain death (n = 8). The most prevalent site of dHAT was a left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery (n = 4). Of the 9 cases reported, 2 livers were used for transplantation, and 7 were discarded. Comparing those cases to a cohort of 260 donors without dHAT, we found a higher incidence of anatomic variations in the hepatic artery (P = .01) and of stroke as cause of brain death (P = .05).ConclusionThe occurrence of dHAT before liver procurement is a rare event, however it may become a treacherous pitfall if the diagnosis is late. Grafts with anatomic variations recovered from women with brain death due to stroke and with past history of hypertension seem to be at a higher risk of presenting dHAT.     

Accessory left hepatic artery arising from common hepatic artery

The knowledge of anatomical variations in hepatic artery are of importance to surgeons and radiologists while performing complicated procedures like liver transplantation and transarterial chemo-embolization for hepatic tumors. The incidence of accessory left hepatic artery is less common than the right accessory hepatic artery. Here we report an anomalous accessory left hepatic artery arising from common hepatic artery in a 55 year old male cadaver.     

肝动脉变异与肝移植

目的总结肝移植中供体及受体肝动脉变异情况与重建方式。方法回顾我院2002年3月～2005年12月107例肝移植供体与107例受体肝动脉变异情况及重建方式。术后应用Doppler超声、胆道镜及介入方法监测肝动脉及胆道并发症的发生情况。结果107例肝移植之供、受体肝动脉(214例肝动脉),3例术中、术后死于多器官功能衰竭,有20例次肝动脉变异,经过术中良好的重建,其结果显示肝动脉及胆道并发症3例(3/19),较正常肝动脉吻合者(15/85)无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论肝动脉变异发生率约9.35%左右,肝移植时供肝切取、修整及受体病肝切除应引起高度重视,术中良好的重建能取得好的效果。     

法洛四联症伴冠状动脉畸形的外科治疗

目的：总结法洛四联症伴冠状动脉畸形手术治疗经验,探讨冠状动脉畸形在法洛四联症纠治手术中的意义。方法：自1994年1月至1999年12月,手术治疗法洛四联症伴冠状动脉畸形15例,年龄43d-8岁,其中右冠状动脉起源于左冠状动脉或左前降支6例,单支左冠状动脉和左前降支起源于右冠状动脉各3例。双前降支,单支右冠状动脉和右冠状动脉肺动脉瘘各1例。一期根治手术13例,姑息手术2例。结果：姑息手术无死亡,根治手术早期死亡1例;无冠状动脉手术意外损伤;随访结果满意。结论：根据肺血管条件和畸形冠状动脉走行特点,选择适当的手术方式和右室流出道重建方法可提高手术效果;冠状动脉畸形不再是法洛四联症纠治手术中的风险因素。     

Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1000 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variations in the hepatic arteries were studied in donor livers that were used for orthotopic transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Variations have occurred in 25% to 75% of cases. Donor livers represent an appropriate model for study because extrahepatic arterial anatomy must be defined precisely to ensure complete arterialization of the graft at time of transplantation. METHODS: Records of 1000 patients who underwent liver harvesting for orthotopic transplantation between 1984 and 1993 were reviewed. RESULTS: Arterial patterns in order of frequency included the normal Type 1 anatomy (n = 757), with the common hepatic artery arising from the celiac axis to form the gastroduodenal and proper hepatic arteries and the proper hepatic dividing distally into right and left branches; Type 3 (n = 106), with a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery; Type 2 (n = 97), with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery; Type 4 (n = 23), with both right and left hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric and left gastric arteries, respectively; Type 5 (n = 15), with the entire common hepatic artery arising as a branch of the superior mesenteric; and Type 6 (n = 2), with the common hepatic artery originating directly from the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: These data are useful for the planning and conduct of surgical and radiological procedures of the upper abdomen, including laparoscopic operations of the biliary tract.