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??Chrysanthemum morifolium has a long history of culture and use in China. Due to different germplasm resources, producing areas, and processing methods, many cultivated varieties have formed now. The varieties and processing methods of C. morifolium are affected by economic interests and processing cost, which change gradually. On the basis of spot investigation and related literature study, the changes of the varieties and processing methods of C. morifolium were summarized in this paper. It will provide theoretical evidence for the culture, processing, quality evaluation, and clinical application of C. morifolium.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the monthly dynamics of physical and chemical indexes in Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix(ABR, the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl.) stored in simple and cool warehouses. METHODS ABR was stored in simple and cool warehouses for 27 months. The color was observed. The water content was determined based on the drying method. The contents of ??-ecdysone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were determined by HPLC method. The accumulation of temperature difference between the simple and cool warehouses was evaluated with a relative temperature cumulation (RTC) method. The monthly dynamics of physical and chemical indexes of ABR was analyzed with RTC. RESULTS As the extension of storage time, the ABR stored in the simple warehouse showed deeper color and harder texture, but the ABR stored in the cool warehouse still had soft texture without significant color change. The contents of ??-ecdysone in ABR stored in the two warehouses both gradually decreased and dropped to lower than the limit of 0.030% ruled by China Pharmacopoeia when being stored for up to 27 months. The contents of 5-HMF of ABR stored in the two warehouses both increased and were higher for the sample in the simple warehouse than that in the cool warehouse. CONCLUSION The concept of RTC is put forward and used to study the monthly dynamics of chemical constituents in traditional Chinese medicine during storage for the first time. The physical and chemical indexes of ABR varies during storage. Two years of storage time of ABR is suggested.     

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??OBJECTIVE To design specific PCR primers and establish the PCR identification method of Ophiopogon japonicas from Sichuan.METHODS The gene footprint of Ophiopogon japonicas from Sichuan named CM503 was screened from random amplified polymorphic DNAC(RAPD) amplification. Reclaimed CM503 gene was inserted into T-vector to be cloned and sequenced. One pair of specific primers CM1/CM2 were designed according to the CM503 sequence and applied in specific PCR using the genomic DNA of Ophiopogon japonicas from Sichuan as template.RESULTS A specific band around 297 bp was detected in Ophiopogon japonicus from Sichuan at 68 ??, while nothing appeared for the other varieties.CONCLUSION The method is convenient, reproducible, and precise, with broad application prospects.     

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??OBJECTIVE To construct a reasonable licensed pharmacist qualifications access echanism.METHODS In this paper,qualification of licensed pharmacists was analyzed by literature research and questionnaires.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Based on the CAS theorythe functions of the eight adaptive subjects involved in the qualification of the licensed pharmacists were divided.8 major subjects include the following functionsChina Food and Drug Administrationmacro -control access environment;Ministry of Educationcertificate Universities of Pharmacy hardware and software;Ministry of Civil Affairsdefine the authority of the Association moderate;Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security examine the qualifications for examination;Associationimplement specific access procedures;Universities of Pharmacyassessment of academic and pracrical ability;Employer joint universities practice assessment;Medicine studentsserved by other subjects.And finally establish a flow chart of China??s access mechanism to form a set of complex adaptability of the practice of pharmacists access mechanism.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate apoptosis induction ability of hPP10-Apoptin fusion protein to mouse B16 melanoma cell. METHODS pET15b-hPP10-Apoptin expression plasmid was constructed, and E. coli BL21 (DE3) was transformed with the plasmid, then the yielded hPP10-Apoptin fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin and confirmed by Western blotting assay. Melanoma cell apoptosis induced by hPP10-Apoptin fusion protein was analyzed by TUNEL assay, and the antitumor effect was examined in melanoma cell-bear mouse model. RESULTS hPP10-Apoptin fusion protein was highly expressed in BL21 cells, Western blotting analysis result showed that fusion protein was expressed correctly. The fusion protein can induce melanoma cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION The results confirm that hPP10-Apoptin fusion protein could penetrate into melanoma cell and also has antitumor effect.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the safety and feasibility of using stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients. METHODS The edible history, nutrition and quality standards of Panax notoginseng's stems, leaves and flowers were summarized. Then toxicological test was conducted in mice to investigate the toxicity. RESULTS The stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng have a long edible history, rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids and other nutrients. Pharmacological experiment results showed that they were safe and nontoxic, without obvious organ damages. CONCLUSION It is of great value to use the stems, leaves and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients under the recommended dosage. This study provides reference to the utilization of the non-medicinal parts of other Chinese herbal medicines.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect and underlying mechanisms. METHODS In PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2, after treatment with Grifola frondosa extract, MTT method, chemical method, JC-1 staining and Western Blot were applied to determine cell viability, caspase 3 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, and the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3??. The anti-tumor activity of Grifola frondosa extract was further confirmed in PLC/PRL/5-xengrafted mice model. RESULTS Grifola frondosa extract significantly reduced cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3??, and enhanced LDH release, caspase 3 activity and the expression of Bax in both PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 cells. 12-day Grifola frondosa extract treatment significantly inhibited the PLC/PRF/5-xenografted tumor growth without influence the body weight of mouse. CONCLUSION All these data indicate that Grifola frondosa extract-mediated anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects are related to its modulation of the activations of Akt/GSK3?? and mitochondrial pathway.     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare doxorubicin-loased heparinized magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMSNs-HP) and investigate their drug release profile and anticancer activity in vitro. METHODS Amino-modified MMSNs was synthesized by combining phase transfer method with sol-gel method firstly. Then heparin was conjugated with the above nanoparticles via carbodiimide chemistry to form MMSNs-HP. Finally, the following experiments were performed, such as loading/release of doxorubicin into/from MMSNs-HP in vitro, cellular uptake of MMSNs-HP by hepatoma cell HepG2 and cell cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded MMSNs-HP. RESULTS MMSNs-HP was able to delay the release of doxorubicin significantly, penetrate into tumor cells, kill HepG2 cell, and inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells induced by basic fibroblast HepG2 cells (bFGF). CONCLUSION MMSNs-HP is a potential drug carrier for the delivery of antitumor drugs.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of the fruits of Akebiae quinata. METHODS Various column chromatography techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography were used for fractionization and purification. The structures were identified on the basis of their physicochemical and spectroscopic evidence. RESULTS Fifteen compounds were obtained, and their structures were identified as geniposidic acid(1), 10-O-acetylgeniposidic acid(2), vomifoliol(3), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(4), protocatechuic acid(5), caffeic acid(6), tyrosol(7), palmitic acid(8), 15-nonacosanol(9), stigmasterol(10), stigmasterol-3-O-??-D-glycopyranoside(11), ??-sitosterol(12), ??-daucosterol(13), ursolic acid(14), and oleanolic acid(15). CONCLUSION Compounds 1-7, 9 and 14 were isolated from the fruits of Akebiae quinata for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the content determination method of crotamiton. METHODS The quantitative mass balance method, HPLC external standard method and nuclear magnetic resonance(QNMR) were used to determine the content of crotamiton, respectively. The accuracy of the three methods was evaluated. RESULTS The contents of crotamiton were 99.2%,102.9% and 99.1% respectively as determined by the three different methods. CONCLUSION Because the ultraviolet absorption coefficients of cis- and trans-crotamiton might be different, the current pharmacopoeia method, ie, using integrated peak areas to calculate the content, is questionable. QNMR method can measure the contents of cis- and trans-crotamiton respectively, so it can be a complementary method to establish the reference standard.     

氨茶碱与甲硝唑在大鼠体内的药动学相互作用研究

 目的 建立同时测定大鼠血浆中茶碱、甲硝唑的HPLC-UV分析方法,探索茶碱与甲硝唑在大鼠体内是否存在药动学上的相互作用。方法 将18只雄性SD大鼠随机分成氨茶碱组、甲硝唑组以及氨茶碱和甲硝唑联合给药组,于给药后不同时间点采集血样,HPLC测定二者的血药浓度,采用DAS2.0软件计算药动学参数,并用SPSS19.0软件对其进行单因素方差分析,以95%的可信区间判断药物是否发生相互作用。结果 氨茶碱和甲硝唑联合用药组与单用药组药动学参数t_1/2,MRT,AUC_0-t,V_d和CL均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 氨茶碱和甲硝唑联合用药后不产生明显的药动学相互作用。     

木犀草素在大鼠体内的药动学研究

 目的建立HPLC-UV方法,研究木犀草素灌胃及腹腔给药后原形药物及结合形药物在大鼠体内的药动学,并测定灌胃给药后大鼠胆汁排泄情况。方法利用HPLC-UV方法,测定大鼠灌胃及腹腔给药20 mg·kg^-1后血浆及血浆样品水解后木犀草素浓度。测定灌胃给药后各个时间段胆汁样品水解后木犀草素浓度,计算20 h内胆汁的排泄率。利用DAS计算出主要药代参数。结果木犀草素灌胃给药后,血浆中游离木犀草素的AUC_0-t,MRT_0-t,ρ_max,t_max分别为0.212 6 mg·h·L^-1,4.52 h,0.05 mg·L^-1,0.25 h;游离与结合形式总和的药代参数分别为12.076 6 mg·h·L^-1,7.89 h,1.45 mg·L^-1,8 h。腹腔给药后,血浆游离木犀草素的AUC_0-t,MRT_0-t,ρ_max,t_max分别为4.642 1 mg·h·L^-1,3.81 h,1.71 mg·L^-1,0.5 h;血浆游离与结合形式的药代参数分别为36.720 9 mg·h·L^-1,6.98 h,7.755 mg·L^-1,0.5 h。胆汁样品水解处理后12 h的总排泄量约为给药量的0.87%。胆汁中药物浓度在1～2 h和8～12 h时间段较高。胆汁中药物浓度不随时间而降低。结论建立的HPLC方法可用于木犀草素的药动学研究。木犀草素给药后在体内主要以结合形式存在。口服给药后木犀草素部分以结合形式通过胆汁排泄。     

橄榄苦苷在大鼠体内药代动力学研究

目的 建立测定大鼠血浆中橄榄苦苷浓度的HPLC方法,研究橄榄苦苷在大鼠体内的药代动力学过程.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠,灌胃给予橄榄苦苷100 mg·kg-1,于不同时间点收集血液.以甲醇-水-甲酸( 63:37:1)为流动相,Agi-lent C18为色谱柱,在紫外波长276 nm下检测,应用药代动力学软件3p97拟合房室模型,并进行药代动力学参数的计算.结果 选定条件下橄榄苦苷峰形良好,线性范围为0.052～0.263 mg/ml,日内日间精密度RSD均小于3％,准确度RE为-0.190％,加样回收率为96.900％ ～ 102.700％.大鼠灌胃橄榄苦苷100 mg·kg-1后,体内药代动力学过程符合二室模型,Tmax为5.440 h,t1/2(α)为2.164 h,t1/2(β)为35.292 h,Cmax为0.113 μg/μl,AUC为6.254,CL为15.990.结论 该方法灵敏,简便,选择性强,适用于橄榄苦苷血药浓度的测定,及其药代动力学研究.     

脱水穿心莲内酯在大鼠的药代动力学

脱水穿心莲内酯二琥珀酸半酯单钾盐(DASK,商品名炎琥宁)100mg/kgiv后的药时数据可拟合开放性二室模型,分布相很短。150mg/kg im后所得药时数据可拟合开放性一室模型,吸收较快而完全。iv与im后求得的Vd、CL和消除相t1/2无明显差别。本品与血浆蛋白的结合率较低。im后24h内DASK原形物尿中仅排出24.9±18.1％,由胆汁和粪中排出量还要少些。     

连翘酯苷在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的：建立连翘酯苷血药浓度的高效液相色谱测定方法，研究其在大鼠体内药代动力学变化规律。方法：大鼠静脉注射连翘酯苷50mg·kg^-1后，于不同时间点采血，用HPLC测定其血药浓度并用3p97软件拟合，计算药代动力学各参数。结果：连翘酯苷血药浓度的回归方程为Y=20598727 X-20590（r=0．9999），在1．95～250μg·mL^-1之间线性关系良好，最低检测浓度为0．8μg·mL^-1。静脉注射连翘酯苷50mg·kg^-1后，其体内过程经3p97软件拟合，药时曲线符合三室开放模型。结论：首次建立了连翘酯苷血药浓度的HPLC测定方法。方法操作简单、专属性强、灵敏度高。静脉注射连翘酯苷后，其体内过程的药时曲线符合三室开放模型，具有体内分布快、血药浓度下降迅速等特点。     

连翘酯苷在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的:建立连翘酯苷血药浓度的高效液相色谱测定方法,研究其在大鼠体内药代动力学变化规律。方法:大鼠静脉注射连翘酯苷50mg·kg~(-1)后,于不同时间点采血,用HPLC测定其血药浓度并用3p97软件拟合,计算药代动力学各参数。结果:连翘酯苷血药浓度的回归方程为Y=20598727 X-20590(r=0.9999),在1.95～250μg·mL~(-1)之间线性关系良好,最低检测浓度为0.8μg·mL~(-1)。静脉注射连翘酯苷50mg·kg~(-1)后,其体内过程经3p97软件拟合,药时曲线符合三室开放模型。结论:首次建立了连翘酯苷血药浓度的HPLC测定方法。方法操作简单、专属性强、灵敏度高。静脉注射连翘酯苷后,其体内过程的药时曲线符合三室开放模型,具有体内分布快、血药浓度下降迅速等特点。     

淫羊藿素在大鼠体内的药动学研究

 目的 研究淫羊藿素灌胃或静脉注射给药后原型药物及结合型药物在大鼠体内的血浆药动学和排泄特征,为新药开发提供参考依据。方法 采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生物样品经酶水解前后淫羊藿素浓度。结果 大鼠灌胃给予不同剂量淫羊藿素（20、40和80 mg·kg-1）后,ρ_max和AUC_0-∞与给药剂量呈正相关,生物利用度分别为17.29%、13.80%和10.70%。灌胃给予80 mg·kg-1淫羊藿素后,大鼠血浆中游离淫羊藿素的ρmax和AUC_0-∞分别为13.26 ng·mL-1,495.67 ng·h·mL-1;游离与结合形式总和的药动学参数分别为597.50 ng·mL-1,12 038 ng·h·mL-1。静脉给药20 mg·kg-1后,大鼠血浆中游离淫羊藿素的ρmax和AUC_0-∞分别为5 896 ng·mL-1,2 470 ng·h·mL-1;游离与结合形式总和的药动学参数分别为11 598 ng·mL-1,23 303 ng·h·mL-1。大鼠灌胃给予80 mg·kg-1淫羊藿素72 h后,尿、粪样品中游离淫羊藿素的排泄量分别占给药量的0.04%和25.09%,游离与结合形式总和的排泄量分别占给药量的0.14%和32.46%;大鼠静脉注射给予20 mg·kg-1淫羊藿素72 h后,尿、粪样品中游离淫羊藿素的排泄量分别占给药量的0.58%和8.76%,游离与结合形式总和的排泄量分别占给药量的2.48%和10.82%。结论 淫羊藿素给药后在体内主要以结合形式存在,生物利用度较低,主要通过粪便排泄。     

马钱子碱在大鼠体内的药动学

 目的考察马钱子碱在大鼠体内的药动学性质。方法考察不同给药途径对马钱子碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响。HPLC测定静脉注射、灌胃和腹腔注射10 mg·kg^-1马钱子碱溶液后不同时间点的血药浓度。药动学参数采用3P97程序进行拟合。结果马钱子碱溶液灌胃和腹腔注射给药的绝对生物利用度分别为33.3%和74.9%。与静脉注射相比,灌胃和腹腔注射后的药动学特性发生显著改变。静脉注射和灌胃给药后的体内药动学符合二室模型,但腹腔注射符合一室模型。结论给药途径是影响马钱子碱体内药动学性质的重要因素。     

硝苯地平与银杏黄酮的体外代谢性相互作用

 目的通过体外代谢获得药物相互作用的有关数据,以预测临床联合用药时发生代谢性药物相互作用的可能性。方法以HPLC测定孵育液中剩余银杏黄酮的浓度,计算共孵育药物硝苯地平对银杏黄酮3个苷元的IC₅₀值和K_i值;以HPLC测定孵育液中硝苯地平的浓度,计算其代谢抑制率。结果硝苯地平与银杏黄酮进行体外共孵育时,代谢互受影响。结论两药合用时宜慎重。     

HPLC测定血浆中硝苯地平浓度及在Beagle犬体内的应用

 目的建立血浆中硝苯地平浓度的HPLC分析方法,并用此法检测硝苯地平在Beagle犬体内的药物浓度。方法选择尼群地平为内标,血浆经无水乙醚-正己烷(3:1)提取,采用Hypersil BDS C₁₈(4．6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(1:1) (1%磷酸调节pH至3．5)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,紫外检测波长为238 nm。2只Beagle犬服用硝苯地平30 mg后用此法检测其血药浓度。结果硝苯地平在2～200μg·L^-1线性关系良好(r=0．999 6),最低检测限为1μg·L^-1(S/N≥3)。提取回收率为77.6%～87.3%,相对回收率在90.5%～101.7%内;日内精密度RSD≤7.1%,日间精密度RSD≤2.5%。结论本方法简便、准确灵敏,重现性好,可用于硝苯地平的血药浓度分析及进行药动学和生物等效性实验研究。