春夏季空调车间气象条件卫生标准的探讨

于春、夏季对成都地区部分厂矿空调车间的328人进行了调查，并同时对春季情况作了实验室研究．根据受试者温热感觉级、皮温和皮温差，得出了春、夏季的主观至适温度和生理至适温度．经综合评价后，提出了空调车间春、夏季至适温度建议标准以及上下限值，并对空调车间的相对湿度和风速作了规定．     

武汉地区不同季节空调作业至适温度卫生标准的探讨

本文为研制我国空调作业至适气象条件卫生标准,于夏、秋、冬季对武汉地区精密机床、针织行业的恒温车间作了调查,并在实验室进行了验证。研究认为,以人体温热感和皮温差为依据,从而得出不同季节的主观至适温度和生理至适温度。主观至适温度为:夏季22.4℃,秋季21.5℃,冬季18.4℃。生理至适温度为:秋季20.4～22.8℃,冬季17.2～21.0℃。为制订至适温度卫生标准提供了科学依据。此外,还对至适温度的影响因素(衣着、季节、适应性、劳动强度)作了讨论。     

长夏重养脾

不同于气候学上将一年分为春、夏、秋、冬四季的方法,中医认为一年分为春、夏、长夏、秋、冬五个季节,长夏位于夏末秋初,涵盖了小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑四个节气,气候特征是湿热蒸腾。     

人类大脑中也有四季

加拿大多伦多大学的研究人员找到了一种微型蛋白粒子，它们根据春、夏、秋、冬四季不同，在人脑中的活跃程度也不一样。     

一道汤，一条春季养生法则

中医有一套四季养生的理论和方法,其中最重要的就是“顺时养生”。《内经灵枢·本神篇》里说：“故智者之养生也,必须四时而适寒暑。”“四时”,指的就是我们的春、夏、秋、冬四季。春天已经在逐渐代替冬天,咱们的养生之道也该是时候刷新一下了!     

春季空调环境至适温度的实验室研究

选择１６名健康青壮年，对春季空调至适温度进行了实验室研究。实验中除温度外，着状量、劳动强度、气湿、风速等保持基本恒定。结果：主观至适温度以湿热感为依据，其范围为２０．５－２３．７℃；生理至适温度以皮温和皮温差为依据，其范围为２０．５－２４．５℃。建议春季空调至适温度为２０．０－２３．５℃。     

市售蔬菜肠道寄生虫卵感染情况调查

1998年我们分别在春、夏、秋、冬四季调查了天津市市售常见蔬菜肠道寄生虫卵感染情况。现将结果报告如下。调查方法　取市售蔬菜 (可食部分 ) 10 0ｇ置于盛 30 0ｍｌ水的容器中刷洗 ,之后去其根、茎、叶等大块物 ,将刷洗液过滤 ,过滤液经水洗沉淀处理 ,取沉渣镜检。结果　 (1)总感染率及检获虫卵情况 :共检查市售常见蔬菜 16 0 0份 ,检获寄生虫卵 12 4份 (其中蛔虫卵 10 3份 ,鞭虫卵2 1份 ) ,总感染率为 7 7% ,蛔虫和鞭虫分别占总感染率的83 1%和 16 9%。 (2 )春、夏、秋、冬四季蔬菜寄生虫卵感染情况 :春、夏、秋、冬四季各检查市售常见蔬…     

用色彩扮靓

１９７４年美国的卡洛尔·杰克逊女士通过对６万人的皮肤研究，于２０世纪８０年代创立了应用于个人的“色彩四季理论”。１９８４年，该理论被佐藤泰子导入日本。经过８年的研究，形成了适合亚洲人特点的色彩体系，并于１９９８年进入中国，为引领百姓时尚做着重要贡献。“色彩四季理论”是把人与生俱来的肤色、发色、眼珠色等人体色特征进行科学的分析和归类，总结出春、夏、秋、冬四大季型人的特征，并将一百多种常用颜色科学的分为相对应的春、夏、秋、冬四大色彩系列，为每个人找到最适合的色彩群及相互间的搭配关系，利用色彩来完成服…     

相对湿度对空调环境至适温度影响的研究

本文研究空调室内相同温度（夏季：２４℃，２８℃：冬季：１９℃；２２℃）条件下相对湿度（分别为３０～７０％；８５～９５％）对至适温度的影响。以健康成年人为研究对象，以体温、皮温、皮温差、温热感和舒适感为观察指标。结果表明：空调室内气温相同时，皮温差、温热感、舒适感均随气湿不同而出现差异。夏季空调温度为２８℃、气湿为８５～９５％时，皮温差（２．１℃）已超出生理至适范围，温热感（１２．５％）和舒适感（０％）也随湿度增高而下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提出在制订空调至适温度卫生标准时，应考虑空气湿度对至适温度的影响。     

新春贺词

穿越春的轻灵、夏的葳蕤,秋的深厚,冬的丰藏,接受了四季的洗礼,《现代养生》陪伴着各位敬爱的读者又迎来了新的一年。     

某招待所室内空气质量变化规律分析

目的观察公共场所室内空气质量变化规律,探索卫生监督监测的合理频次和时间。方法选取某宾馆12个房间,依据GB/T 18204-2014《公共场所卫生检验方法》和GB 50325-2010《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》,于春夏秋冬四个季节分别选取温度、湿度、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲醛、TVOC、空气菌落总数7个指标进行测试,观察其结果变化规律。结果一般装修房间甲醛夏季浓度高,冬季浓度低:春末浓度为0.28 mg/m~3,夏季为0.32 mg/m~3,秋季为0.16 mg/m~3,冬季为0.08 mg/m~3;环保装修房间不明显。结论结合本部驻京单位公共场所工作实际,建议公共场所卫生监测每年1次,监测时间为夏季;卫生监督每年2次,分别为初夏和初冬。     

Seasonal variation of circulatory and sensory functions during immersion test in cold water

For early diagnosis of vibration syndrome, peripheral circulation and sensory tests after cold water immersion of the upper extremities are being performed widely in Japan. The authors studied the seasonal effect on the immersion test and its influence on diagnosis of vibration syndrome. Eight healthy male subjects, aged from 28 to 39, were examined. The immersion tests were conducted in winter (February), spring (May), summer (August) and autumn (November) in Ube city, Japan (Table 1). The room temperatures were maintained at 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C during the tests at each season. As to the exposure-to-cold test, the left hand of subject was immersed in stirred water at 10 degrees C for ten minutes, and the changes of peripheral circulatory function and sensory function were measured. Peripheral circulatory function was assessed by the skin temperature of middle finger and the value of the nail press test on the index finger. Sensory function was assessed by 125 Hz vibratory sense threshold and pain threshold of the middle finger. The finger skin temperature was lower in autumn and winter, followed by spring, and highest in summer. In particular, the finger skin temperature in autumn was lower than that in winter at the condition of room temperature at 30 degrees C, which is considered to be less effected by heat content in the body (Fig. 1, Table 3). The frequency of the appearance of cold induced vasodilation was also lower in autumn than that in winter (Table 2). These findings suggest that the tonus of the vasoconstrictor in the skin vessels of finger is strongest in autumn, followed by winter. It is also suggested that the tonus remains slightly strong in spring and is weakest in summer. Furthermore, the seasonal variations in the value of the nail press test, vibratory sense threshold and pain threshold were observed at some points of measuring time during immersion test (Figs. 2-4). Of these, the variations in the value of the nail press test and vibratory sense threshold were considered to be secondary to the seasonal variation of peripheral circulatory function (Fig.6). The variation in pain threshold was considered to result from paresthesia developing in the lower room temperature at 10 degrees C. The pain of finger during immersion test was also effected by season but the range of variation was not significant (Fig.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

气温变化与心脑血管疾病急诊关系的病例交叉研究

目的 探讨北京市日平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊(ICD-10:I00～I99)的关系,研究气温变化对心脑血管疾病的影响.方法 收集北京大学第三医院急诊科心脑血管疾病急诊资料、北京市气象资料和北京市大气污染物数据,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计研究方法分析春季(3-5月)、夏季(6-8月)、秋季(9-11月)、冬季(12-2月)日平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊的关系.结果 在控制二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)及大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)影响的情况下,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季当日平均气温对心脑血管疾病急诊的影响最大,平均气温每升高1℃与心脑血管疾病急诊的OR值分别为1.282(95%CI:1.250 ～1.315)、1.027(95% CI:1.001～1.055)、0.661(95% CI:0.637～0.687)、0.960(95%CI:0.937～0.984),关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).当同时调整相对湿度、风速、大气压强的影响时,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季平均气温与心脑血管疾病急诊的OR值分别为1.423(95%CI:1.377～1.471)、1.082(95%CI:1.041～1.124)、0.633(95%CI:0.607～0.660)、0.971(95%CI:0.944～1.000).关联有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 春季、夏季日平均气温升高可以导致心脑血管疾病急诊人次增加,说明春夏季气温升高对心脑血管疾病患者是危险因素,应注意防暑;秋季、冬季气温升高可以导致心脑血管疾病急诊减少,说明秋冬季气温升高对心脑血管疾病患者是保护性因素,应注意保暖.     

NSICU空气环境的微生物学分布特征及其影响因素分析

目的 分析神经内科重症监护病房(NSICU)空气环境的微生物学分布特征及其影响因素,从而为医院感染的控制提供依据.方法 采用空气采样的方法,监测某三甲医院NSICU空气环境微生物分布特征,分析其影响因素.结果 大病房各月份空气环境平均细菌数量,均高于小病房相应各月份空气环境平均细菌数量;在大房间中,秋季空气细菌数量明显高于冬、春、夏三季,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);而冬、春、夏季间的差异均无统计学意义;在小房间中,各季节细菌数量的差异均无统计学意义.结论 NSICU空气环境中细菌数量受患者数量的影响,且以革兰阳性菌为主,也有少量革兰阴性杆菌和真菌等重要条件致病菌,因此设立≤2张床位的小单元管理模式,强化NSICU空气中革兰阴性杆菌和真菌的消毒灭菌措施,是防控NICU发生医院感染的重要举措.     

Stronger associations between daily mortality and fine particulate air pollution in summer than in winter: evidence from a heavily polluted region in western Europe

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown a strong association between daily mortality and small particulate with a diameter of <10 microm (PM10) air pollution, but the effects of season have not always been well characterised. AIM: To study the shape of the association between short-term mortality and PM10 across seasons and quintiles of outdoor temperature. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Daily data on mortality (n = 354 357), outdoor temperature and PM10 in Flanders, Belgium, from January 1997 to December 2003, were analysed across warm versus cold periods of the year (April-September v October-March), with seasons and quintiles of outdoor temperature as possible effect modifiers. RESULTS: There was a significant (p<0.001) interaction between PM10 and period of the year in relation to mortality. To allow for non-linearity, daily mean PM10 concentrations were categorised into quartiles. Season-specific PM10 quartiles showed a strong and steep linear association between mortality and PM10 in summer and a less linear association in spring and autumn, whereas in winter the association was less strong and mortality was only increased in the highest PM10 quartile. The effect sizes expressed as the percentage increase in mortality on days in the highest season-specific PM(10) quartile versus the lowest season-specific PM10 quartile were 7.8% (95% CI 6.1 to 9.6) in summer, 6.3% (4.7 to 7.8) in spring, 2.2% (0.58 to 3.8) in autumn and 1.4% (0.06 to 2.9) in winter. An analysis by quintiles of temperature confirmed these effect sizes. CONCLUSION: The short-term effect of particulate air pollution on mortality strongly depends on outdoor temperature, even in a temperate climate.     

Larval development and settlement of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite from the Red Sea: Influence of the nauplii hatching season

Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite adults were collected from the Jeddah coast of the Red Sea during different seasons. The nauplii released by adults in autumn, winter, spring and summer were reared under laboratory conditions to know the larval development duration and settlement in relation to the hatching season. The nauplii reared during winter (11 days) and autumn (13 days) took longer to reach the cypris stage compared to nauplii reared in summer (6 days) and spring (7 days). The most successful settlement of larvae was observed in spring and summer and the least successful — in winter. The observations of gonads showed that summer and spring are the active breeding season for A. amphitrite in the Red Sea. The results of this study indicated that the nauplii hatching season plays a significant role in the larval development and settlement of barnacles in the Red Sea.     

Carbonyls in the urban atmosphere of Monterrey,Mexico: sources,exposure, and health risk

Characteristics and sources of carbonyls in the ambient urban atmosphere of Monterrey, Mexico, were studied from April 10, 2012 to March 12, 2013. A total of 184 samples were collected using silica-gel cartridges impregnated with DNPH during morning (08:00–12:00 h) and afternoon (15:00–19:00 h) sampling periods. Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with an UV detector. Acetaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl with mean concentrations of 13.08, 21.26, 12.19, and 11.78 μg m^?3 for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. Corresponding seasonal concentrations of formaldehyde were 7.11, 10.42, 5.93, and 8.48 μg m^?3. Both carbonyls showed a clear seasonal pattern and exhibited significantly higher levels in summer. Formaldehyde showed higher concentrations during the morning sampling period for all seasons except autumn, whereas acetaldehyde showed higher levels during the morning sampling period in summer and winter but higher concentrations during the afternoon sampling period in spring and autumn. Meteorological parameters and criteria air pollutants were measured and correlated with measured carbonyls using a principal component analysis. Prevailing winds showed that carbonyl levels were influenced by sources located to the SSE (during spring and summer), which include industrial, vehicular, and area sources. During autumn and winter, prevailing winds were from the NNE. Health risk assessment results show that values for the integrated lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk exceed acceptable risk levels and that long-term exposure to both carbonyls may result in a significant risk of cancer and adverse health effects.     

Seasonal variation in coronary heart disease in Scotland.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--Seasonality of coronary heart disease (CHD) was examined to determine whether fatal and non-fatal disease have the same annual rhythm. DESIGN--Time series analysis was carried out on retrospective data over a 10 year period and analysed by age groups ( < 45 to > 75 years) and gender. SETTING--Data by month were obtained for the years 1962-71. The Registrar General provided information on deaths and the Research and Intelligence Unit of the Scottish Home and Health Department on hospital admissions. SUBJECTS--In Scotland, between 1962 and 1971, 123 000 patients were admitted to hospital for CHD, of whom 29 000 died. There were a further 97 000 CHD deaths outside hospital. These two groups were also examined as one (coronary incidence) - that is, all coronary deaths and coronary admissions discharged alive. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND MAIN RESULTS: Where there was a single annual peak, the sine curve was analysed by cosinor analysis. When there were two peaks the analysis was by normal approximation to Poisson distribution. In younger men (under 45 years) admitted to hospital there was a dominant spring peak and an autumn trough. A bimodal pattern of spring and winter peaks was evident for hospital admissions in older male age groups: with increasing age the spring peak diminished and the winter peak increased. In contrast, female hospital admissions showed a dominant winter/summer pattern of seasonal variation. In male and female CHD deaths seasonal variation showed a dominant pattern of winter peaks and summer troughs, with the winter peak spreading into spring in the two youngest male age groups. CHD incidence in women showed a winter/summer rhythm, but in men the spring peak was dominant up to the age of 55. CONCLUSION--The male, age related spring peak in CHD hospital admissions suggests there is an androgenic risk factor for myocardial infarction operating through an unknown effector mechanism. As age advances and reproduction becomes less important, the well defined winter/summer pattern of seasonal variation of CHD is superimposed, and shows a close relationship with the environment, especially temperature, or the autumn and early winter fall in temperature.     

上海市区大气中真菌污染状况的研究

[目的 ]　调查上海市区大气中真菌污染状况及对策研究。 [方法 ]　采用空气自然沉降法于 1993年 7月～ 1994年 4月调查上海市区大气真菌污染状况。 [结果 ]　单细胞真菌功能区年平均数 7.2 4个 /皿 ,明显低于特殊区年平均数 2 7.30个 /皿 ,功能区单细胞真菌污染以交通、商业区较高 ,居住工业混合区、清洁区较低。多细胞真菌地区分布在不同季节不一致。真菌分布有明显季节性规律 ,单细胞真菌以冬春季为高峰 ,夏秋季降低 ,而多细胞真菌则夏秋季升高 ,冬春季较低。除夏季外 ,大气中单细胞、多细胞真菌数均呈日高夜低的日周期变化规律 ,前者以 10～ 14时为高峰 ,后者高峰随季节变化较大。真菌的空间分布一般以 1.2米处高于 15米处。 [结论 ]　上海市区大气真菌污染有一定地区分布 ,季节性分布规律。单细胞和多细胞真菌分布规律不同。