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??OBJECTIVE To search the orphan drug list from the countries which had initiated orphan drug policies and give reference to improve the orphan drug accessibility in our country. METHODS We searched the official medicine management websites of the United States??Singapore??Japan?? Australia??European Union?? Chinese Taiwan and South Korea and extracted information of orphan drugs which had been approved to the market. Then those orphan drugs were investigated whether had been imported and reimbursed in China, through the website of China Food and Drug Administration. Drug classification was according to the ??pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China?? (2010 version). Disease classification was according to the ICD-10.Insurance information was according to the ??national basic medical insurance?? employment injury insurance and maternity insurance drug catalogue??(2009 version).RESULTS The United States??Japan and Australia had launched orphan drug list. A total of 1 133 drugs were improved to the market, covering 26 diseases. 329 anticancer drugs??168 endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease drugs??122 hematologic disease drug ranked in the top three, accounted for 29.04%??14.83% and 10.77% of all drugs respectively. China has imported no more than 30%, with the anticancer drugs??infectious and parasitic diseases drugs??endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease drugs ranking in the top three. In the imported drugs, 33 were included in the insurance list.CONCLUSION Orphan drug accessibility is lack in our country. To improve this status, the related department were suggested to develop national drug policies for orphan drugs, evidence-based select the orphan drug list appling to burden of disease, establish priority approach for approval of imported orphan drug and motivate the R&D enthusiasm of local companies.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the safety and feasibility of using stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients. METHODS The edible history, nutrition and quality standards of Panax notoginseng's stems, leaves and flowers were summarized. Then toxicological test was conducted in mice to investigate the toxicity. RESULTS The stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng and flowers of Panax notoginseng have a long edible history, rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids and other nutrients. Pharmacological experiment results showed that they were safe and nontoxic, without obvious organ damages. CONCLUSION It is of great value to use the stems, leaves and flowers of Panax notoginseng as new food ingredients under the recommended dosage. This study provides reference to the utilization of the non-medicinal parts of other Chinese herbal medicines.     

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??OBJECTIVE To optimize the formula of celecoxib gel by studying the effects of different doses of penetration enhancers on the penetration of celecoxib through skin in vitro. METHODS With sodium alginate as the gel base, factorial design method was used to choose the optimal formula of penetration enhancers among four different formulas to prepare celecoxib gels. The release rate of celecoxib in the release media was detected by modified Franz diffusion cells method, and the steady percutaneous speed (J), permeability coefficient (K_p) and the accumulative permeation quantity (Q) in 12 h were calculated. RESULTS The accumulative permeation quantity (Q) in 12 h of celecoxib from the gels made with the four different formulas were 27.93,25.12,18.79 and 19.35 ??g??cm^-2, respectively. The gel with 1% azone and 1% menthol as penetration enhancers had the maximum Q value, 27.93 ??g??cm^-2, its penetration process conformed to Higuchi equation, and the steady percutaneous speed (J) and permeability coefficient(K_p)were also higher than the other three experimental groups. CONCLUSION With sodium alginate as the gel base, azone and menthol have a synergistic effect on the percutaneous penetration of celecoxib gels, and the best formula is 1% azone and 1% menthol.     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare sulfadiazine solid dispersion, determine its solubility and dissolution in vitro, and investigate its physical properties. METHODS Using in vitro dissolution as an index, single factor test and orthogonal design were used to optimize the preparation process of sulfadiazine solid dispersion. The existing state of sulfadiazine was identified by DSC, IR spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. RESULTS The solubility and dissolution rate of sulfadiazine solid dispersion prepared by the optimized preparing process were increased by 17 times and 3 times respectively than crude sulfadiazine. Sulfadiazine existed in an amorphous state as shown by phase identification. CONCLUSION The solid dispersion prepared by the solvent-molten method with PEG4000 as the carrier can significantly improve the solubility and the dissolution rate of sulfadiazine.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the treatment effects of chronic ulcer in diabetic rats with asiaticosides.METHODS Totally 38 male CL grade SD rats were randomly divided into normal group and model group, and were feed in metabolic cage separately. The low (22.29 mg??cm^-2), medium (111.45 mg??cm^-2) and high (222.93 mg??cm^-2) dose of centella triterpenes cream were characterized and tested on excision ulcer wounds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After treatment, the weight, blood glucose, water intake and total urine output were measured in 3, 7, 10 and 14 d respectively. The wound healing rate was evaluated by image processing software of Adobe Photoshop CS5. Histopathological studies were conducted on the healed wound tissues to observe for epithelisation, fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis. RESULTS It was found that at all time points the areas of wounds treated with asiaticosides were smaller compared with the controls. The expression of weight, water intake, total urine output and blood glucose increased statistically in the model group (P<0.05).Pathological results showed much better healing efficacy for the test samples compared with the control ones(P??0.05). The middle dose of centella triterpenes cream was the best (P<0.01). Histopathological studies had also shown that centella triterpenes cream treated wounds exhibited re-epithelisation, higher fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. At 14 days post excision, the medium centella triterpenes cream treated group achieved complete repair. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that asiaticosides may have a potential application in the treatment of diabetic ulcers and chronic wound healing.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish the HPLC fingerprints of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu and find their differences. METHODS The samples were extracted with 75% ethanol aqueous and then analysis was carried out on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq C₁₈ column with the mobile phase consisting of methanol (A) and 0.05% formic acid solution (B). Gradient elution (0 min, 5% A; 5 min, 5% A??15% A; 10 min, 15% A??26% A; 20 min, 26% A??40% A; 45 min, 40% A??70% A; 58 min, 70% A??100% A, 63 min, 100% A) was carried out at the flow rate of 1.0 mL??min^-1. The column temperature was maintained at 30 ??, and the detection wavelength was set at 263 nm. The software ??Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCMs (Version 2012.0) ?? was employed to generate the mean chromatogras and carry out the similarity analysis of the samples. SPSS21.0 was employed to carry out the cluster analysis. RESULTS The HPLC fingerprints of the three varieties were different according to fingerprinting and cluster analysis. Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen was obvilously differernt from Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu. There were 25 common peaks in the former HPLC fingerprint and 29 common peaks in the latter. CONCLUSION The HPLC fingerprints of three kinds of Amomum villasums were set up for the first time and they provide reference for the identification and quality control of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen, and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu.     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare conjugate of low molecular weight chitosan(LMWC)with glycyrrhizin (GL) and investigate its cellular uptake by proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). METHODS Glycyrrhizin-LMWC (GL-LMWC) conjugate was synthesized by the reaction between the amino group of LMWC and the active ester group of GL. Drug release was studied in phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) containing papain. The uptake of the conjugate by HK-2 cells and its intracellular distribution was studied with laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS The chemical structure of GL-LMWC conjugate was confirmed by IR and ¹H-NMR. The GL grafting rate was determined to be 29.3%. The drug liberation from the conjugates was significantly accelerated in the presence of papain, which confirmed the capability of the conjugate to degrade in lysosomes. The conjugate could be internalized by HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION The GL-LMWC conjugate with well-defined structure is successfully synthesized and exhibitts high cellular uptake efficiency. The conjugate has the potential to retaing GL in the kidney for a prolonged duration and to sustain its release locally for better efficacy.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Rubus crataegifolius Bge. METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic METHODS. RESULTS Ten compounds were isolated and identified as(+)-catechin(1),3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid(2),oleanolic acid(3),ursolic acid(4),ducheside B(5),dehydrodicatechin A(6),daucosterol(7),p-hydroxybenzoic acid(8),??-sitosterol linoleate(9), and euscaphic acid(10). CONCLUSION Compounds 1-10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the anti-cancer components of Calotropis gigantean L.METHODS The powdered whole plants of C. gigantea were extracted with 95% alcohol. After removal of the solvent, the residue was extracted with petroleum ether and chloroform, and the compounds in the chloroform extract were isolated and purified by different column chromatograghies carried out on silica gel, RP-18, MCI, and Sephadex LH-20 and their structures were elucidated by spectral data. RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and their structures were characterized as gofruside(1), uzarigenin(2), arjunolic acid(3), 3??-(1??-hydroxyethyl)-7-hydroxy-1-isobenzofuranone(4), daucosterol(5), syringaresinol(6),12-O-benzoyl-deacylmetaplexigenin(7), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(8), oleanolic acid(9),??-sitosterol(10), methyl 1-naphthaleneacetate(11), butylparaben(12),??-D-oleandropyranoside(13), and compounds 2-4,6-9, and 11-13 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity against HLE, K562, RPMI8226, MCF7, MDA, and WM9 cell lines, with K562 and RPMI8226 being the most sensitive cells.CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 2 are premilinarily judged as the anti-cancer components in C. gigantean.     

二氢杨梅素对小鼠的抗疲劳作用及机制研究

目的：研究二氢杨梅素缓解疲劳的作用及机制。方法：采用ICR雄鼠,设为对照组（0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液）和二氢杨梅素给药组（20、40、80 mg·kg–1）,每日给药1次,连续给药7 d。采用跑轮实验和负重游泳力竭实验检测小鼠的跑步力竭距离和负重游泳力竭时间;试剂盒法检测游泳小鼠肌肉和血清中的乳酸（LD）水平,血清中尿素氮（SUN）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）水平,肝脏中糖原及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）水平;实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）和蛋白质免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测游泳小鼠肌肉和肝脏相关通路的基因和蛋白表达。结果：与对照组比较,二氢杨梅素显著延长小鼠的跑步力竭距离和负重游泳力竭时间,降低运动后小鼠肌肉和血清中LD水平、血清中SUN水平,降低血清中LDH和CK的活性,增加肝糖原储备,提高肝GSH-Px活性。qRT-PCR和Western blot结果显示,二氢杨梅素显著增加疲劳小鼠肌肉腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）通路肝激酶1 (LKB1)、钙依赖的蛋白激酶2 (CaMKK2)、AMPKα2、沉默调节蛋白1(SIRT1)和...     

四君子汤对小鼠抗疲劳作用的影响

目的:探讨四君子汤对小鼠抗疲劳作用的影响。方法:将40只健康雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为生理盐水组、低浓度组、中浓度组、高浓度组,分别灌服相对应的生理盐水,低、中、高浓度的四君子汤,每天灌胃1次,共7天。结束后施行负重游泳实验,测定小鼠负重游泳时间及小鼠免疫器官脏器指数。结果:四君子汤各剂量组与生理盐水组相比可显著提高小鼠负重游泳时间及免疫器官脏器指数,其中中浓度组、高浓度组效果优于低浓度组。结论:四君子汤可以提高小鼠的抗疲劳能力,且以中、高浓度为佳。     

人参皂苷对小鼠抗疲劳作用研究

目的研究人参皂苷对小鼠抗疲劳的作用。方法将40只雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组、人参剂量组(3.2g·Kg-1、1.6g·Kg-1、0.8 g·Kg-1),持续给药28 d后,通过小鼠负重游泳实验,记录小鼠负重游泳时间。第29 d不负重游泳90 min,分别测定小鼠血清中血清尿素氮(BUN)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血乳酸(BLA)、磷酸肌酸酶(CK)的活性和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX),肝糖原等生化指标。结果与空白对照组相比,人参能够延长小鼠负重游泳时间,减少小鼠运动疲劳后BUN在体内的蓄积,增加肝糖原在体内的储备,降低血液中BLA、CK以及MDA水平,提高LDH水平,但在提高SOD和GSH-PX的活性方面并不明显。结论人参皂苷具有良好的抗疲劳作用。     

复方阿胶浆对小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响

目的: 探讨复方阿胶浆对运动小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响。方法: BALB/C 纯系雄性小鼠 60只随机分对照组、人参水提液组(10 g·kg^-1)、复方阿胶浆低、中、高剂量组(7.5,15,30 g·kg^-1)5组,灌胃30 d后,通过负重游泳实验,测定血乳酸(LA)、肝糖元、血红蛋白(Hb)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血清尿素氮(BUN)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果: 与对照组比,复方阿胶浆低、中、高剂量组血LA、MDA的含量明显降低,血红蛋白的含量显著增加(P<0.05);中、高剂量组肝糖元、BUN的含量显著增加,CK的含量显著降低,GSH-Px的活性明显增强(P<0.05);中剂量组LDH的含量显著性降低(P<0.01),SOD的活性明显增强(P<0.05)。结论: 复方阿胶浆可以有效延缓疲劳的产生、提高机体组织对疲劳的耐受力。     

二氢杨梅素对小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 观察二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DMY) 对小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤的保护作用,并初步探讨其可能机制。方法 雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为4组,即假手术组、I/R模型组及DMY 高（500mg?kg-1）、低剂量（250mg?kg-1）组。改良线栓法制备小鼠大脑中动脉阻塞/再灌注（middle cerebral artery occlusion / reperfusion, MCAO/R）模型,缺血3h再灌注24h;术前10d开始灌胃给药,每天1次,并在缺血前1h及再灌注后12h各给药1次。再灌注24h后观察小鼠神经功能缺损评分,取脑测定脑梗死比（%）及脑含水量（%）,HE染色观察脑组织病理学改变并计数皮层半暗带区神经元数目,同时测定脑组织MDA含量及SOD、GSH-Px活性。结果 与模型组比较,DMY 500mg?kg-1可减轻脑I/R损伤后神经功能缺损评分,降低脑梗死比和脑含水量,改善脑组织病理学变化及增加皮层半暗带区神经元数量（P <0.05 或 P <0.01））;此外,DMY 500mg?kg-1还能明显降低脑组织MDA含量及提高SOD、GSH-Px活性（与模型组比较,P <0.05 或 P <0.01））。DMY 250mg?kg-1可降低脑I/R损伤后脑梗死比（与模型组比较,P <0.05））。结论 DMY对局灶性脑I/R损伤有一定的保护作用,保护机制与其抗氧化作用有关。     

罗汉果皂苷抗疲劳及耐缺氧作用

目的:考察罗汉果皂苷的抗疲劳、耐缺氧作用.方法:将小鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,阳性对照组(红景天胶囊570 mg· kg-1),罗汉果皂苷高剂量( 300 mg· kg-1),中剂量(150 mg·kg-1)及低剂量组(75 mg·kg-1).连续灌胃给药21 d后采用力竭游泳实验和常压耐缺氧实验,考察罗汉果皂苷对小鼠的抗疲劳和耐缺氧能力的影响,并测定服用罗汉果皂苷后肝糖原和肌糖原的变化,及运动后血尿素氮、血乳酸含量和乳酸脱氢酶活力的变化.结果:罗汉果皂苷显著延长小鼠力竭游泳时间(P＜0.05),150,75 mg·kg-1组小鼠耐缺氧存活时间显著延长(P＜0.05).服用罗汉果皂苷后,小鼠肝糖原和肌糖原含量均显著增加(P ＜0.001),运动后血尿素氮和乳酸生成显著减少(P ＜0.001),乳酸脱氢酶活性显著增强(P＜0.05).结论:罗汉果皂苷能显著增强小鼠的抗疲劳和耐缺氧能力,其作用可能与增加机体糖原储备和加速乳酸代谢有关.     

久泻灵对小鼠抗疲劳及耐减压缺氧作用的影响

目的:探讨久泻灵冲剂对小鼠抗应激能力的影响.方法:建立对照组,检测小鼠游泳时间和抗减压缺氧能力.结果:久泻灵冲剂可明显延长小鼠游泳时间,显著提高小鼠耐缺氧能力.结论:久泻灵冲剂能提高小鼠抗应激能力,从而增强机体对抗有害刺激和整体抗病能力.     

桑葚多糖抗疲劳作用及其机制

目的:探讨桑葚多糖抗疲劳作用及其机制.方法:雄性SPF级昆明种小鼠224只,随机分为4批,每批56只,分别进行负重游泳、血清尿胆素测定、血乳酸含量测定和肝糖原含量测定.每批动物再随机分为正常对照组、桑葚多糖高、中、低剂量组( 900,300,100 mg·kg-1 ·d-1),连续ig 35 d后,分别测定游泳时间、血清尿胆素含量、血乳酸含量和肝糖原含量.结果:桑葚多糖高剂量组小鼠游泳时间(31.3 ± 15.13)min较正常对照组(7.15 ±2.91 )min明显延长;桑葚多糖高剂量组肝糖原含量(26.23 ±6.08) mg·g-1较正常对照组(18.75 ±3.12)mg·g-1明显增加,血清尿素氮含量(9.66±1.35) mmol·L-1较正常对照组(12.07 ±1.64) mmol· L-1明显减少(P＜0.05).结论:桑葚多糖具有抗疲劳作用.     

胡柚宝片剂对小鼠的抗疲劳作用及其急性毒性研究

目的:研究胡柚宝片剂对实验小鼠的抗疲劳作用及其对小鼠的急性毒性作用。方法:通过测定小鼠负重游泳时间及小鼠爬竿时间,观察胡柚宝片剂的抗疲劳作用,并进行小鼠急性毒性试验。结果:胡柚宝片剂组能明显延长小鼠负重游泳时间及爬竿时间;小鼠急性毒性试验测定最大给药量为96g/kg(生药量400g/kg)。结论:胡柚宝片剂能明显增强小鼠的抗疲劳能力,无明显的毒副作用。