Antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and netilmicin compared to various antibiotics in Lome, Togo

We report the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and netilmicin on 577 strains such as S. aureus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, Salmonella, Proteus, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. Isolation and identification were performed by standard methods. Disk diffusion tests were performed to evalute the susceptibility. The percentage resistance to ciprofloxacin for bacteria was: E. coli = 15%, Enterobacter = 13%, Proteus = 10%, Pseudomonas = 9%, S. aureus and Klebsiella = 4%. The percentage resistance to netilmicin for bacteria was: Pseudomonas = 29%, Proteus = 26%, S. aureus = 21%, Enterobacter = 16%, Klebsiella = 14% and E. coli = 5%. The antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin and netilmicin was higher than that of others antibiotics.     

Microbiology of postoperative wound infection: a prospective study of 1770 wounds.

A prospective study of postoperative wound infection was carried out over a 12-month period. Intra-operative swabs from the patients' anterior nares, the opened viscus and parietes were cultured using standard bacteriological techniques. Of the 1770 wounds studied, 167 (9.4%) became infected. Wound infection rates, according to clinical wound types, were clean 5.9%, clean-contaminated 10.7%, contaminated 24.3% and dirty 52.9%. The figures according to microbiological wound types were clean 4.7%, and potentially, lightly and heavily contaminated 15.3%, 22.1% and 30.2% respectively. The commonest causative organisms were Staphylococcus aureus 23.7%, Escherichia coli 16.9%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 13.5% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13.0%. When isolated intra-operatively, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. and P. aeruginosa appeared to have a high probability of causing postoperative wound infection, but the intra-operative isolation of Bacteroides sp. was a poor predictor of subsequent wound infection.     

2001～2004年细菌耐药性监测及分析

目的了解我院乃至包头地区常见病原菌耐药情况,探讨2001～2004年细菌耐药及4年间耐药菌的变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据. 方法收集4年间我院临床标本分离病原菌及其药敏资料,用WHONET5.1软件进行统计分析. 结果共收集病原菌2 127株,分离率居前9位者分别为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,其中革兰阳性球菌 497株,占23.4%,革兰阴性杆菌1 630株,占76.6%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)分别占68.2%和85.6%,未发现万古霉素耐药株;大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率分别为24.4%和22.7%;鲍氏不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素和亚胺培南的耐药率分别接近50%和16%,而喹诺酮类敏感率则＞70%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶和亚胺培南的耐药率达21.3%和13.4%. 结论本院常见病原菌耐药严重,临床应重视细菌学检查和耐药性资料的获得,合理使用抗菌药物,遏制抗菌药物的滥用.     

2013—2015年某院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性

目的探讨下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。 方法对某院2013年1月1日—2014年12月31日送检的肺泡灌洗液标本进行培养,采用纸片扩散法对阳性标本菌株进行药敏试验。结果7 702份肺泡灌洗液标本共分离菌株999株,其中细菌、真菌和分枝杆菌分别为398株（5.17%）、326株（4.23%）和275株（3.57%）。细菌主要包括铜绿假单胞菌（97株）、鲍曼不动杆菌（87株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（62株）、金黄色葡萄球菌（44株）、流感嗜血杆菌（28株）;真菌主要包括白假丝酵母菌（161株）、烟曲霉菌（41株）、黄曲霉菌（38株）;分枝杆菌主要包括结核分枝杆菌（271株）。药敏结果显示铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物（除替卡西林/克拉维酸和左氧氟沙星外）的耐药率均＜30.00%。鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和妥布霉素的耐药率均＞80.00%,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率介于36.84%~60.53%。62株肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）有20株。产ESBLs株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株。44株金黄色葡萄球菌中26株为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率为97.73%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率介于9.09%~61.36%。结论住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以细菌为主,但真菌和分枝杆菌也不容忽视。铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率相对较低,但鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药现象则较严重。     

Microbiological evaluation of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings

This study aimed at evaluating the microbial condition and antimicrobial activity of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings used in burns, prepared in advance of the dressing change and stored for 12 to 60 hours before usage. The microbial condition was evaluated by means of three cultures prepared from the Letheen Broth (Difco) culture medium and incubated at 32-35 degrees C for 20 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the diffusion technique of one dressing culture in hospital strains, initially incubated at room temperature and then at 37 degrees C, for 18-24 hours. All three cultures of 12, 36 and 60 hours proved negative. Concerning antimicrobial activity, the zones of inhibition were: 2.25 mm for S. aureus; 2.65 mm for P. aeruginosa and 2.95 mm for E. coli. These dressings can be safely prepared by nurses and stored, reducing nurses' time spent for dressing change and, consequently, patients' exposure.     

Nutritive value, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Struchium sparganophora leaves

Struchium sparganophora leaf is a green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup preparations in processed and unprocessed forms in Nigeria. Fresh leaves of S. sparganophora were soaked overnight to remove its bitterness, before determination of the nutrient and antinutrient content, while sun-dried S. sparganophora leaves were extracted with rectified spirit. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were subsequently determined. The result of the study revealed that the fresh leaf has high nutrient (protein, fat, crude fiber, and mineral) but low antinutrient (tannin and phytate) content. However, processing of the S. sparganophora leaf caused a significant decrease (P < .05) in both the nutrient and antinutrient contents. The ethanolic extract of the leaf contains alkaloids, tannin, saponins, phlobatannin, anthraquinone, and glycosides; furthermore, the extract has high antioxidant activity as typified by its high total phenol (5.4 g/100 g) content, reducing power (2.50 OD(700)), and free radical scavenging ability (65.2%). In addition, the extract (1.0 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of some pathogenic bacteria [Shigella dysenteriae (zone of inhibition 17.0 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (11.0 mm)] and fungi [Candida albicans (18.0 mm), Penicillium sp. (14.0 mm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (15.0 mm)]. The inhibition of the bacterial and fungal growth was dose dependent. However, the same concentration of the extract did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella sp., as well as the growth of the following fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus flavus. It could therefore be inferred that the leaf of S. sparganophora is promising both nutritionally and medicinally because of its high nutrient content, low antinutrient content, and arrays of pharmaceutically active phytochemicals with high levels of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.     

Prevalence and growth of pathogens on salad vegetables, fruits and sprouts

A total of 120 samples, comprising different types of raw vegetables (seven), fruits (three) and sprouts (three) obtained from street vendors, were tested for aerobic plate count, coliform count and various food-borne pathogens. Average aerobic plate counts for salad vegetables, fruits and sprouts were greater than 10(10) cfu/g and 10(9) cfu/g respectively. Pathogens isolated were S. aureus, E. coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., S. typhi, Serratia sp., Providencia sp. and P. aeruginosa. The antibiotic resistant patterns of the isolates revealed P. aeruginosa to be the most antibiotic resistant, E. coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter and P. aeruginosa also showed the presence of plasmids. The model development phase of this study involved 27 growth curves conducted under 9 combinations of temperature and pH in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth. Models for specific growth rate and lag period were developed by response surface modelling using multiple linear regression analysis. The model provides an estimate of bacterial growth in response to any combination of the variables studied within specified ranges. Growth patterns of organisms on vegetable and fruits were also studied at room temperature (32 degrees C) to assess the growth in the actual food environment. Cucumber and watermelon supports the growth of S. aureus and S. typhi, carrot retarded their growth while pineapple did not support the growth.     

Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of an antidiabetic plant: Scoparia dulcis L

The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of different concentrations of chloroform/methanol fractions of Scoparia dulcis were investigated. The isolated fractions were tested against different bacteria like Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris and fungal strains such as Alternaria macrospora, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum. The isolated fractions exhibited significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity against all the tested organisms compared with respective reference drugs. The isolated fractions of S. dulcis showed properties like antimicrobial and antifungal activities that will enable researchers in turn to look for application-oriented principles.     

Effects of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice

This study was designed to investigate the effect of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice and its bacteriocidal activity against common human pathogens. Antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus hemolyticus B, S. hemolyticus A, Klebsiella sp., Shigella dysenteriae, and Candida albicans using the disc method. The dilution method was performed by addition of garlic juice to broth media to obtain 1-100% concentrations as vol/vol or wt/vol. Garlic juice was used after 24 hours of storage at 4 degrees C, heating to 100 degrees C for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes, heating to 80 degrees C for 60 minutes, and 4 hours of exposure to ultraviolet light. Re-culture of specimens taken from garlic-induced negative media was performed in fresh broth free of garlic juice. Results showed that all the isolates were sensitive to fresh garlic juice; the most sensitive was C. albicans, and the least sensitive was S. hemolyticus A. Heating to 100 degrees C for 30 and 60 minutes completely abolished the antimicrobial activity, while heating for 5 and 10 minutes, storage for 24 hours, and 4 hours of ultraviolet exposure decreased it. Garlic juice was bactericidal at concentrations of 5% and more. Thus garlic juice has marked antimicrobial activity that makes it a potential agent to be tested in clinical trials. The antimicrobial activity was compromised by storage and heating; therefore it is advisable to use fresh garlic and avoid boiling it for more than 5 minutes during cooking.     

泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查分析

目的 调查医院泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床治疗泌尿系感染提供依据.方法 对2008年1月-2011年4月在医院门诊及住院患者尿液培养中分离出的524株病原菌,进行鉴定和药物敏感性监测.结果 泌尿系感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,占52.1％,其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占9.2％,D群肠球菌占9.0％,肺炎克雷伯菌占6.9％,真菌占4.8％,奇异变形菌占2.1％,金黄色葡萄球菌占1.5％,铜绿假单胞菌及阴沟肠杆菌各占1.3％;产ESBIs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形菌检出率分别为41.4％、47.2％和45.5％,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的分离率高达76.8％.结论 泌尿系感染病原菌主要以肠杆菌科细菌为主,其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和D群肠球菌;多药耐药菌的高分离率使抗菌药物的应用压力越来越大,科学合理地使用抗菌药物,最大限度地降低耐药菌的产生已成为广大医学工作者的当务之急.     

Temporal changes in bacterial resistance in German intensive care units, 2001-2003: data from the SARI (surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units) project

Conservative testing revealed a stable antibiotic resistance situation for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae in 32 German intensive care units (ICUs) actively participating in the SARI (surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in ICUs) project over a three-year period (2001--2003). No significant changes were shown for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (P=0.501; the MRSA rate increased in 18 ICUs and decreased in 14 ICUs). The only exception was an increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli.     

Rhythmic bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics at a large hospital

The in vitro susceptibility response of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a set of antibiotics was investigated in a survey comprising 19,380 positive cultures over a period of 5 years in a large hospital environment. Four out of the five species (P. aeruginosa being the exception) presented a species-specific, drug-independent, rhythmic variation of their level of susceptibility to several antibiotics over the time of the study. The species-specific rhythmic responses were further characterized by spectral analysis, autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions. Through this analysis it was possible to rank the species according to their main period of oscillation. The longest period of oscillation was detected for S. aureus (38 months). K. pneumoniae and E. coli presented intermediate values (25 and 23 months respectively), and P. mirabilis the shortest period of oscillation (11 months). Species displaying long periods of oscillation tended to present very low levels of susceptibility, while species displaying short periods of oscillation usually presented the highest levels of susceptibility observed. Although some hospital environmental factors, such as drug consumption, were also analyzed, no correlation was found between them and the in vitro bacterial cyclic responses to antibiotics.     

2011—2015年细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及耐药性

目的了解细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及耐药状况,为临床抗感染治疗提供实验室依据。方法收集徐州医科大学附属医院2011—2015年细菌性腹膜炎患者腹腔积液培养分离的病原菌,对其进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,分析病原菌分布和耐药情况。结果共收集菌株491株,其中革兰阴性杆菌291株（59.26%）,革兰阳性球菌196株（39.92%）,真菌4株（0.82%）,排名居前5位的病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌（30.14%）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（12.22%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（10.39%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（8.55%）和屎肠球菌（6.52%）。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别是4.90%、31.04%、77.28%和26.27%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为56.02%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRNCS）检出率为70.02%。结论引起细菌性腹膜炎的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大肠埃希菌占首位;病原菌耐药情况严重,应该加强抗菌药物的规范使用,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

儿科院内临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查儿科临床常见致病菌的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法(苛养菌用浓度梯度法),耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果2002年1月~2003年12月共收集儿科医院患者首次分离2 303株,其中革兰阳性菌占29.7%,革兰阴性菌占70.3%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的9.7%与67.6%,无万古霉素耐药株;肠球菌耐万古霉素株4.1%;11.9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为49.7%和63.1%。结论细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应重视开展儿科抗感染治疗中耐药性监测工作,同时合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措施控制其传播也是非常重要的。     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:门急诊患者细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解我国门急诊患者分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用纸片、MIC或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属59所三级甲等医院2010年1月1日-12月31日门急诊来源的细菌药物敏感性进行分析.结果 共分离病原菌6452株,包括革兰阳性菌2279株占35.3％、革兰阴性菌4160株占64.5％,其中大肠埃希菌1501株占23.0％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌725株占11.2％、铜绿假单胞菌670株占10.4％、金黄色葡萄球菌564株占8.7％、克雷伯菌属细菌561株占8.7％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为34.0％和75.0％,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;5.6％屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药;链球菌属主要对大环内酯类与克林霉素耐药,β-溶血链球菌和酿脓链球菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率＞30.0％;嗜血菌属对氨苄西林耐药率＞30.0％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率低于同期整体监测水平;铜绿假单胞菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率低于同期整体监测水平.结论 我国门急诊来源病原菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌多见;细菌耐药率较住院患者低,但主要细菌耐药率较为突出.     

某院2012年临床常见病原菌耐药性及与Mohnarin报告对比分析

目的了解某院2012年1-12月临床分离的常见病原菌对不同类型抗菌药物的耐药情况,并与2012全国细菌耐药监测网Mohnarin报告作对比,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对临床送检标本进行培养,检测病原菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,并与全国细菌耐药监测结果对比分析耐药率绝对差值,用χ2检验逐个对抗菌药物比较其总体差异性。结果4种常见革兰阴性菌（鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌）整体耐药率略高于2012年度全国细菌耐药率;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率低于全国平均水平(P＜0.01),其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为19.25％,低于全国平均水平（46.1%）,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率较高,分别为37.54％和21.33％,高于全国平均水平（分别为26.2%和16.2%）;多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌检出率分别为9.2%和1.5%,与全国水平相近。结论该院细菌耐药性较稳定。开展细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理用药及经验应用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

In vitro antimicrobial properties of aqueous garlic extract against multidrug-resistant bacteria and Candida species from Nigeria

The antimicrobial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against 133 multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Proteus spp., and against 10 Candida spp. were studied. Antibacterial activity of AGE by well-diffusion and macrobroth dilution method was characterized by inhibition zones of 20.2-22.7 mm for gram-positives and 19.8-24.5 mm for gram-negatives and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 15.6-48.3 mg/mL and 22.9-37.2 mg/mL, respectively. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, the observed disparity in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours was not significant (P >.05) in these isolates. The anticandidal effect of AGE resulted in a growth inhibition zone of 27.4 +/- 3.7 mm with no significant difference (P >.05) in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations were found to be 14.9 and 15.5 mg/mL, respectively, at these incubation periods. Further analysis revealed the antimicrobial efficacy of AGE to be dose and time dependent, producing five distinct time-kill profiles among the isolates tested. The results of this study support the use of garlic in health products and herbal remedies in Nigeria.     

Antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Peninsular Malaysia

Twenty-five strains of enterobacteria, isolated from man in Peninsular Malaysia and consisting of seven Enterobacter spp., five Escherichia coli, five Salmonella spp., four Klebsiella spp., two Shigella spp., one Proteus sp. and and one Providencia sp., were tested for antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids. They were all sensitive to nalidixic acid and resistant to at least three antibiotics. The number of resistances ranged from 3 to 11 antibiotics, including cefoperazone and sisomicin (two) newly released antibiotics), in addition to common drugs of current use. Of the 25 isolates, 19 (76%) conjugally transferred, at varied frequencies, at least two resistance determinants. Results from equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, agarose gel electrophoresis and transformation experiments provided proof that the transferable resistances were plasmid-mediated. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns showed that the plasmids from Proteus strain K005 and Providencia strain K001 may be identical.     

开放性骨折创面的细菌学调查及预防用药分析

目的明确开放性骨折创面的细菌种类、数量及来源,合理预防性应用抗蔺药物。方法对笔者所在医院骨外科于2006年2月至2009年8月间收治的476例开放性骨折患者的刨面进行3～4次不同时间采集标本,进行细菌学种类检测。结果开放性骨折的细菌污染种类在入院时分布广泛,但在治疗过程中革兰阴性菌不断增加;铜绿似单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等革兰阴性菌和表皮葡萄球菌等革兰阳性菌耐药广泛。结论开放性骨折创面在院外感染的较为广泛,与受伤环境有关。入院后及术后发生的院内感染主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟杆菌,应及时应用氨基糖苷类和第三代头孢菌素类抗菌药物预防感染。     

A study of 245 infected surgical wounds in Singapore.

The aims of the study were to correlate the laboratory detection rate of wound infections with the actual wound infection rate, and to analyse the bacteriology of these wounds to provide a rationale for antibiotic usage in prophylaxis and treatment of surgical wound infections. The wound infection rate in a general surgical unit was determined using the most comprehensive surveillance available to us and was correlated with the laboratory detection rate. A correlation coefficient of 0.8 was obtained, allowing a reasonable estimation of the actual wound infection rate from laboratory data. Review of the bacteriology of consecutive infected surgical wounds over a 4 year period in a university hospital, revealed that the commonest organisms cultured were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) caused 50% of all staphylococcal wound infections. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to fusidic acid and vancomycin. All the non-MRSA isolates of S. aureus were sensitive to cephalexin. Some 89% of E. coli were sensitive to gentamicin, with 93% and 100% sensitive to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone respectively. Klebsiella isolates have shown an increased resistance to aminoglycosides, with a new strain from one patient, isolated in 1990, resistant to penicillins, aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins. Pseudomonas spp., enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci did not show a change in resistance patterns over the same time period.