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??OBJECTIVE To explore the determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection by using Raman spectroscopy to realize in-site non-invasive inspection. METHODS CLS algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of the ampoule, correlation coefficient was used for identification, and PLS algorithm was used to establish the quantitative model. Moreover, the transfer performance of the models was investigated when used on different portable Raman instruments. RESULTS Nineteen samples of four different batches were used to verify the method. The RESULTS showed a good coincidence with reference RESULTS on both identification and quantification, and the relative deviation from HPLC method was within 5%. Meanwhile, the Raman method showed good accuracy and repeatability with relative deviation of mean and RSD value within 1% for samples from the same batch. The differences between instruments were controlled by the key index, and quantitative analysisRESULTS of 51 samples measured on three instruments all fell in the range of 90% to 110%, among which 96% fell in a more narrow range of 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION The Raman method established in this study could be used for the in-situ non-invasive determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the impacts of particle size and preferred orientation on relative peak intensity, number of peaks and order of peak intensity in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis of organic and inorganic pharmaceutical crystalline materials and evaluate the phase identification methods in various pharmaceutical compendiums.METHODS The PXRD patterns of organic and inorganic materials with different particle sizes obtained by sieving or grinding were acquired and the number of diffraction peaks, peak position and intensity of diffraction peaks were compared across different samples. RESULTS Due to preferred orientation effects, the diffraction patterns of samples with different particle sizes were apparently different, including the number of peaks, relative peak intensity and the order of the peak intensity. CONCLUSION Scientists may get different CONCLUSION s from the RESULTS of same tests performed according to the related guiding principles of current Chinese Pharmacopeia and USP39, EP8.0, JP16 ???? pharmacopoeia for identifying the crystalline forms.The phase identification by PXRD method in current Chinese Pharmacopeia neglects the effects of preferred orientation on diffraction peaks and relative peak intensity. This guideline needs to be updated to better reflect the scientific observation in industry and align with other well accepted compendiums such as USP, EP and JP.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.. METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, silica gel column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and physiochemical properties. RESULTS Twenty compounds were elucidated as vanillic acid(1), ferulic acid(2), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(3), dihydroconiferylalcohol(4), loliolide(5), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylprop-8-ene 4-O-??-D-xylopyraosyl-(1??6)-??-D-glucopyranoside(6), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(7), 5,7-dihydroxychromone(8), pyromeconic acid(9), erigeside D(10), methyl syringate 4-O-??-D-glucopyranoside(11),(7S,8R)-urolignoside(12), homoeriodictyol(13), pinobaksin(14), chrysin(15), hispidulin(16), chryseriol(17), cyclomorusin(18), cirsimaritin(19), and naringenin(20), respectively. CONCLUSION Compounds 1-8 and 11-19 is isolated from this plant for the first time.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the Polygonum capitatum's influences on the related indicators in db/db mice which is the obesity model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Randomly dividing the mice into 5 groups:model group, rosiglitazone hydrochloride group, low-, moderate- and high-dose groups of Polygonum capitatum (5, 10, 20 g??kg^-1), make the db/m mice as blank control. Give the medicine for four weeks. The body weight, blood sugar were determined every week.At the end of fourth week, measuring the glucose tolerance and INS, IL-6 in serum. After all the mice were killed, testing the cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and skeletal muscle and then collecting the liver tissue for HE staining. At the meantime, the expression level of AMPK and GLUT4 in liver were detected by Q-PCR. RESULTS Polygonum capitatum can improve the body weight, blood sugar and glucose tolerance of db/db mice as well as the content of INS and IL-6 in serum, but increase the content of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in mice, furthermore, the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver and skeletal muscle were also declined. HE staining showed that Polygonum capitatum could reduce the number of vacuoles in the liver of db/db mice, and make its shape more complete and ordered. What's more, raising the expression of AMPK and GLUT4 in the liver. CONCLUSION Polygonum capitatum can improve the condition of insulin resistance state, alleviate inflammation and advance the ability of db/db mice, which can also reduce the number of vacuoles in liver, and relieve the tissue lipid metabolic disorder. Meanwhile, Polygonum capitatum can promote the uptake of glucose in liver tissues, which is resulted from up-regulation of expression in hepatic AMPK and GLUT4 gene.     

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??OBJECTIVE To synthesize the impurity A of sitagliptin which is a highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. METHODS 1-{3-Trifluoromethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazo[4,3-a]piperazin-7(8H)-yl}-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butane-1,3-dione was prepared from 2,4,5-triflurophenylacetic acid, meldrum's acid and 3-trifluromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine hydrochloride with one-pot reaction, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride to yield the impurity A of sitagliptin. RESULTS The structure of the impurity A of sitagliptin was characterized by IR, MS, and ¹H-NMR. CONCLUSION The established synthetic route of the impurity A in this study has not been reported in the literature, and has the advantages of low-cost, easy operation, mild reaction, and high overall yield.     

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??OBJECTIVE To probe into the operation and management of quality control of chemotherapy in cancer hospital, so as to improve the efficacy and standardization of chemotherapy. METHODS By summarizing management practice of clinical chemotherapy of pharmacist inrapy drugs, and analyzing the pharmacists?? work and problems in cancer hospital, combining with domestic and foreign literature reports of pharmacists in quality control of chemotherapy, the concept and scope of chemothe sting in quality control of chemotherapy were formulated. RESULTS The scope of quality control of chemotherapy should include standardization of all drugs in the process of chemotherapy; pharmacists' work about quality control mainly includes two aspects: the quality control of pharmaceutical affairs management and clinical pharmaceutical care; the barriers of quality control are the lack of clinical knowledge and pharmaceutical guidelines, and the records of patients' chemotherapy.CONCLUSION With the pharmacist participating in clinical chemotherapy, pharmacists have the ability to become the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary cooperation in tumor chemotherapy of participants, so as to guarantee the specification of the chemotherapy.     

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??Quercetin could affect both the in vivo and in vitro transport of a variety of commonly used drugs by modulating the uptake transporter organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively. Quercetin can regulate various drug transporters, thereby affecting other drugs in vivo process.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the contents of oligosaccharides in 37 batches of Morinda officinalis How samples from different habitats and germplasm resources at various ages. METHODS HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine the contents of four oligosaccharides, i.e sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose in Morinda officinalis How at different ages from different habitats and germplasm resources. The relationships among the several factors were analyzed. RESULTS The samples from Guangdong Province had larger amounts of sucrose, 1-kestose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose than those from Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan Provinces. The content of nystose in the samples from Guangdong Province was similar with those from Fujian Province. The contents of sucrose and 1-kestose were the highest in the samples of 2.5 years old, while the contents of nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose were the highest in the samples of 4 years old. The germplasm resources of small leaf had higher content of oligosaccharides than the large leaf germplasm in Guangdong Province, and different germplasm resources of Morinda officinalis How also had different morphological characteristics. CONCLUSION The contents of four Morinda officinalis How oligosaccharides vary with habitat, germplasm and age. This research may provide references for the quality control of Morinda officinalis How.     

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??OBJECTIVE To identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants using DNA barcoding. METHODS ITS2 is one of the popular DNA barcoding in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper,the ITS2 regions of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were amplified and sequenced bi-directional.The length and GC content of ITS2 sequence were analyzed through MEGA5.0 software. The genetic distances were computed by kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model. Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants have been identified through the species identification system for traditional Chinese medicine and neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. RESULTS The sequence lengths of ITS2 of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were 216 bp, and the GC content was 68.5%. The minimum K2P interspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were 0.009, which was larger than that of the intraspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum.The Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants can be obviously identified using the Species identification System and NJ phylogenetic trees.CONCLUSION ITS2 Regions as DNA barcode can identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants accurately.     

应用ITS2条形码鉴定中药材地黄

目的：应用ITS2 条形码序列准确、快速鉴定中药材地黄及其同属密切相关种,以确保该药材的质量及临床用药安全。方法：PCR 扩增产物测序后所得序列经质量分析和拼接,计算地黄及其同属物种的种内、种间K2P 遗传距离,基于K2P 模型构建NJ 树,对地黄药材进行鉴定。结果：地黄药材ITS2 序列长度为231 bp,种内变异较小,平均K2P 遗传距离为0.000 4,地黄药材及其同属密切相关种的种间平均K2P 遗传距离为0.031 2,种间最小K2P 遗传距离大于地黄药材种内的最大K2P 遗传距离。利用构建的NJ 树可以明显鉴定中药材地黄。结论：ITS2 作为条形码可以有效鉴定中药材地黄及其同属的密切相关种,为保障地黄药材的临床安全用药奠定了基础。     

基于ITS2 序列鉴定中药材金沸草、旋覆花及其近缘混伪品

目的：应用ITS2 序列鉴定中药材金沸草、旋覆花及其近缘种混伪品,以确保药材质量,保障临床安全用药。方法：通过对金沸草、旋覆花等药材的3 个基原物种条叶旋覆花、旋覆花和欧亚旋覆花及其同属近缘物种进行DNA 提取、PCR 扩增ITS2 序列并双向测序,用CodonCode Aligner 对测序峰图进行拼接后,用MEGA5.0 软件进行相关数据分析,并构建NJ 系统聚类树以直观反映鉴定结果。结果：各基原物种ITS2 序列变异位点稳定,其种内平均K2P 距离均远小于各自药材以及同属近缘混伪品的种间平均K2P 距离;基于ITS2 序列的NJ 树可以将金沸草和旋覆花药材与同属其它近缘混伪品明显区分开。结论：ITS2 序列可准确鉴别中药材金沸草和旋覆花及其同属近缘混伪品。     

中药材薄荷的DNA条形码鉴定研究

目的:利用DNA条形码鉴定技术快速、准确地鉴别中药材薄荷及其密切相关种。方法:提取薄荷药材及其易混品的DNA、对ITS2序列进行PCR扩增和测序,应用CodonCode Aligner V3.0对测序峰图进行校对拼接,去除低质量序列及引物区,获得ITS2序列。利用MEGA5.0软件计算物种种内种间Kimura 2-parameter(K2P)遗传距离。采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法、构建NJ系统聚类树等方法进行鉴定分析。结果:薄荷药材与其他密切相关种之间的K2P遗传距离分布于0.071～0.231,大于薄荷种内K2P遗传距离(0～0.006);3种鉴定方法也表明ITS2序列适合鉴别薄荷药材与其密切相关种。结论:ITS2条形码可有效鉴别中药材薄荷及其易混品,为快速、准确地鉴定薄荷提供了科学依据。     

芡实及其近缘种药材ITS2条形码鉴定研究

目的:应用ITS2条形码鉴定芡实及其近缘种药材。方法:提取20份芡实及其近缘种药材样品基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增ITS2序列并双向测序,测序后用Sequin 12.3提交至GenBank;从GenBank上下载所有芡实及其近缘种30种102条ITS2序列;对提交与下载的122条序列,应用MEGA5.1软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间距离,采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法进行鉴定分析,并构建NJ系统进化树直观反映鉴定结果。结果:芡实药材ITS2序列长度均为214 bp,为1个单倍型,与其近缘种之间遗传距离较远,NJ树结果显示芡实及其近缘种药材可明显区分开,表现出良好的单系性。结论:ITS2序列作为DNA条形码能稳定、准确地鉴别芡实药材,为保障临床安全用药提供了新的技术手段,为拓宽DNA条形码技术在中药鉴定中的应用进行了新的探索。     

应用DNA条形码技术鉴定中药材灯心草

目的:应用植物类药材通用条形码ITS2鉴定中药材灯心草。方法:对灯心草药材及其密切相关种进行PCR扩增和测序,运用CodonCode Aligner对所获ITS2序列进行拼接。应用MEGA5.0软件计算Kimura 2-parameter(K2P)遗传距离。采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法、PWG距离法及构建NJ(邻接)系统聚类树等方法进行鉴定分析。结果:灯心草药材种内K2P遗传距离在0～0.005,远远小于灯心草与其他密切相关种之间的K2P遗传距离(0.215～0.614);4种鉴定方法均表明ITS2序列可以有效区分灯心草与其密切相关种。结论:植物类药材通用条形码ITS2适用于鉴定中药材灯心草,进一步证明了ITS2对中药材的鉴定能力。     

DNA条形码序列对9种蒿属药用植物的鉴定

目的采用DNA条形码序列对9种常见的蒿属药用植物进行鉴定,为常见蒿属药用植物的鉴定提供分子依据。方法对9种常见蒿属药用植物的4条候选DNA条形码序列(ITS2、rbcL、matK、psbA-trnH)进行PCR扩增和测序,比较各序列的扩增和测序效率,应用BLAST1、Distance方法来评估各序列的鉴定效率。此外,基于MEGA5分析9种常见蒿属药用植物ITS2序列种间K2P遗传距离并构建NJ树。结果除matK外,其余3条片段的PCR扩增和测序效率均为100%,ITS2序列对9种蒿属药用植物的物种水平鉴定成功率最高,为100%,而psbA-trnH、rbcL、matK、matK+rbcL的鉴定成功率(BLAST1法)分别为83.3%、66.7%、54.5%、75%。通过ITS2序列的种间K2P遗传距离及NJ树均能将不同物种全部区分。结论 ITS2序列可以作为鉴定蒿属药用植物的潜在条形码。     

基于ITS2和psbA-trnH序列鉴别金线兰及其近缘种

目的 应用ITS2和psbA-trnH条形码鉴定金线兰Anoectochilus roxburghii及其近缘种。方法 提取金线兰及其近缘种的DNA,对ITS2和psbA-trnH序列进行扩增和测序,计算物种种内、种间遗传距离,构建邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）系统聚类树直观反映鉴定结果。结果 经PCR扩增后测序,金线兰及其近缘种ITS2序列长度为250～254 bp,GC含量为48.2%～51.6%;psbA-trnH序列长度为636～704 bp,GC含量为31.8%～32.0%。根据K2P遗传距离计算,金线兰的种内遗传距离明显小于种间遗传距离。基于ITS2序列构建的NJ树结果显示,除长片金线兰A.longilobus外,金线兰与其余混伪品可以明显区分。基于psb A-trnH序列构建的NJ树结果显示,除长片金线兰和丽蕾金线兰A.lylei外,金线兰与其余金线兰属近缘种可以明显区分。结论 ITS2和psb A-trnH序列可以鉴别金线兰与其遗传距离较远的近缘种。     

基于ITS2序列的茅苍术及其近缘种DNA分子鉴定

目的 应用ITS2条形码鉴定茅苍术Atractylodes lancea及其近缘种药材.方法 提取不同产地29份茅苍术、北苍术A. chinesis及白术A. macrocephala基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增ITS2序列并进行双向测序,测序结果提交至GenBank;从GenBank下载茅苍术及其菊科近缘种10种45条ITS2序列;对提交与下载的73条序列,应用MEGA 5.1软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间距离,采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法进行鉴定分析,并构建Neighber-jioning(NJ)系统进化树直观反映鉴定结果.结果 茅苍术药材ITS2序列长度均为229 bp,是1个单倍型;与菊科近缘种苍术属药材距离较近,与菊科其他属近缘种之间遗传距离较远,NJ树结果显示茅苍术及其近缘种药材均可明显区分,表现出良好的单系性,依据ITS2二级结构,也可以直观地将茅苍术与菊科近缘种药材区分.结论 ITS2序列作为DNA条形码能稳定、准确鉴别茅苍术药材,为保障临床安全用药提供了新的技术手段.     

基于ITS2序列鉴定苗药金铁锁及其混伪品

目的：本研究利用ITS2序列对苗药金铁锁及其混伪品进行鉴定研究,从而确保药材质量,保障临床用药安全。方法：提取金铁锁药材及其混伪品基因组DNA,PCR扩增并双向测序获得ITS2序列。所有序列经过CodonCode Aligner V3.7.1拼接后,采用MEGA5.1软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间Kimura2-Parameter（K2P）遗传距离,并构建系统发育树。采用相似性搜索法、最近距离法、邻接（NJ）树法对ITS2序列鉴定能力进行评估。结果：金铁锁药材的ITS2序列长度为229 bp,其ITS2序列种内最大K2P遗传距离小于与混伪品的最小种间K2P遗传距离;应用相似性搜索法表明ITS2序列能够准确鉴定金铁锁药材及其混伪品;基于ITS2序列构建NJ树,金铁锁及其混伪品均表现出良好单系性,均能明显区分。结论：ITS2序列能够稳定、准确地鉴定金铁锁药材及其混伪品,DNA 条形码技术可为金铁锁药材及其混伪品的鉴定提供新的方法。