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??OBJECTIVE To establish a detection method based on a novel type of two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system (2D-LC-UV) for determination of paraquat in poisoned patients' urine, and assess the methodology and characteristics of the two-dimensional chromatography. METHODS 2D-LC-UV contains 1st and 2nd liquid chromatography and FLC transferor. Urine sample of 100 ??L was directly injected without pretreatments, and paraquat was on-line concentrated and primarily separated on the 1^st Aston SX1 column, then trapped on Aston SX column and separated by Aston SX1 column. The mobile phase of the 1st liquid chromatography, trapping column and 2nd liquid chromatography were acetonitrile-2 mol??L^-1 ammonium acetate binary solution(1:10, V:V, 1.0 mL??min^-1), pure water and 2.5 mol??L^-1 ammonium acetate solution-methanol-acetonitrile ternary system (5:3:1, V:V:V, 1.0 mL??min^-1), respectively. The column temperature was maitained at 40 ??, and the UV adsorption wave length was set at 285 nm. RESULTS The chromatographic system was capable of processing 500 ??L urine. Paraquat was transferred and separated completely in the two-dimensional system with linear calibration curve over the concentration range of 20-20 000 ng??mL^-1 (r=0.999 9). The urine matrixes from different samples had little interference effect. The chromatographic balance time was less than 15 min, and the calibration curve was stable for more than 90 d. CONCLUSION Because of its accuracy, stability, automation, and independence of specialized technical personnel, the established chromatographic method is ideal for quick test of paraquat in poisoned patients, providing scientific basis for clinical treatment of patients with paraquat poisoning.     

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??OBJECTIVE To select the fungi which can induce Dalbergia odorifera to produce active substances. METHODS Twenty-five fungi were inoculated in the stems of six or seven-year-old D. odorifera under natural conditions. Fungi with biological activity to induce D. odorifera producing active substances were obtained through field screening and chemical quality evaluation. The ethanol-soluble extractives and total flavonoids of D. odorifera were analyzed by spectrophotometry and hot maceration method, respectively. RESULTS Six active fungi inducing the formation of heartwood were obtained. CONCLUSION This study is very important for utilizing fungi in the induction of D. odorifera and sustainable utilization of this special medicinal material.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the determination of norathyriol in rat plasma by HPLC and to study its characteristics of pharmacokinetics. METHODS Ethyl formic acid(10:1)was used to precipitate protein in the plasma samples after the addition of internal standard, and then the concentration was analyzed by HPLC. All of the separations were carried out on a Platisil ODS(4.6 mm??250 mm,5 ??m) at room temperature. The mobile phase was consisted of formic acid(40:60:0.5, pH 2.74), and was pumped at flow rate of 0.8 mL??min^-1. The UV detection wavelength was set at 312 nm. The rats were given norathriol by intragastric administration with a dosage of 400 mg??kg^-1. The concentration of norathriol in plasma at different time points was determined. RESULTS A good linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range of 0.54-162 ??g??mL^-1(r=0.998). The intra-day and inter-day RSD were less than 7.5% . The main pharmacokinetic parameters measured by Winnonlin 6.1 were showed as follows:t_max,t_1/2, ??_max and AUC_0-t were 0.5 h,(3.46??0.903) h,(26.9??3.17)??g??mL^-1,(52.4??12.0) ??g??h??mL^-1, respectively. CONCLUSION The HPLC method established is rapid and specific, and can be successfully applied in basic pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma.     

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??As a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster has the characteristics of short life cycle, high fecundity and high gene conservation. At present, Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used in the studies of pharmacology and pathogenesis, including aging, neurodegenerative disease, insomnia, tumor and other fields, which show potential values in accelerating the speed of drug screening and target discovery. In this paper, the advantages of Drosophila as a model organism, the applications and limitations of Drosophila in pharmacological studies were reviewed.     

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??OBJECTIVE To search the orphan drug list from the countries which had initiated orphan drug policies and give reference to improve the orphan drug accessibility in our country. METHODS We searched the official medicine management websites of the United States??Singapore??Japan?? Australia??European Union?? Chinese Taiwan and South Korea and extracted information of orphan drugs which had been approved to the market. Then those orphan drugs were investigated whether had been imported and reimbursed in China, through the website of China Food and Drug Administration. Drug classification was according to the ??pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China?? (2010 version). Disease classification was according to the ICD-10.Insurance information was according to the ??national basic medical insurance?? employment injury insurance and maternity insurance drug catalogue??(2009 version).RESULTS The United States??Japan and Australia had launched orphan drug list. A total of 1 133 drugs were improved to the market, covering 26 diseases. 329 anticancer drugs??168 endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease drugs??122 hematologic disease drug ranked in the top three, accounted for 29.04%??14.83% and 10.77% of all drugs respectively. China has imported no more than 30%, with the anticancer drugs??infectious and parasitic diseases drugs??endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease drugs ranking in the top three. In the imported drugs, 33 were included in the insurance list.CONCLUSION Orphan drug accessibility is lack in our country. To improve this status, the related department were suggested to develop national drug policies for orphan drugs, evidence-based select the orphan drug list appling to burden of disease, establish priority approach for approval of imported orphan drug and motivate the R&D enthusiasm of local companies.     

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??OBJECTIVE To discuss the problem of instrumental test method of clarity and degree of opalescence of liquids in the general notice 0902 of China Pharmacopeia(Ch.P)2015, find out the causes and offer solutions. METHODS The test methods of clarity in Ch.P 2015 and European Pharmacopeia (EP) 8.0 were compared, including instrumental types, applicability, sample requirements, and result evaluation. RESULTS The primary opalescent suspension for the instrumental method is the same as the visual method, using the absorbance (A=0.12-0.15) at 550 nm to control the opalescence. Because the resolving power of the instrumental method is far higher than the visual method, the limit becomes interval distribution instead of simple point. The opalescent value (NTU) of the upper limit (A=0.15) is about 1.35 times of the lower limit (A=0.12).When the NTU value of the test liquid is in this interval, the result evaluation will be hard.CONCLUSION The preparation of the primary opalescent suspension in Ch.P 2015 is different from EP8.0. For this reason, the limit set by Ch.P 2015 is actually stricter than that of EP8.0. The opalescent value of the standard solution used by Ch.P 2015 is about 75% of that used by EP8.0.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the safety and feasibility of using stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients. METHODS The edible history, nutrition and quality standards of Panax notoginseng's stems, leaves and flowers were summarized. Then toxicological test was conducted in mice to investigate the toxicity. RESULTS The stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng have a long edible history, rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids and other nutrients. Pharmacological experiment results showed that they were safe and nontoxic, without obvious organ damages. CONCLUSION It is of great value to use the stems, leaves and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients under the recommended dosage. This study provides reference to the utilization of the non-medicinal parts of other Chinese herbal medicines.     

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??As a medicine and food homology plant, licorice has received extensive attention from many pharmacologists and biologists. The authors reviewed the new biotechnologies applied to licorice in recent years, including the research on the key enzyme genes involved in the biological synthetic pathway of the active constituents, the formation mechanism of genuineness based on genes, the gene regulation of the biosynthesis of active components, and DNA identification of licorice, aiming to bring up some ideas for deeper studies of licorice.     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare ion-sensitive ophthalmic in situ gel containing bendazac lysine (BDZL-ISG) and preliminarily study its rheological behavior, in vitro drug release, corneal permeation, and pharmacokinetics in rabbit aqueous humor. METHODS Single factor investigation was carried out to optimize the formulation, taking viscosity and gelling capacity as evaluation indices. Using aqueous solution or eye drops as control, the in vitro release of the formulation was evaluated by dialysis membrane method. Then, the corneal permeation experiment of the optimum formulation was carried out with Franz diffusion cell. The pharmacokinetics of BDZL-ISG in rabbit aqueous humor was preliminarily studied by microdialysis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the optimum formulation had shear thinning behavior and significant sustained release effect. There was no significant difference in the corneal permeation between the two groups. The RESULTS of pharmacokinetic study showed that ??_max (13.25 ??g??L^-1) and AUC_0-t of BZDL-ISG were 2.38 and 2.2 times higher than those of BDZL eye drops respectively, which suggested that the ocular bioavailability of BDZL was greatly enhanced by the optimum in situ gel formulation. CONCLUSION With significant sustained release effect, the ion-sensitive ophthalmic in situ gel will become a promising alterative formulation for bendazac lysine for treatment of cataracts.     

小飞蓬化学成分的研究

 目的研究小飞蓬的化学成分。方法应用溶剂法进行提取,采用硅胶柱色谱和凝胶柱色谱Sephadex LH-20进行分离纯化,通过理化方法和波谱数据分析进行结构鉴定。结果从体积分数70%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了12个化合物,分别为α-香树脂醇(Ⅰ)、β-香树脂醇(Ⅱ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅲ)、表木栓醇(Ⅳ)、齐墩果酸(Ⅴ)、菠甾醇-3-O-葡萄糖苷(Ⅵ)、3,5,7,3′,4′-五羟基黄酮(Ⅶ)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(Ⅷ)、芦丁(Ⅸ)、野黄芩苷(Ⅹ)、黄芩苷(Ⅺ)、绿原酸(Ⅻ)。结论12个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

夏天无化学成分的研究

从上饶产夏天无块茎的季铵碱部分共分得6个化合物,鉴定了首次从该植物中得到的蝙蝠葛林及阿魏酸的结构,其余4个化合物与文献报道的一致。     

灯盏花黄酮类化学成分的研究

目的 :研究灯盏花的化学成分。方法 :分离纯化采用硅胶柱色谱 ,结构鉴定采用IR,MS,NMR及文献有关数据比较。结果 :从灯盏花全草的提取物中分离并鉴定了5个黄酮化合物 ,为3,5,6,4′ 四羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(Ⅰ) ,5,7,4′ 三羟基黄酮 (Ⅱ) ,3,5,6,7,4′-五羟基黄酮 (Ⅲ ) ,黄芩素 (Ⅳ)和5,7,4′ 三羟基双氢黄酮 (Ⅴ)。结论 :化合物I,III,V为首次从本植物中分得。     

多舌飞蓬黄酮成分的研究

从多舌飞蓬Erigeronmultiradiatus（Wall．）Benth．全草中分得12个化合物，其中7个为黄酮，经理化性质和光谱分析鉴定为：芹菜素（Ⅰ）、槲皮素（Ⅱ）、木犀草素（Ⅲ）、芹菜素－7－O－β－D－葡萄糖醛酸苷即灯盏甲素（Ⅳ）、槲皮素－3－O－β－D－葡萄糖苷即异槲皮苷（Ⅴ）、黄芩素－7－O－β－D－葡萄糖醛酸苷即灯盏乙素（Ⅵ）和黄芩素－7－O－β－D－葡萄糖苷（Ⅶ）。以上化合物均系首次自该植物中分得，其中Ⅴ为首次从该属植物中分得。     

多裂叶荆芥穗化学成分的研究

从多裂叶荆芥穗中分离出四个化合物,经测定理化常数和光谱分析鉴定为二十二烷酸,二十四烷酸、琥珀酸和去氧齐墩果酸,均首次从裂叶荆芥属植物中得到。     

蛹虫草化学成分研究

从蛹虫草菌丝中分离出六种化学成分。经结构鉴定为β-谷甾醇,麦角甾醇,D-甘露醇,腺嘌呤,腺苷及虫草素(3′-脱氧腺苷)。从蛹虫草菌丝中分离出虫草素、腺嘌呤及麦角甾醇尚属首次。     

木蹄层孔菌化学成分研究

 目的 研究木蹄层孔菌 [ Fomes fomentarius ( L.Ex.Fr.) ] 的化学成分。方法 采用反复硅胶柱色谱法、Sephadex LH-20 柱色谱法等进行分离纯化,并通过化合物的理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 从木蹄体积分数95%乙醇提取物中分离得到6个化合物,其中1个木脂素类化合物：泡桐素 (1);2个小分子芳香族化合物：原儿茶醛 (2),4-( 3,4-二羟苯基)-3-丁烯-2-酮 (3); 3个甾类化合物：5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β醇 (4),麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β醇 (5),β-谷甾醇 (6) 。结论 化合物1～4, 6均为首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

豚草化学成分的研究

从豚草地上部分分得3个倍半萜内酯,鉴定为psilostachyin,psilostachyin B和psilostachyin C。药理实验表明3个化合物皆有一定的杀螺活性。     

多枝雾水葛化学成分（Ⅰ）

目的：研究多枝雾水葛Pouzolzia zeylanica （L.）Benn.var.microphylla（Wedd.）W.T.Wang. 的化学成分。方法：采用多种柱色谱方法进行分离纯化,通过波谱解析和理化性质进行化学结构鉴定。结果：从多枝雾水葛的三氯甲烷和正丁醇部位分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇（1）,二十二酸十三烷酯（2）,正三十四烷醇（3）,正三十四烷酸（4）,正二十八烷醇（5）,木栓酮（6）,表木栓醇（7）,豆甾醇（8）,22,23-二氢菠甾醇（9）,胡萝卜苷（10）,胡萝卜苷棕榈酸酯（11）,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（12）,山奈酚-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷（13）,槲皮素-7-O-吡喃鼠李糖苷（14）,槲皮素-3,7-2-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷（15）,牡荆苷（16）。结论：所有化合物均首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物 2~5,7~9,11~12 为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

丝瓜化学成分的分离与鉴定

从丝瓜中分离到4个结晶,经化学与光谱分析,分别鉴定为丝瓜皂甙C,丝瓜皂甙H,α-菠甾醇及Δ^7,22,25豆甾三烯醇的混合物,α-菠甾醇甙及Δ^7,22,25豆甾三烯醇葡萄糖甙的混合物。