61例感染性心内膜炎的诊断与治疗总结

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎的诊断与外科治疗特点,分析外科治疗对术后短、中期疗效.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月～2008年4月期间61例感染性心内膜炎患者接受手术治疗的临床资料,总结外科治疗经验.结果 术后早期死亡4例(6.6%),术后随访6月～13年.出院患者死亡5例,其他生存患者中心功能Ⅱ级43例,Ⅲ级9例.结论 早期明确诊断、选择合适的手术时机及内、外科综合治疗是感染性心内膜炎成功治疗的关键.     

感染性心内膜炎的诊治现状(文献综述)

急性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗仍是急待解决的问题,本文就其早期诊断和手术治疗作了综合介绍,尤对手术时机、手术方式等进行了讨论。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎的经验和效果。方法回顾性分析15例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方法。先天性心脏病5例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病9例,右心室异物1例。术前超声检查赘生物形成14例,血培养阳性4例。全组病例中行心脏缺损矫正修补5例,主动脉瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣置换术4例。结果全组病例均无术中死亡,1例术后因严重低心排综合征早期死亡,14例治愈出院,随访6个月～4a,预后良好,无复发及死亡病例。结论手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗措施,它降低了感染性心内膜炎的病死率。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的关键。     

感染性心内膜炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的　探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特点、手术时机选择及围术期处理。　方法　回顾分析 2 8例感染性心内膜炎患者手术治疗的临床资料。病因为原发性心内膜炎 2 4例 ,人工心脏瓣膜感染性心内膜炎 4例。施行主动脉瓣置换术 2 0例 ,同期施行右冠状窦破裂自体心包修补和经主肺动脉缝闭未闭动脉导管各 2例 ;二尖瓣置换术 7例 ,其中4例行再次二尖瓣置换术 ;肺动脉瓣置换术 1例。　结果　术后早期死亡 2例 ,随访 2 6例 ,随访时间 3个月至 12年 ,1例术前合并肺部感染 ,术后 6个月因心内膜炎复发死亡 ,1例再次二尖瓣置换术后 2年出现瓣周漏。其余患者疗效良好。　结论　感染性心内膜炎早期诊断、正确选择手术时机、术中彻底清除病灶、合理矫正病变及良好的围术期处理是提高疗效的关键。     

感染性心内膜炎的治疗

回顾分析１９９１～１９９５年间２３例感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）治疗经验。本组均使用过多种抗生素，ＩＥ未能控制。其中８例于感染活动期行手术治疗；１３例于感染未完全获得控制时行手术治疗；２例心脏直视手术后发生霉菌性心内膜炎，经抗霉菌药物治疗无效，改用大蒜素治疗，效果满意。本组２１例施行手术治疗者无手术死亡，术后随访无复发病例。结论：感染性心内膜炎即使血培养阳性，亦应在大剂量有效抗生素保护下尽早手术。早期诊断、及时手术是控制感染、降低死亡率的主要措施     

心脏瓣膜置换术后并发感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的总结心脏瓣膜置换术后并发感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法对21例心瓣膜置换术后并发感染性心内膜炎的患者行再次二尖瓣置换术和主动脉瓣置换术,植入适当大小的机械瓣;术前、术后均进行内科治疗。结果本组近期死亡6例,其中3例患者死于金黄色葡萄球菌感染毒血症及中毒性休克,3例死于术后心力衰竭、多器官功能衰竭。随访15例,随访时间5个月至13年,远期再发感染性心内膜炎4例,其中2例死于感染性心内膜炎复发、败血症及中毒性休克;2例经内科治疗后痊愈。其余患者心功能明显改善(射血分数>0.45),9例复查心脏超声心动图未发现瓣周漏。结论心瓣膜置换术后发生感染性心内膜炎应早期诊断、适时手术和内外科联合治疗是治疗成功的关键。     

感染性心内膜炎手术危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析感染性心内膜炎导致死亡与瓣周漏的危险因素,评价感染性心内膜炎手术时机选择。方法回顾性分析2015年8月至2017年8月在我院行手术治疗的62例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料。其中男43例、女19例,年龄19～75(46.1±16.6)岁。将临床资料分为死亡组与生存组,瓣周漏组与无瓣周漏组,急诊手术组和非急诊手术组,探讨感染性心内膜炎手术危险因素及手术时机的选择。结果 62例术后患者,早期死亡3例,死亡率4.8%,其中1例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于多器官脏器衰竭,1例死于急性左心衰。术后瓣周漏(反流束≥2 mm)患者8例,占总体的12.9%。单因素分析显示术前患者白蛋白含量、肌酐水平、体外循环总时间和升主动脉阻断时间与术后早期死亡相关(P0.05)。患者年龄、术前白蛋白含量、肌酐水平、体外循环总时间、升主动脉阻断时间与术后早期瓣周漏的发生相关(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归模型分析表明,升主动脉阻断时间长是感染性心内膜炎患者术后早期死亡的独立危险因素(P0.05),白蛋白低,年龄大是感染性心内膜炎患者术后早期瓣周漏的独立危险因素(P0.05)。急诊手术与非急诊手术在早期死亡和瓣周漏的发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论感染性心内膜炎患者排除禁忌证后应早期手术治疗,手术方式的选择应根据患者实际情况分析选择,术前应注意患者白蛋白及肌酐水平,术中尽量缩短体外循环时间及升主动脉阻断时间有助于改善患者预后。     

感染性心内膜炎手术治疗与疗效观察

目的总结２８例感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的经验。方法全组病例均在体外循环下施行心脏直视手术,瓣膜替换２４例,室缺修补和三尖瓣成形３例,Ｂｅｎｔａｌ术１例。其中植入机械瓣１７例,同种瓣７例。结果早期死亡２例,晚期死亡４例。术后轻度瓣周漏和反流各１例。存活２２例,心功能改善。结论内外科联合治疗感染性心内膜炎后长期生存率与预后均明显优于单纯抗生素治疗;影响其手术疗效的主要因素是感染复发或再感染、严重心力衰竭等;炎症静止期手术治愈率较高。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎（IE）的外科手术治疗效果及围术期处理原则。方法回顾性分析2001年3月～2010年10月接受感染性心内膜炎手术治疗患者15例的临床资料。术前经超声心电图检查证实心内赘生物形成者15例。所有患者均经外科手术清除感染病灶及赘生物,并纠治瓣膜病变和心脏畸形,术前术后应用大剂量敏感抗生素。结果术后早期死亡1例（6.7%）,术后随访时间3～48月,随访14例（93.3%）,均无心内膜炎复发,心功能恢复I级12例,Ⅱ级2例。结论外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗方法。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的生要措施。     

先天性心脏病并发感染性心内膜炎21例的外科治疗

目的总结21例先天性心脏病并发感染性心内膜炎患者的外科治疗体会。方法回顾性分析自2003年6月至2008年9月共21例先天性心脏病合并感染性心内膜炎患者行手术治疗的临床资料。结果全组无死亡病例,21例经手术及抗生素治疗后感染及心衰均控制,体温正常痊愈出院,术后随访2~24个月无死亡及心内膜炎复发病例。结论先天性心脏病并发感染性心内膜炎者,抗感染的同时积极手术,正确把握手术的时机、手术方式及选择有效抗生素是提高治愈率的关键。     

Surgical management of infective endocarditis

We reviewed fourty-six patients who had undergone surgery for infective endocarditis in the past fifteen years and identified risk factors affecting the outcome. Twenty-nine patients had infection of the native valve only, 11 had infective endocarditis associated with congenital heart disease, and 6 had prosthetic valve endocarditis. Overall hospital mortality was 6.5%. Prosthetic valve endocarditis carried a higher mortality (33%) than native valve endocarditis (3.4% or congenital heart disease with infective endocarditis (0%). For the patients with active endocarditis, the early mortality rate was higher (13%) than with inactive endocarditis (3.2%). Staphylococcal infections were more likely to cause severe valve destruction and residual infection than streptococcal infection. Our results indicated that surgical management of infective endocarditis should be done after the completion of adequate antibiotic therapy. Early diagnosis should reduce the mortality, prevent fatal complications, and lead to qualitative improvement of infective endocarditis.     

Early surgery for active infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: The timing of surgery for active infective endocarditis remains controversial. In this report, we have reviewed 26 patients who underwent surgery for active infective native-valve endocarditis between April 1992 and December 1998. PATIENTS AND METHOD: There were 19 male and 7 female patients (mean age 45 years). The aortic valve was involved in 8 patients, the mitral valve in 6 patients, tricuspid valve in 2 patients, both aortic and mitral valves in 7 patients, both aortic and tricuspid valve in 2 patients, and both mitral and tricuspid valve in one patient. The most common microorganisms were streptococcal species. Preoperative high New York Heart Association functional class (III and IV) was presented in 20 patients (77%). Progressive heart failure and the echocardiographic findings of vegetation (larger than 1 cm) were the main operative indications. Emergency or urgent surgery was required in 18 patients (70%). All patients underwent valve replacement, involving 25 mechanical prosthesis and 8 bioprosthesis. RESULTS: The operative mortality was 7.8% (n = 2). In the two patients who died, the infection had extended to the deep cardiac tissue and to the cerebral artery. The mean follow-up of the 24 survivors was 33 months (range from 6 to 82 months). There was no late death and no recurrence of infective endocarditis. CONCLUSION: In case of active infective endocarditis, early surgical intervention is recommended in patients with rapidly progressive cardiac deterioration or vegetation seen on echocardiography.     

A case of heart operation in infective endocarditis after brain surgery for mycotic cerebral aneurysm

Complications of infective aneurysm are not rare in patients with infective endocarditis. An optimal timing of heart operation after brain surgery for hemorrhage is controversial. We reported a 19-year-old woman with ventricular septal defect (type II), mitral regurgitation and ruptured cerebral aneurysm with infective endocarditis. Cerebral aneurysm had been ruptured during infective endocarditis treatment. Resection of the aneurysm was performed next day. Vessel spasm occurred, resulting in cerebral infarction 7 days after the operation. Conservative therapy was continued for infective endocarditis until heart failure appeared. Heart operation was successfully performed 41 days after brain surgery without cerebral complication. This report indicates that heart operation might be avoided at the early postoperative stage of brain surgery for cerebral aneurysm with hemorrhage.     

Long-term results of multivalve surgery for infective multivalve endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: The natural history of medically treated multivalvular endocarditis is associated with dismal short and long term survival. However, the impact of surgical intervention on these results is relatively unknown. The objective of this retrospective study was to report our long-term results in patients requiring multivalve surgery for multivalvular endocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Over a 24 year period beginning in 1972, multivalve surgical procedures were performed on 63 patients for infective endocarditis. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was present in 25 (40%), and acute or active endocarditis in 38 (60%). The early mortality was 16%. Out of 53 patients discharged from the hospital 87+/-4% were alive at 5 years and 64+/-9% at 10 years. There was no difference in early or late mortality between patients with prosthetic and native endocarditis (P=0.15 and P=0.77 for early and late mortality, respectively). The presence of active endocarditis did not affect operative outcome or late mortality. Twenty-one patients (88%) were in NYHA FC I, and none were in NYHA FC IV. The only prognostic factor of early and late mortality was the presence of an abscess at the time of the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that multivalve infective endocarditis treated surgically is associated with acceptable early and late mortality and excellent postoperative functional status. The early surgical intervention prior to an abscess formation offers the best chance for survival of patients with multivalve endocarditis.     

Operative considerations in active native valve infective endocarditis

During a 12 year period from 1974 to 1986, 38 patients with native valve infective endocarditis were treated surgically. All patients were in the active phase of infection at the time of surgery. Surgical intervention was performed as an extreme emergency in 21 patients, 10 patients were operated on the next day, and 7 patients underwent elective surgery within 3-4 days. Indications for operation were heart failure alone in 52% of patients, heart failure accompanied by sepsis and emboli in 42% and uncontrolled sepsis in the remaining 6% of patients. The hospital and late mortality was 10.5% and 5.2% respectively. Recurrence of infection and paravalvular regurgitation was only seen in one case. Thus, we believe that the risk of surgical intervention for infective endocarditis can be minimised if operative treatment is carried out early, before advanced haemodynamic and irrevocable valvular deterioration ensues.     

Surgical treatment of active valvular infective endocarditis

A review is presented of 20 patients consecutively operated on for acute valvular endocarditis. The diagnosis was established from at least two of the criteria: (a) typical clinical features, (b) two blood cultures positive for the same causal microorganism, and (c) echocardiographic evidence of vegetations. In all cases there was histologic evidence of active infection in the surgical specimen. Only three of the 20 patients had no previous cardiac disease. The most common causal agent was Staphylococcus aureus. The indications for surgery were refractory cardiac failure or infection (18 and 2 cases, respectively). Aortic valve replacement was performed in 16 of the 20 cases, suggesting that aortic valvulopathy aggravates the course of infective endocarditis and increases the risk of heart failure. The overall mortality rate was 30%. All surviving patients were infection-free at postoperative bacteriologic follow-up. Surgery is considered to be the management of choice in active valvular, therapy-resistant bacterial endocarditis with or without cardiac failure.     

The management of congenital aortic stenosis.

The progress of 128 patients with congenital aortic stenosis has been followed from one to 28 (mean 14) years. Fifty-eight underwent cardiac catheterisation, and 46 (36% of the total) required surgical treatment. Of these, 42 were under 20 years old. Additional cardiac lesions were noted in five. Infective endocarditis was encountered in four. The onset of symptoms or increasing evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram were the principal indications for catheterisation. Two-dimensional echocardiography is now important in this context. There were four deaths in the 46 surgically treated patients; three of these were early and the fourth was a late death three years after operation due to a massive cerebral embolus complicating infective endocarditis. The 42 survivors of operation and the 82 unoperated patients have remained under long-term supervision. Further surgery was necessary in 12 of the 42 surgically treated patients--valve replacement in seven of them two to eight years after valvotomy, replacement of a calcified xenograft valve in three, and repeat operation in two because of recurrence of subvalvar obstruction. Aortic stenosis is not a benign condition in childhood and adolescence. Close supervision is necessary and when any deterioration is detected further investigation as a prelude to probable surgery is mandatory. This should not be embarked on lightly in childhood unless there are pressing indications, particularly in view of the serious disadvantages of valve replacement in childhood.     

Bioprosthetic mitral valve implantation for active mitral valve endocarditis in third degree thorax burn

Infective endocarditis remains a devastating complication in the thermally injured patient. The treatment of infective endocarditis is primarily medical, but surgical intervention is often mandatory when various complications arise. We believe that this is the first reported case of mitral valve replacement in a patient with third degree burns to the thorax. We also discuss surgical indications and treatment options in this clinical setting.