非淤胆型婴儿巨细胞病毒性肝炎治疗68例

目的:探讨非淤胆型婴儿巨细胞病毒性肝炎的治疗方法.方法:选择2008-01/2010-07本院儿科住院的68例非淤胆型婴儿巨细胞病毒性肝炎患儿,随机分为治疗组34例和对照组34例,均予复方甘草酸苷2 mL/(kg.次),1次/d,共3 wk.治疗组加用更昔洛韦5 mg/(kg.次),2次/d,2 wk;1次/d,1 wk.结果:治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为94.1%和91.1%,治疗3 wk复查肝功能指标结果提示丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,T B I L)、谷氨酰转肽酶(g a m m a g l u t a m y ltranspeptidase,GGT)和碱性磷酸酶(alkalinephosphatase,ALP)指标较治疗前均明显下降,差异有显著意义(P<0.05);直接胆红素(directbilirubin,DBIL)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid,TBA)指标较治疗前均无明显变化,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).治疗前或治疗后2组间比较上述指标差异无显著意义(P>0.05).随访1年,失访5人,余患儿肝功能均正常;尿CMV-DNA,治疗组18人(54.5%)阳性,对照组15人(50.0%)阳性,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).结论:非淤胆型婴儿巨细胞病毒性肝炎不建议常规予更昔洛韦抗病毒治疗.     

婴儿巨细胞病毒性肝炎临床病理分析

目的 分析婴儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)性肝炎的临床病理表现,以提高对该病的认识.方法 30例CMV性肝炎患儿临床资料分析并行肝穿刺活组织检查,光镜及电镜观察肝细胞的特征性改变.结果 婴儿CMV肝炎的临床主要表现为黄疸、肝脾肿大及伴发症状、体征;实验室检查肝功能异常、CMV相关病毒检查阳性;影像学检查显示肝脏增大;肝穿刺活组织光镜观察显示肝细胞变性,坏死、纤维化、淤胆等一般性损伤,特征性改变为肝细胞内病毒包涵体、巨细胞样肝细胞形成和局部"假腺管"样排列,电镜观察找到病毒颗粒.结论 CMV DNA和抗体检查对于婴儿CMV性肝炎的诊断应用有限,疑似病例的肝穿刺活组织检查有助于明确CMV性肝炎的诊断.     

巨细胞病毒性肝炎研究进展

巨细胞病毒性肝炎是由人巨细胞病毒感染引起的,儿童和免疫功能低下肝病人群中最常见的一种肝脏疾病。该病无特异性表现,临床上易与其他病毒性肝炎混淆,导致失治误治。巨细胞病毒性肝炎的早期诊断至关重要,以便给予及时有效治疗,合理选择抗病毒药物及疗程。本文对巨细胞病毒性肝炎的病原学、流行病学、发病机制及临床表现、诊断治疗及预防的近年研究进展作一综述。     

巨细胞病毒感染相关急性淤胆型肝炎1例

<正>本文通过报道无基础疾病的巨细胞病毒感染后严重肝损害病例,旨在为临床医师及科研工作者提供新的经验与思考。1 病例介绍患者,男,30岁,因食欲减退、皮肤黄染伴瘙痒1个月于2021-02-10第1次入华中科技大学协和医院。主诉：入院前1个月熬夜、饮食不规律后出现食欲下降,于2021-01-17出现巩膜黄染、皮肤瘙痒,院外予以中药治疗(具体不详)未见好转。2021-02-05外院上腹部增强CT:肝脏形态、大小未见异常,     

三种标本CMV-DNA含量检测在儿童巨细胞病毒性肝炎诊断和治疗监测中的应用

目的探讨患者血清、外周血单个核细胞及三次混合尿中的CMV-DNA含量检测在儿童巨细胞病毒感染和治疗监测中的应用价值。方法对80例确诊或高度怀疑为CMV感染阳性病例,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测其血清、外周血单个核细胞及三次混合尿中的HCMV-DNA含量,比较3种不同标本检测的阳性率及三者同时阳性时的定量水平差异。抗病毒治疗后,再次检测患儿血清、外周血单个核细胞及三次混合尿中HCMV-DNA含量,比较治疗前后CMV-DNA的水平差异。结果血清标本CMV-DNA阳性检出率为38.75%(31/80),外周血单个核细胞标本阳性检出率60%(48/80),三次混合尿标本阳性检出率为76.25%(61/80),三者之间均有统计学差异。31例三者同时阳性的病例中,治疗前血清标本的水平为4.09±1.28;外周血单个核细胞标本的水平为4.27±1.34;三次混合尿标本的水平为4.49±1.37,三者之间有统计学意义。治疗后,血清标本的水平为1.04±1.56,外周血单个核细胞标本的水平为1.18±1.64,三次混合尿标本的水平为1.46±1.66,治疗后三个标本拷贝数较治疗前明显下降。结论实时荧光定量PCR法检测HCMV-DNA以三次混合尿标本中检出率最高,定量检测结果最高。治疗后三者定量结果较治疗前均明显下降,结果表明,尿液CMV-DNA定量检测在儿童CMV感染的诊断、治疗以及动态监测中有更好的应用价值。     

巨细胞病毒性肝炎并发甲状腺功能亢进1例

巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染常见于长期口服糖皮质激素治疗的系统性红斑狼疮患者、肾移植者、人免疫缺陷病毒感染等所致免疫功能缺陷者[1],其人群感染率高。人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)在发达国家的感染率约为30%～70%,在发展中国家则达到了90%以上[2],但健康成人多呈隐性感染[3,4],无临床症状,而由CMV感染致发病者罕见,本文报告     

流式细胞术检测PP65抗原血症诊断巨细胞病毒性肝炎

巨细胞病毒（CMV）性肝炎是新生儿及免疫抑制状态下人群较常见和严重的疾病之一,常并发肝外脏器感染,引起多脏器功能损伤.早期、特异地诊断活动性CMV感染,已成为监测其感染、早期抗病毒治疗的关键.本研究通过流式细胞术对CMV性肝炎患者进行低基质磷脂蛋白65（PP65）抗原血症测定,并同时定量测定尿CMV DNA及血CMV-IgM,以探讨流式细胞术检测PP65抗原血症对CMV性肝炎的诊断价值.     

巨细胞病毒在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

巨细胞病毒 (CMV)对人和动物的感染相当普遍。自从 1 985年 Fabricant报道用禽类疱疹病毒诱发火鸡冠状动脉粥样硬化 (AS)以来 ,CMV与 AS的关系得到了广泛的研究。1　 CMV的分子生物学特点CMV属疱疹病毒科 ,是巨细胞包涵体病病原体 ,对人和多种动物具有种特异性 ,感染人类的为人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)。 CMV复制相当缓慢 ,感染后绝大多数情况下为隐性感染状态。CMV核酸为线状双链脱氧核糖核酸 (DNA) ,含 2 4 0 kb,由一个长独特序列 (Ul)和一个短独特序列 (Us)构成 ,Ul与 Us可以倒向连接使病毒出现 4种结构类型的基因组。CMV基因组…     

巨细胞病毒性肝炎患儿血清IFN-γ和IL-18水平变化及其与预后的关系探讨

目的 探讨巨细胞病毒(CMV)肝炎患儿血清干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-18(IL-18)水平变化及其与预后的关系.方法 2017年1月～2019年6月我院收治的95例CMV肝炎患儿(轻症66例,重症29例)和90例健康儿童,给予CMV肝炎儿童更昔洛韦治疗6 w,采用ELISA法检测血清IFN-γ和IL-18水...     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨术中胆道造影（IOC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2008年7月行LC病例442例,其中经ICO患者82例,占手术的18.4%。结果成功完成IOC 81例（97.5%）。发现胆总管结石13例（46.0%）,胆囊管结石4例（4.9%）,胆囊管汇入右肝管4例（4.8%）,胆总管远段狭窄3例（3.7%）,术中胆总管损伤1例（1.2%）。结论 LC中IOC对发现胆管结石的残留、及时发现胆管损伤、明确胆管解剖及变异均有帮助,值得在基层医院推广。     

Analysis of bile duct injuries (Stewart-Way classification) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In order to investigate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bile duct injuries (BDIs) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), we analyzed results for 34 patients (0.59%; 17 men, 17 women; average age, 57 years) with BDI out of 5750 LCs, based on questionnaire responses from surgical operators, records of direct interviews with these operators, operative reports, and videotapes of the operations. The indications for LC in the 34 patients were chronic cholecystitis in 32 patients and acute cholecystitis in 2. The BDIs in these patients were divided into four classes using the Stewart-Way classification: class I, incision (incomplete transection) of the common bile duct (CBD), n = 6 (17.6%); class II, lateral damage to the common hepatic duct (CHD), n = 9 (26.5%); class III, transection of the CBD or CHD, n = 15 (44.1%); and class IV, right hepatic duct or right segmental hepatic duct injuries, n = 4 (11.8%). In all class III and 3 class I cases (18 in total; incidence 53%), the mistake involved misidentifying the CBD as the cystic duct. Of all types (classes) of injuries, class III injuries showed the mildest gallbladder inflammation, and there was a significant (P = 0.0005) difference in the severity of inflammation between class II and III injuries. We conclude that complete transection of the CBD, which is rare in laparotomy, was the most common BDI pattern occurring during LC and that the underlying factor in the operator making this error was mistaking the CBD for the cystic duct.     

Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration on bile duct proliferation and cholestasis in bile duct ligated rat

The origin, mechanism, and significance of the bile duct proliferation (BDP) associated with cholestasis remain unexplained. This study examined the effect of oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on both BDP and cholestasis in the rat. After bile duct ligation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 30 days with either UDCA (5 mg/day) (group A) or saline solution (group B). Animals were sacrificed at day 30. The serum activity of aminotransferase (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase, and -glutamyltransferase (GGT) was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the UDCA-treated rats. Total serum bilirubin and total serum bile acids were lower (P<0.001) in group A. Moreover, the control of BA in bile was reduced also (P<0.02). Conversely, serum cholesterol levels were not different between the two groups. Histological examination showed that the number of ductular cells in the portal areas was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in UDCA-treated as compared to saline-treated rats. The replication activity, assessed as the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells, was also significantly lower in treated animals (33±11 vs 64±22 per 1000 cells;P<0.001). Lobular bile ductules were three times larger in group B, and extrahepatic duct measurements confirmed this increase in size of the larger biliary ducts (P<0.001). These findings demonstrate that UDCA reduces BDP in response to BD ligation. Although the mechanism(s) of this effect is still hypothetical, UDCA may reduce the level of irritating bile salts such as chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocolate and increase periductular bile acid recirculation. These data support the beneficial effect of UDCA treatment in chronic cholestatic disease.     

Severe hepatitis with prolonged cholestasis and bile duct injury due the long-term use of ornidazole

Nitroimidazole derivatives are commonly used in the treatment of protozoal and anaerobic infections, and reports of their hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of severe hepatitis due to the long-term (8 weeks) use of ornidazole. A 27-year-old woman presented for evaluation of elevated serum transaminase and total bilirubin levels. Liver biopsy revealed portal inflammation, hepatocellular and canalicular cholestasis, porto-portal and portocentral bridging fibrosis, and a tendency to form nodules. No aetiological factors associated with chronic liver disease were identified. The abdominal ultrasonographic findings were compatible with chronic liver disease. We therefore made the diagnosis of severe hepatitis resulting from the long-term use of ornidazole. We conclude that nitroimidazole derivatives may lead to serious liver damage, especially in female patients.     

Macrophage activating syndrome is associated with lobular hepatitis and severe bile duct injury with cholestasis

Macrophage activating syndrome (MAS) is a rare hematological disorder associated with uncontrolled systemic T-cell activation. Persistent fever, fatigue and hepatosplenomegaly are frequent clinical manifestations, whereas hyperferritinemia, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and cytopenia are key criteria for the diagnosis of MAS. The nature of liver pathology in MAS has been partially elucidated but destructive biliary lesions have been rarely described. This report illustrates four cases of MAS developing marked cholestasis, leading to one case of biliary cirrhosis necessitating liver transplantation. Histologically, liver involvement was characterized in all cases by acute lobular hepatitis, marked hepatocyte apoptosis and small bile duct injury similar to the vanishing bile duct syndrome. Immuno-histological studies showed that the inflammatory changes and bile duct lesions were dominated by the presence of activated macrophages and T-cells, in particular CD8+ lymphocytes, and in part NK-cells. These findings suggest that in MAS, various T-cell triggers such as infection, autoimmune disease and malignancy might result in the release of cytokines, which in turn activate macrophages to trigger a systemic acute phase response and local tissue damage. This communication suggests that a macrophage, T- and NK-cell network is operational in the pathogenesis of the cholangiocyte, hepatocyte and sinus endothelial cell damage in MAS.     

Is the bile duct diameter a reliable parameter to diagnose extrahepatic cholestasis? Relationship between bile duct diameter and bile duct pressure

The common bile duct (CBD) pressure was determined in 57 patients before endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and related to the diameter of the CBD and the common hepatic duct (CHD). We found that despite a weak overall positive correlation in the individual patient, CBD or CHD diameters do not correlate with CBD pressure. In patients without extrahepatic cholestasis and normal CBD pressure, both CBD and CHD diameters were measured in a wide range between 5 and 32 mm. Extrahepatic cholestasis due to distal CBD obstruction is reflected by a high CBD pressure, but cannot be identified reliably by measuring the CBD diameter which is found within the range of patients not obstructed. In cholecystectomized patients, CBD and CHD are significantly (p less than 0.005) wider than in non-cholecystectomized patients (8.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 13.3 +/- 1.2 and 9.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 14.2 +/- 1.2 mm, respectively). The CBD pressure, however, is nearly identical in both groups. It is concluded that the assessment of CBD and CHD diameter is not a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis which--in certain cases--could be proved by endoscopic retrograde manometry.     

Predictors of common bile duct lithiasis in laparoscopic era

AIM:To analyze retrospectively the records of 294 conse-cutive patients operated upon for gallbladder stones, to determine the predictive factors of synchronous common bile duct (CBD) stones and validate prospectively the generated model. METHODS: The prognostic estimation of a biochemical test and ultrasonography alone to differentiate between the absence and presence of choledocholithiasis was assessed using receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Multivariate analysis was employed using discriminant analysis for establishment of a best model.Prospective validation of the model was made. RESULTS: Discriminant forward stepwise analysis disclosed that high values (≥2×normal) of SGOT,ALP, conjugated bilirubin and CBD diameter on ultrasound ≥10 mm were all prognostic factors of CBD lithiasis in univariate and multivariate analysis, P<0.01. History was not included in the model.Prospective validation of the model was performed by multivariate analysis using Visual General Stepwise Regression. Positive predictive value, when considering all these predictors,was 93.3%,while the negative predictive value was 88.8%.Sensitivity of the model was 96.5% and specificity 80%. CONCLUSION: The above model can be objectively applied to predict the presence of CBD stones.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与小切口胆总管探查术的联合应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除联合小切口胆总管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石。方法本组23例胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石,均来自2007年12月至2012年7月我院收治患者,采用腹腔镜下切除胆囊并解剖显露胆总管前壁,镜下确定腹壁切口位置,做3～5 cm切口入腹,经小切口切开胆总管,取石钳取石后根据情况用纤维胆道镜/硬性输尿管镜行胆道探查取石。结果本组无1例中转扩大切口手术,手术时间90～160 min,平均（120±10）min;住院时间10～20 d,平均13 d;21例拔除＂T＂管痊愈出院;2例术后＂T＂管造影B超检查右肝管残留结石,带管出院,术后6周经胆道镜取石痊愈;2例肺部感染,伤口均甲级愈合。结论该术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石创伤小,较单纯小切口安全,比全腹腔镜术式节省时间,取石彻底,适合基层医院。     

Endoscopic management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy-associated bile duct injuries

Background/purpose

The efficacy of the endoscopic management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)-associated bile duct injuries is unclear because few studies on the issue report methods matched to injury type or long-term follow-up data.

Methods

Records from our institution??s 11-year experience with the endoscopic management of LC-associated bile duct injuries were reviewed. Leakage was managed with a 5- to 7F endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tube for 1?week without endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Stricture was managed with the placement of a single 7F plastic stent for 1?C2?months without EST.

Results

Fifteen cases were experienced. Of the 11 cases (77.8%) of leakage, 7 improved clinically and on imaging after ENBD, 2 did not resolve until after the placement of a single plastic 7F stent for several more days, and 2 others with leakage and high risk for accidental ENBD removal improved after the placement of a single 7F stent. All 4 cases of stricture resolved completely after the placement of a single 7F stent. There were no severe complications of the endoscopic procedure. At long-term follow-up, no patient had recurrence of symptoms or complications on imaging.

Conclusions

ENBD for leakage and biliary stenting for strictures are safe and effective treatments for these LC-associated injuries.     

The effect of bile duct ligation, bile duct cannulation, and hypothermia on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis in rats

The hyperbilirubinemic and cholestatic responses to alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) in the rat were altered by subjecting test animals to various environmental and surgical manipulations. Studies utilizing hypo- and hyperthermic conditions showed that a positive correlation exists between the rectal temperature and the effects of ANIT. In addition, it was observed that ANIT produced an apparent poikilothermic response, in that treated rats were unable to maintain normal rectal temperatures. Bile duct ligation inhibited the cholestatic and altered the hypothermic responses to ANIT treatment. Cannulation of the bile duct prior to ANIT administration significantly inhibited the hyperbilirubinemia and cessation of bile flow. These data demonstrate the importance of an intact enterohepatic circulation and normal body temperature in the actions of ANIT. The effect of the various parameters on the ANIT-induced hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis suggests the involvement of a biotransformation product of ANIT.