砷对HaCaT毒作用及N-乙酰半胱氨酸拮抗作用

目的　研究亚砷酸钠(sodiumarsenite ,NaAsO2 )对人皮肤角质形成细胞系(HaCaT)的毒性作用及N 乙酰半胱氨酸(N acetylcysteine ,NAC)对砷毒性的拮抗作用。方法　NaAsO2 单独作用于HaCaT细胞2 4h或用NAC预处理后,加入NaAsO2 继续作用2 4h ,用AlamarBlue还原法检测细胞活力。结果　<1μmol/L的NaAsO2 单独作用于细胞2 4h后,AlamarBlue还原率增高(P <0 . 0 5 ) ,10 μmol/L以上的NaAsO2 则使AlamarBlue还原率显著下降(P <0 . 0 1) ;用NAC预处理2 4h后再加入NaAsO2 ,2 0 μmol/L组AlamarBlue还原率与NaAsO2 单独作用相比显著增加(P<0 .0 5 )。结论　低浓度NaAsO2 刺激细胞增殖,高浓度具有细胞毒性;NAC可减轻砷的细胞毒性,细胞内的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对砷的细胞毒性起保护作用。     

细胞内谷胱甘肽对砷细胞毒性的保护作用

目的研究细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)对砷致人永生化角质形成细胞系(HaCaT)毒性的保护作用.方法HaCaT细胞用N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)和丁硫氨酸亚矾胺(L-buthionine-[S'R]-sulfoximine,BSO)预处理后,加入亚砷酸钠(sodium arsenite,NaAsO2)继续作用,用Alamarblue摄入法检测细胞活力,每组4个复孔.结果单独用NaAsO2作用细胞24h后,0.001～10.000 μmol/L组Alamarblue还原率增高(P＜0.05),大于10.000μmol/L时Alamar blue还原率下降(P＜0.01);用NAC预处理24h后再加入NaAsO2,15 μmol/L组Alamarblue还原率比NaAsO2单独作用增加(P＜0.05);用BSO预处理24 h后再加入NaAsO2,15 μmol/L组的Alamarblue还原率均下降(P＜0.05).结论低浓度NaAsO2刺激细胞增殖,高浓度具有细胞毒性;NAC可减轻砷的细胞毒性,而BSO则加重其细胞毒性.     

亚砷酸钠对角质形成细胞增殖力和细胞周期的影响

目的　研究不同浓度亚砷酸钠 (NaAsO2 )对人皮肤永生化角质形成细胞 (HaCaT)增殖活力及细胞周期的影响。方法　以体外培养的HaCaT细胞株为对象 ,用不同浓度的NaAsO2 处理细胞 ,用AlamarBlue摄入法定量检测细胞增殖情况 ,用流式细胞仪测定细胞周期分布。结果　NaAsO2 浓度小于 10 μmol L时 ,AlamarBlue的还原率明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,5 0 μmol L时 ,还原率明显下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;10 μmol L组G0 G1 期比例减少 ,S期和G2 M期比例增高。各组凋亡率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　低浓度NaAsO2 可促进HaCaT细胞的增殖 ,高浓度可抑制其增殖活力 ;一定浓度的NaAsO2 可使合成期细胞增多。     

亚砷酸钠对HaCaT细胞的氧化应激作用

目的研究不同浓度亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)对人皮肤永生化角质形成细胞株(HaCaT)的氧化应激作用。方法用AlamarBlue还原法检测NaAsO2对细胞活力的影响,用PI染色法检测细胞的凋亡和坏死率,利用2′7′二乙酰二氯荧光素(DCFHDA)检测细胞内ROS水平,同时用荧光法测定细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量。结果0001μmolL至1μmolL组的AlamarBlue还原率显著高于对照组,而10μmolL以上组的AlamarBlue还原率下降,20μmolL组的凋亡和坏死率显著高于对照组,各实验组的DCF荧光强度与对照组相比明显提高,1μmolL以上组细胞内GSH水平增高,5μmolL组GSSG水平增高。结论各浓度砷引起HaCaT细胞内ROS增多,低浓度时促进细胞增殖,高浓度则抑制细胞活力,砷诱导HaCaT细胞内的GSH增多,发挥解毒作用。     

亚砷酸钠对L-02肝细胞的氧化损伤作用

[目的]探讨亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)对体外培养的人肝细胞株(L-02)的氧化损伤作用. [方法]用不同浓度NaAsO2(50,100,150 μmol/L)染毒L-02肝细胞24 h,MTT法检测NaAsO2对L-02肝细胞生长的影响;流式细胞仪检测L-02肝细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;钼酸铵法测定过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性;单细胞凝胶电泳(single-cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法检测DNA损伤. [结果]NaAsO2作用L-02肝细胞24h后,50、100、150 μmol/L浓度NaAsO2组的L-02肝细胞存活率和CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.01).且呈剂量-反应关系;100、150μmol/L浓度NaAsO2组ROS生成量显著增多(P<0.01);50 μmol/L的NaAsO2即可引起出现彗星现象的细胞数明显高于对照组,拖尾细胞阳性率明显升高(P<0.01),且呈剂量-反应关系. [结论]NaAsO2对L-02肝细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用,可引起L-02肝细胞内ROS增多和CAT活性降低,引起细胞DNA损伤.     

不同剂量亚砷酸钠暴露不同时间对HaCaT细胞活性氧的影响

目的 探索不同剂量亚砷酸钠暴露不同时间对诱导人永生化角质形成(HaCaT)细胞活性氧(ROS)产生的影响以及低剂量亚砷酸钠预处理HaCaT细胞对诱导ROS水平改变的时间效应.方法 设未预处理组[分别加入终浓度为0(对照)、0.15、0.6、2.5、10 μmol/L的亚砷酸钠染毒8、24、72 h]和预处理8h组(加入0.15μmol/L亚砷酸钠预处理8h后,加入10 μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒8h)及预处理24 h组(加入0.15 μmol/L亚砷酸钠预处理24 h后,加入10 μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒8h).利用2’,7’-二乙酰二氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)通过流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS水平.结果 与对照组比较,各浓度亚砷酸钠染毒8h和0.6、2.5、10μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒24 h及0.6、2.5 μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒72 h后HaCaT细胞内ROS水平均较高,而0.15、10μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒72 h后HaCaT细胞内ROS水平均较低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).亚砷酸钠染毒8h时,HaCaT细胞内ROS水平达到峰值;之后,低剂量(0.15、0.6 μmol/L)亚砷酸钠染毒组HaCaT细胞内ROS水平于24 h下降,72 h有所回升,而高剂量(≥2.5 μmol/L)亚砷酸钠染毒组HaCaT细胞内ROS水平则呈持续下降.预处理8h组HaCaT细胞内ROS水平高于预处理24h组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与10 μmol/L亚砷酸钠染毒未预处理HaCaT细胞8h组比较,预处理8h组HaCaT细胞内ROS水平较高,预处理24 h组HaCaT细胞内ROS水平较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HaCaT细胞急性暴露于亚砷酸钠后能够引起HaCaT细胞内ROS产生增加,而不同剂量亚砷酸钠暴露诱导HaCaT细胞ROS水平的改变与暴露时间密切相关,且低剂量亚砷酸钠暴露对HaCaT细胞产生的适应性反应可能取决于其作用时间.     

亚砷酸钠致Chang liver细胞氧化应激作用的研究

目的 研究不同浓度亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)对人肝细胞株Chang liver的氧化应激作用.方法 采用四甲基偶氮唑(MTF)比色法检测NaAsO2(0、0.1、1、5、10、20、30、50、80、100、200 μmol/L)对Chang liver细胞活力的影响,利用2',7'-二乙酰二氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,利用黄嘌呤氧化法和硫代巴比妥酸比色法测定细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 与对照组比较,0.1 μmol/LNaAsO2组细胞活力显著增强(P<05);10～200μmol/L NaAsO2浓度范围内,细胞活力随NaAsO2浓度升高而下降(P<0.05).在0～30 μmol/LNaAsO2浓度范围内,随着NaAsO2浓度的增高,细胞内ROS水平升高(P<0.05),SOD活力降低(P<0.001),MDA含量升高(P<0.001).结论 氧化应激可能是NaAsO2对Chang liver细胞毒性作用的机制之一.     

维生素C对香烟烟雾的氧化应激作用的影响

目的　了解维生素C(VC)对香烟烟雾溶液 (CSS)作用下的大鼠淋巴细胞产生氧化应激的影响。方法　将香烟烟雾溶液作用于经VC预处理的大鼠淋巴细胞 ,用 2’ ,7’ -二乙酰二氯荧光素 (DCFH -DA)检测细胞内活性氧自由基 (ROS)水平 ,用彗星实验评价DNA的损伤状况 ,同时检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和脂质过氧化物(LPO)水平。结果　 8× 10 -3 支 /mlCSS作用下大鼠淋巴细胞内ROS和LPO水平增高 ,DNA损伤增强 ,SOD活性降低。用 5 0 μmol/LVC干预后 ,与相应非干预组相比细胞内ROS和LPO水平降低 ,DNA损伤减轻 ,SOD活性增强 ,且均有显著性差异。结论　 5 0 μmol/LVC能保护大鼠淋巴细胞 ,减轻CSS导致的氧化应激。     

亚砷酸钠对人皮肤角质形成细胞内过氧化氢酶的影响

目的 探讨亚砷酸钠（NaAsO2）作用于体外培养的人皮肤角质形成细胞（HaCaT）后,细胞内过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力、mRNA和蛋白表达的变化.方法 对生长至80%融合的HaCaT细胞株,分别加入0.0、2.5、5.0、10.0和20.0 μmol/L的NaAsO2作用24 h.用紫外速率直接法测定细胞内CAT的活力;用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测CAT的mRNA表达水平;用免疫印迹（Western blot）方法检测CAT蛋白表达水平.结果 5.0 μmol/L以上的NaAsO2可明显降低CAT的活力,且呈剂量-反应关系,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;RT-PCR电泳结果可见,5.0 μmol/L以上的NaAsO2作用于细胞后CAT/β-actin吸光度比值与对照组比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;Western blot检测结果与RT-PCR电泳结果一致.结论 NaAsO2可降低HaCaT内CAT基因的mRNA及蛋白表达水平并抑制细胞内CAT活力.     

亚砷酸钠对HaCaT细胞NF-κB蛋白表达的影响

目的 研究不同浓度亚砷酸钠（NaAsO2）对人角质形成细胞株（HaCaT）核转录因子（NF-κB）蛋白表达的影响及其与活性氧（ROS）及过氧化物酶（CAT）的关系。方法 用流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS水平，用紫外速率直接法测定CAT活性，用蛋白印迹（western blot）方法检测NF-κB蛋白表达。结果 从2．5μmol／L组开始。细胞内ROS水平增高，且呈剂量一反应关系；5μmol／L以上组CAT活性明显下降，5μmol／L以上组NF-κB表达减弱（P〈0．05）。结论 砷诱导HaCaT细胞氧化应激，抑制NF-κB蛋白的表达。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.