�������׷�����ɸ�����������ע��Һ

??OBJECTIVE To explore the determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection by using Raman spectroscopy to realize in-site non-invasive inspection. METHODS CLS algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of the ampoule, correlation coefficient was used for identification, and PLS algorithm was used to establish the quantitative model. Moreover, the transfer performance of the models was investigated when used on different portable Raman instruments. RESULTS Nineteen samples of four different batches were used to verify the method. The RESULTS showed a good coincidence with reference RESULTS on both identification and quantification, and the relative deviation from HPLC method was within 5%. Meanwhile, the Raman method showed good accuracy and repeatability with relative deviation of mean and RSD value within 1% for samples from the same batch. The differences between instruments were controlled by the key index, and quantitative analysisRESULTS of 51 samples measured on three instruments all fell in the range of 90% to 110%, among which 96% fell in a more narrow range of 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION The Raman method established in this study could be used for the in-situ non-invasive determination of pethidine hydrochloride injection.     

��ͬҩ��ָ��ԭ����X�������䷨�������ҩ�ﾧ���ж���Ӱ��

??OBJECTIVE To investigate the impacts of particle size and preferred orientation on relative peak intensity, number of peaks and order of peak intensity in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis of organic and inorganic pharmaceutical crystalline materials and evaluate the phase identification methods in various pharmaceutical compendiums.METHODS The PXRD patterns of organic and inorganic materials with different particle sizes obtained by sieving or grinding were acquired and the number of diffraction peaks, peak position and intensity of diffraction peaks were compared across different samples. RESULTS Due to preferred orientation effects, the diffraction patterns of samples with different particle sizes were apparently different, including the number of peaks, relative peak intensity and the order of the peak intensity. CONCLUSION Scientists may get different CONCLUSION s from the RESULTS of same tests performed according to the related guiding principles of current Chinese Pharmacopeia and USP39, EP8.0, JP16 ???? pharmacopoeia for identifying the crystalline forms.The phase identification by PXRD method in current Chinese Pharmacopeia neglects the effects of preferred orientation on diffraction peaks and relative peak intensity. This guideline needs to be updated to better reflect the scientific observation in industry and align with other well accepted compendiums such as USP, EP and JP.     

һ����Ļ�ѧ�ɷ��о�

??OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.. METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, silica gel column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and physiochemical properties. RESULTS Twenty compounds were elucidated as vanillic acid(1), ferulic acid(2), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(3), dihydroconiferylalcohol(4), loliolide(5), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylprop-8-ene 4-O-??-D-xylopyraosyl-(1??6)-??-D-glucopyranoside(6), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(7), 5,7-dihydroxychromone(8), pyromeconic acid(9), erigeside D(10), methyl syringate 4-O-??-D-glucopyranoside(11),(7S,8R)-urolignoside(12), homoeriodictyol(13), pinobaksin(14), chrysin(15), hispidulin(16), chryseriol(17), cyclomorusin(18), cirsimaritin(19), and naringenin(20), respectively. CONCLUSION Compounds 1-8 and 11-19 is isolated from this plant for the first time.     

ͷ��ޤ��ȡ���2�������Է�ģ��db/dbС��Ľ��ǻ����о�

??OBJECTIVE To investigate the Polygonum capitatum's influences on the related indicators in db/db mice which is the obesity model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Randomly dividing the mice into 5 groups:model group, rosiglitazone hydrochloride group, low-, moderate- and high-dose groups of Polygonum capitatum (5, 10, 20 g??kg^-1), make the db/m mice as blank control. Give the medicine for four weeks. The body weight, blood sugar were determined every week.At the end of fourth week, measuring the glucose tolerance and INS, IL-6 in serum. After all the mice were killed, testing the cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and skeletal muscle and then collecting the liver tissue for HE staining. At the meantime, the expression level of AMPK and GLUT4 in liver were detected by Q-PCR. RESULTS Polygonum capitatum can improve the body weight, blood sugar and glucose tolerance of db/db mice as well as the content of INS and IL-6 in serum, but increase the content of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in mice, furthermore, the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver and skeletal muscle were also declined. HE staining showed that Polygonum capitatum could reduce the number of vacuoles in the liver of db/db mice, and make its shape more complete and ordered. What's more, raising the expression of AMPK and GLUT4 in the liver. CONCLUSION Polygonum capitatum can improve the condition of insulin resistance state, alleviate inflammation and advance the ability of db/db mice, which can also reduce the number of vacuoles in liver, and relieve the tissue lipid metabolic disorder. Meanwhile, Polygonum capitatum can promote the uptake of glucose in liver tissues, which is resulted from up-regulation of expression in hepatic AMPK and GLUT4 gene.     

��2������ҩ������͡����A�ĺϳ��о�

??OBJECTIVE To synthesize the impurity A of sitagliptin which is a highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. METHODS 1-{3-Trifluoromethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazo[4,3-a]piperazin-7(8H)-yl}-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butane-1,3-dione was prepared from 2,4,5-triflurophenylacetic acid, meldrum's acid and 3-trifluromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine hydrochloride with one-pot reaction, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride to yield the impurity A of sitagliptin. RESULTS The structure of the impurity A of sitagliptin was characterized by IR, MS, and ¹H-NMR. CONCLUSION The established synthetic route of the impurity A in this study has not been reported in the literature, and has the advantages of low-cost, easy operation, mild reaction, and high overall yield.     

��Ƥ�ض�ҩ��ת����������õ��о���չ

??Quercetin could affect both the in vivo and in vitro transport of a variety of commonly used drugs by modulating the uptake transporter organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively. Quercetin can regulate various drug transporters, thereby affecting other drugs in vivo process.     

��ͬ���ء��������޺����ʵİ����ҩ�Ĺ��Ǻ�������

??OBJECTIVE To investigate the contents of oligosaccharides in 37 batches of Morinda officinalis How samples from different habitats and germplasm resources at various ages. METHODS HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine the contents of four oligosaccharides, i.e sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose in Morinda officinalis How at different ages from different habitats and germplasm resources. The relationships among the several factors were analyzed. RESULTS The samples from Guangdong Province had larger amounts of sucrose, 1-kestose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose than those from Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan Provinces. The content of nystose in the samples from Guangdong Province was similar with those from Fujian Province. The contents of sucrose and 1-kestose were the highest in the samples of 2.5 years old, while the contents of nystose and 1^F-fructofuranosylnystose were the highest in the samples of 4 years old. The germplasm resources of small leaf had higher content of oligosaccharides than the large leaf germplasm in Guangdong Province, and different germplasm resources of Morinda officinalis How also had different morphological characteristics. CONCLUSION The contents of four Morinda officinalis How oligosaccharides vary with habitat, germplasm and age. This research may provide references for the quality control of Morinda officinalis How.     

����ITS2���м������۵ع�Ƥҩ�ļ����αƷ

??OBJECTIVE To identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants using DNA barcoding. METHODS ITS2 is one of the popular DNA barcoding in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper,the ITS2 regions of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were amplified and sequenced bi-directional.The length and GC content of ITS2 sequence were analyzed through MEGA5.0 software. The genetic distances were computed by kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model. Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants have been identified through the species identification system for traditional Chinese medicine and neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. RESULTS The sequence lengths of ITS2 of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were 216 bp, and the GC content was 68.5%. The minimum K2P interspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants were 0.009, which was larger than that of the intraspecific genetic distances of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum.The Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants can be obviously identified using the Species identification System and NJ phylogenetic trees.CONCLUSION ITS2 Regions as DNA barcode can identify Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum and its adulterants accurately.     

�۲���ҩ�¼���

??Topical ocular medication is commonly used for eye diseases treatment.In view of low bioavailability and poor efficacy of traditional ocular preparations,the development of novel ocular drug delivery systems has become a great challenge in pharmaceutics.In recent years, nano preparations have been widely used for ocular drug delivery systems. At present, several nanocarriers, such as polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspension, liposomes, emulsion, and dendritic polymers have been developed for ocular drug delivery.There are some other new dosage forms, such as in-situ gelling systems, implants, contact lenses, and microneedles are also under continuous research. The aim of development of these new dosage forms is to improve the drugs' ocular bioavailability and therapeutic effects.In this paper,the development in these areas in recent years are reviewed in order to provide reference for the development of new ocular drug delivery systems.     

��ҽ�ı�����ҩʦ������ר��ҽԺҩ���ʿ��е�������˼��

??OBJECTIVE To discuss the new ideas and new METHODS of pharmaceutical management of cancer hospital based on the background of the new health care reform. METHODS Read and summarize the effective management measures and METHODS carried out by clinical pharmacists in cancer quality control in recent years of several countries,to discussthe new ideas of the pharmacy administration quality control according to China??s health care reform policy at the same time.RESULTS Oncology pharmacists have more extensive work and space on quality control, but the number of oncology pharmacists is insufficient. CONCLUSION Various ways are attempted by oncology pharmacists on quality control depend on existing conditions of hospital,to insure clinical medication safe,effective,economy and appropriate.     

������ʹ����ҩѧ����ʵʩ��Ч������

??OBJECTIVE To improve the control rate of cancer pain and the satisfaction of community patients with cancer pain. METHODS A multidisciplinary team was built,which included community public health workers,clinical pharmacists,community physicians and tracking pharmacists. Pharmaceutical care was provided to patients with cancer pain in the community,and the effects of pharmaceutical care were evaluated. RESULTS The clinical pharmacists provided 52 times of pharmaceutical care to 17 patients,224 cases of medication problems were discovered,and 337 pieces of medication suggestions were made. After receiving pharmaceutical care,the scores of the most severe pain,the mild pain and the average pain in the past 24 h decreased from(9.12??1.34),(5.53??1.46) and (7.24??1.99) to (4.71??1.36),(1.18??0.95) and (2.41??1.18) (P< 0.01), respectively. The percentage of good medication compliance increased from 0% to 64.7% (P< 0.01). The influence of pharmaceutical care on patients included ??helping understand the drugs??, ?? taking medicine on time??, ??reducing adverse drug reaction?? ,??establishing correct concept of medication?? and ??reducing medical costs??,which got scores of (4.35??0.49),(4.53??0.51),(4.00??0.61),(4.29??0.59), and (3.76??0.66),respectively.For ??convenience of pharmaceutical care??,??pharmacist ability??, ??pharmacists?? attitude??,??symptom improvement?? and ??improvement of the quality of life??,the patients gave scores of (4.06??0.66),(4.24??0.44),(4.20??0.40),(4.41??0.71) and (4.29??0.47),respectively. CONCLUSION The problems in the drug treatment in community patients with cancer pain are numerous and complex. Pharmaceutical care can reduce the problems,improve the control rate of cancer pain, and increase the community patients' satisfaction on the management of cancer pain. The patients give positive evaluation to the pharmaceutical care.     

1������ҩ��Ϳ����ҩ����õĻ�����ҩ�໤

??OBJECTIVE To find out the essentials of clinical pharmacists?? work on making individualized anticoagulation therapy, tailored to patients with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary tuberculosis, and on its pharmaceutical care. METHODS The clinical pharmacist participated in one case of individualized anticoagulation therapy and provided pharmaceutical care to one patient with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient used to take warfarin, but the treatment was ineffective, therefore the clinical pharmacist tried to find out the reason from such aspects as interactions among genetic polymorphism, anticoagulants and anti-TB drugs, then adjusted the therapy for the patient. RESULTS A dosage regimen suitable for the patient was formulated, and medication education was carried out to the patient in terms of medication instructions, such as influencing factors on curative effects of warfarin and monitoring of INR, to improve the patient compliance related to anticoagulation therapy. CONCLUSION Clinical pharmacists should start pharmaceutical service right from making individualized anticoagulation therapy and carrying out pharmaceutical care.     

1��θ�����󲢷������Ը�ˮ���仼��Ӫ��֧�ֵ�ҩѧ�໤

??OBJECTIVE To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in the rational use of drugs by optimizing the interventions and conducting pharmaceutical care for nutritional support treatment of one elderly patient complicated with chylous ascites after gastric cancer operation. METHODS Clinical pharmacist provided preoperative and postoperative pharmaceutical care for nutritional support treatment of one elderly patient with chylous ascites,including adjustment of preoperative nutritional support regimens,early postoperative nutritional support METHODS and nutritional support regimens when chylous ascites occurred. RESULTS Elderly patients who have high nutritional risks can take standard enteral nutrition as oral nutrition supplement besides oral diet. The use of fat-free diet is an effective treatment means of chylous ascites. CONCLUSION Involvement of clinical pharmacists in nutritional support treatment can help physicians develop safer and more effective individualized nutrition support regimens,reduce postoperative complications,and shorten hospital stay.     

1���������¶���֧��ֲ������֧����Ѫ˨�γɻ��ߵ����Ʒ�����ҩѧ�໤

??OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the clinical pharmacists participating in the treatment of artery stent implantation in patients with stent thrombosis. METHODS Through participating in the course of treatment for an artery stent implantation in patients with stent thrombosis,combining with the disease characteristics of the patient,medication history and adverse drug reactions,clinical pharmacist suggested that doctors should select appropriate drugs for the patient,and the patient should be provided with individualized pharmaceutical care. RESULTS Clinical pharmacists use pharmacy expertise, with genetic testing and other means to assist clinicians for patients to develop individualized dosing regimen to protect the patient's medication safety. CONCLUSION Clinical pharmacists have their own advantages in providing individualized pharmaceutical care for patients. They play an important role in the rational use of drugs.     

�ٴ�ҩʦ����ڷ�����ҩ�ﲻ����Ӧ�Ĺ���ģʽ��Ч������

??OBJECTIVE To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in safety management of long-term administration of oral targeted drugs by establishing a team for management of adverse reactions and providing pharmaceutical care. METHODS Inpatients receiving oral gefitinib (250 mg QD) were enrolled in the study between January 2014 and December 2014. Clinical pharmacists provided education and instruction to patients on how to deal with adverse effects during gefitinib treatment. After the discharge, the clinical pharmacists supplied regular follow-up for patients. Finally, a survey of patients?? awareness of targeted drugs was conducted after the pharmaceutical care. RESULTS The pharmaceutical care could attenuate the severity of adverse reactions. It also improved patient acceptance and understanding of targeted drugs and reduced the adverse reactions. CONCLUSION Provision of regular follow-up and strengthened patient education by pharmacists can pre-manage the adverse drug reactions of long-term oral targeted drugs treatment, achieve patient self-management and improve their medication compliance and quality of life.