2009年青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果,为防治工作提供依据。方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样方法选择6个监测县,每个县根据历史资料将病区村分成轻、中、重3个类型,每个类型抽取1个病区村作为监测村。在已改水病区村采集出厂水1份和末梢水3份,在未改水病区村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750--2006)。对监测村全部8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法。对监测村全部16岁以上常住人口进行临床氟骨症检查,选择其中2个村,对有临床氟骨症症状的成人进行X线氟骨症检查,氟骨症诊断采用地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2008)。每个监测村采集儿童尿样30份、成人尿样20份,采用尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-2006)检测尿氟。结果 6个县18个病区村中,14个村已落实改水项目,改水率为77.78％(14/18),其中5个改水工程供水正常、9个间歇供水;共检测水样75份,水氟均值为0.48 mg/L。8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为31.95％(285/892);16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为36.55％(1570/4295),X线氟骨症检出率为25.64％(20/78)。共检测儿童尿样571份,尿氟几何均数为1.04 mg/L;共检测成人尿样370份,尿氟几何均数为1.52 mg/L。结论 青海省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,改水防氟措施应进一步加强和完善。     

2008年青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查分析

目的 掌握2008年青海省地方性氟中毒病情,为地方性氟中毒防治提供科学依据.方法 将青海省所有地方性氟中毒病村以改水前的水氟分为轻、中、重3类,分别抽取2、4、4个调查村.对未改水的村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位采集5份水样,测定水氟;对已改水病村,抽检3份末梢水样和1份水源水样测定水氟,水氟测定用<地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法>;用Dean法对调查村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄段各抽检6人的尿氟;尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;对调查村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,在中等病区和重病区调查村,每村按年龄段抽取约20人进行X线氟骨症检查.结果 共检查8～12岁儿童562名,氟斑牙检出率为43.59%(245/562);检测300例8～12岁儿童尿样,尿氟为1.52 mg/L:对3144名16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为50.32%(1582/3144);对163名成人进行了X线拍片检查,氟骨症检出率为29.45%(48/163).结论 青海省地方性氟中毒病情仍然很严重,并且有回升趋势,须进一步加强防治措施.     

2010年山西省忻州市饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握忻州市饮水型氟中毒流行现况,评价改水降氟防治效果,为开展病情监测和制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 将忻州市按照水氟浓度和病区类型分层后,抽取25个病区村作为调查点.在未改水降氟调查村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,已改水降氟调查村分别抽取3份居民户末梢水样和1份水源水样,测定水氟.水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006).对调查村所有8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.对调查村所有16周岁以上人群进行临床氟骨症患病情况检查.抽取调查村中8个村,每村抽取男、女各10人,进行X线氟骨症检查.氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS/T 192-2007).抽取调查村中13个村的8～ 12岁儿童,每个年龄段采集6人份尿样,共30人份,采用氟离子选择电极法( WS/T 89-2006)测定尿氟.结果 未改水村检测水样56份,水氟均值为2.7 mg/L;已改水村检测水样52份,水氟均值为1.6 mg/L;其中水源水氟＞1.5mg/L的占46.15％(6/13).儿童氟斑牙检出率未改水村为74.75％(622/832),已改水村为23.67％(241/1018),未改水村与已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=140,P＜ 0.01).未改水村氟骨症检出率为30.02％(2803/9335),已改水村为9.44％(1230/13 022),二者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=1557.75,P＜0.01).儿童尿氟几何均数(G)为3.31mg/L,未改水村与已改水村儿童尿氟比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.27,P＜0.05).结论 忻州市饮水型氟中毒病区通过改水降氟病情得到一定控制,但局部病区病情还很严重,部分改水村水氟回升,病情也有上升趋势,须加大监测防治工作力度.     

辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区病情调查

目的掌握辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行现况,评价改水措施的防病效果。方法按病区分层抽取的85个病区村进行8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、16岁以上成人临床氟骨症的普查,采集饮用水和儿童尿样进行氟含量的检测。结果抽样病区8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.74%,尿氟几何均值0.97 mg/L。8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率重病区高于中病区,中病区高于轻病区,未改水病区儿童尿氟水平明显高于改水病区。16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为4.98%,随着年龄的增长氟骨症检出率逐渐升高。结论地方性氟中毒病情随着病区水氟含量的增高而逐渐加重。     

2008年福建省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区监测结果分析

目的了解福建省地方性氟中毒轻、中病区现状。方法按照分层整群抽样的原则,抽取轻病区村6个,中病区村4个作为调查点,每个调查点测定饮用水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和尿氟、对16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查和X线检查。结果10个病区村饮水氟均值均低于1.0 mg/L,9个村儿童氟斑牙低于30%,10个病区村儿童尿氟几何均数均未超过1.4 mg/L。临床氟骨症检出率4.42%,X线氟骨症检出率19.82%。结论饮水型氟中毒实施改水措施效果显著,临床与X线氟骨症诊断标准的衔接还有待于进一步探讨。     

青海省贵德县饮水型氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 掌握青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒防治现状及改水降氟工程修建、使用情况,为深入开展氟中毒的防治提供科学依据.方法 在2005年,对贵德县未改水病区村进行普查,并对病区村及周边非病区村进行高氟水源筛查,每个村按东、西、南、北、中五个方位采集居民户家中饮用水水样;对已改水病村,进行工程运转状况调查、采集全部水源水、末梢水进行改水工程质量监测,水氟测定采用<地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法>.在2008年,按改水前水含氟量,将贵德县氟中毒病区村按轻、中、重分类,分别抽取其中1、1、3个村作为调查村,采用Dean法对调查村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,每个年龄段抽检尿样6份,尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;对调查村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,在中、重病区村,每村按年龄抽取20人(男女各半)进行X线氟骨症检查.结果 共对85个村进行了高氟水源筛查,其中有3个村饮水含氟量超过国家饮用水标准(<1.0 mg/L);在16个改水降氟工程中,有8个间歇供水,3个报废,工程正常使用率仅为31.25%.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为41.13%(116/282);尿氟中位数为1.06 mg/L,范围为0.20～9.44 mg/L;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为47.95%(969/2021),X线氟骨症检出率为20.73%(17/82).结论 青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病区大部分改水工程供水不正常,病情有回升趋势,地方性氟中毒防治的重点应放在保证改水降氟工程的正常使用上.     

西藏拉萨市饮茶型氟中毒流行现状调查分析

目的 了解饮茶型氟中毒对人体的危害,为制订有效防治措施提供科学依据.方法 2008年,选择西藏拉萨市的7个县作为调查县,每个县抽取4个乡(其中城关区2个乡)、每个乡抽取2个行政村作为调查村.调查监测村所有8～ 12岁学生氟斑牙患病情况,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,同时采集尿样,尿氟测定采用尿中氟的离子选择电极法(WS/T 30-1996),依据《人群尿氟正常值》(WS/T 256-2005)进行评价.对监测村18周岁以上人群,按～25、～35、～45、～ 55和56～分为5个年龄段,每个年龄段抽取不少于10人,进行临床氟骨症检查,诊断采用地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2007).每个调查点采集居民饮用水,以及所有调查对象日常饮用的砖茶水进行水氟测定,水氟测定采用离子选择电极法.结果 ①儿童氟斑牙:共对723名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,检出氟斑牙患者91例,检出率为12.58％,氟斑牙指数为0.34;②成人氟斑牙:共对2626名成人进行氟斑牙检查,检出氟斑牙患者998例,检出率为38.00％,氟斑牙指数为0.71;③成人临床氟骨症:共对2626名成人进行了临床氟骨症检查,检出Ⅱ度以上患者15人,检出率为0.57％;④儿童尿氟:共采集测定儿童尿样700份,尿氟几何均数为1.97 mg/L,范围为0.01 ～ 17.56 mg/L;⑤成人尿氟:共检测成人尿样2626份,尿氟几何均数为2.16 mg/L,范围为0.01～-56.87 mg/L;⑥水氟:共检测水样52份,其中有15份水样的水氟含量范围超标;⑦茶氟:各县共检测2000份茶水样品,茶水氟中位数为2.38 mg/L,范围为0.03～56.87 mg/L.结论 氟斑牙、氟骨症、尿氟增高与调查点饮用茶水氟含量有直接关系.     

广东省韶关市饮水型氟中毒现状调查

目的了解改水后广东省韶关市所辖乐昌市和始兴县地方性氟中毒(地氟病)病区病情现状。方法采用流行病学调查方法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙采用Deans法分度诊断；饮水氟测定采用离子选择电极法。结果乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委的5个村饮冷泉水的水氟均值1．63mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率44．45%,16岁以上人群氟骨症临床检出率3．80%,氟骨症X线临床检出率8．0%。始兴县的6个病区村改水后饮水氟范围在0．23～0．59mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率8．61%；罗坝镇廖屋村饮水氟均值为2．10 mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率68．75%。结论乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委5个饮用冷泉水的自然村为饮水型氟中毒轻病区；始兴县罗坝镇廖屋村还是饮水型地氟病病区,需要改换饮用水源,才能控制地氟病的流行。     

2009年山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状调查

目的 调查山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状,为氟中毒防治工作提供依据.方法 2009年,根据山东省地方性氟中毒病区分布现状,按照“山东省地方性氟中毒防治项目技术方案”的要求,在山东省的鲁南地区,选择临沂市的河东、兰山,枣庄市的台儿庄,济宁市的任城、金乡、鱼台、嘉祥、梁山,菏泽市的曹县、牡丹、单县、巨野、郓城,共13个县(区)为监测县(区).在各监测县(区),按氟中毒病情分为轻、中、重三层,每层抽取1个病区村作为调查点.调查内容为饮水含氟量、儿童氟斑牙与成人临床氟骨症患病情况及人群尿氟水平.水、尿氟检测采用氟离子选择电极法;8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;成人氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008).结果 在13个县(区)的39个村,有改水后供水正常村26个,未改水或改水后水井报废村13个.检查水样172份,含氟量超过国家标准(＞ 1.0 mg/L)的有74份,其中51份来自13个未改水村,23份来自6个供水正常村,水氟超标率为43.02％.水氟＞2.0 ～ 4.0 mg/L的水样有24份,＞4.0mg/L的有3份,水氟最大值为7.76 mg/L.检测尿样1882份,其中儿童1118份,成人764份,尿氟几何均数分别为1.82、1.98 mg/L.对1908名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙检出率为45.18％(862/1908),牙齿缺损率为9.12％(174/1908),氟斑牙指数为1.07.调查25 296名成人,临床氟骨症检出率为5.96％(1509/25296),其中检出中、重度病例670例.结论 山东省鲁南地区水氟超标仍较严重,以未改水病村(包括改水后报废病村)为主;尿氟水平仍维持在较高水平,氟斑牙与氟骨症仍存在一定程度流行,高氟危害依然在一定范围存在.应尽快落实科学有效的改水降氟措施,控制氟中毒的流行.     

河北省阳原县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的掌握河北省阳原县地方性氟中毒流行现况。方法采用分层整群抽样法在非、轻、中、重病区分别抽取调查点,检测居民饮用水氟和儿童尿氟,检查儿童氟斑牙患病情况。结果共采集测定居民饮用水水样59份,水氟中位数为1.11mg/L;非、轻病区的水氟中位数在正常标准内;中、重病区的水氟中位数超过正常标准,所有水样的水氟均不合格。共采集并测定8～12岁儿童尿样405份,尿氟中位数为2.05mg/L,中、重病区儿童尿氟中位数明显高于非、轻病区。共检查8～12岁儿童1276名,氟斑牙检出率为37.7%,氟斑牙指数为0.69,非、轻、中、重病区的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=214.29,P<0.05);中、重病区的氟斑牙检出率和氟斑牙指数均较高,为轻微和中等流行。结论阳原县地方性氟中毒病情尚未完全得到控制;今后应进一步加大改水力度,有效地控制地方性氟中毒的发生。     

2009年河北省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的 了解饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态和评价防治措施的落实效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样的方法,在河北省饮水型氟中毒病区县中抽取38个县(市、区),采用系统抽样方法,将各病区县所有病区村分成轻、中、重3类,从每类病区村中各抽取1个病区村,对全部病区村进行水氟监测;调查病区村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,从每个年龄段选择6人,检测尿氟;对各病区村全部16岁以上常住人口开展临床氟骨症检查,并检测20人份(男、女各半)尿氟.结果 共调查112个病区村,其中改水村66个,未改水村46个.采集改水工程水样236份,水氟范围为0.1～4.3 mg/L,有20个工程水氟＞1.2 mg/L,占总数的33.3%(20/60);采集未改水村水样230份,水氟范围为0.2～4.6 mg/L,水氟＞1.2 mg/L的水源数占总数的76.1%(35/46).共对5169名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙患病情况调查,氟斑牙检出率为36.43%(1883/5169),氟斑牙指数为0.81.调查16岁以上成人71 497人,临床氟骨症检出率为4.81%(3438/71 497),中度以上临床氟骨症检出率为1.56%(1114/71 497).分别测定了2876和2021份儿童和成人尿氟,几何均数分别为2.30、3.32 mg/L.结论 水氟＜1.2 mg/L的已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率均在30%以下,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症检出率随着改水时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.未改水病区,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症病情随水氟升高而上升.河北省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,应该加快改水降氟进度并提高改水工程合格率.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the status of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis and the effect of preventive measure in Hebei province, so as to provide a basis to prevent and cure the disease. Methods Thirtyeight affected counties(cities, districts) with drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis were sampled by random sampling in Hebei in 2009. All affected villages in every county were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. Dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 were examined and 6 copies of urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages. Clinical skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed among adults aged 16 and over and 20 copies of urine samples were tested for fluorosis in every village.Results A total of 112 affected villages were investigated, among which the drinking water quality of 66 villages were improved and 46 villages were not improved. A total of 236 copies of water samples from the 66 villages were measured and the fluoride content ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 mg/L, among which 20 copies of water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 33.3%. A total of 230 copies of water samples were collected in the 46 villages and the fluoride content ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/L, among which 76.1% (35/46) of the water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L. A total of 5169 children aged 8 - 12 were examined of dental fluorosis, the dental fluorosis rate was 36.43%(1883/5169) and the dental fluorosis index was 0.81. A sum of 71 497 adults aged over 16 years were examined, and the rate of skeletal fluorosis was 4.81%(3438/71 497), moderate or severe clinical detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 1.56%( 1114/71 497). A total of 2876 copies of children urine samples and 2021 copies of adult urine samples were tested and the geometric mean of fluoride content was 2.30,3.32 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children in the areas with improved water is less than 30% and the rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis decline gradually with time.The rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis increases with the increase of water fluoride in the water quality not improved areas. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious in Hebei. The progress of improving water quality in the areas with endemic fluorosis should be accelerated and the acceptability of improved water should be enhanced.     

2006-2010年吉林省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握吉林省地方性氟中毒病情变化,为调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,采用分层整群抽样方法,每年在全省14个病区县的轻、中、重病区中抽取5个屯作为监测点.水氟、尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法(GB/T 8538-1995);8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;氟骨症诊断2006-2008年采用<地方性氟骨症临床分度标准>(GB 16396-1996),2009、2010年采用<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS192-2008).结果 共监测25个病区屯,其中改水屯14个,常住人口8005人,受益人口7154人,占常住人口的89.37%;未改水屯11个.按照<国家生活饮用水卫生标准>要求,14个改水屯居民饮用水含氟量均合格(≤1.20 mg/L),14个改水屯学校中有3个饮水含氟量超标;检测11个未改水屯饮用水含氟量,有7个超标.共检查改水屯8-12岁儿童363人,氟斑牙检出率为39.12%(142/363);未改水屯303人,氟斑牙检出率为43.89%(133/303).共检查改水屯16岁以上成人6424人,氟骨症检出率为6.27%(403/6424);未改水屯3572人,氟骨症检出率为13.89%(496/3572).已改水的中、轻病区16岁以上成人氟骨症患者和8-12岁儿童的尿氟几何均值均在正常参考值(WS/T 256-2005,1.40 mg/L)以下.结论 吉林省改水病区氟中毒病情已得到一定程度的控制,未改水病区氟中毒病情仍然较重,氟中毒防治任务仍很艰巨.

Abstract：

Objective To identify changes in the occurrence of endemic fluorosis in order to provide scientific basis for making countermeasures. Methods Five villages from 14 counties of mild, moderate and severe fluorosis affected areas were selected by stratified cluster sampling every year in the whole province during 2006 - 2010. Water and urinary fluorine were determined by ion selective electrode method(GB/T 8538-1995); dental fluorosis of children 8-12 years old was diagnosed with Dean method; skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed according to "clinical indexing standards of endemic skeletal fluorosis "(GB 16396-1996), between 2006 and 2008, and "clinical diagnosis standard of endemic skeletal fluorosis"(WS 192-2008) between 2009 and 2010. Results A total of 25 diseased villages were surveyed, 14 with water sources changed, covered a resident population of 8005 people, beneficiary population 7154, and accounting for 89.37% of the resident population; not changed villages 11. In accordance with the "State drinking water health standards", in the 14 changed villages the fluoride in drinking water was qualified (≤ 1.20 mg/L), there were 3 schools whose water fluorine content exceeded the standard; among the 11 villages that did not change water sources 7 drinking water samples fluorine content exceeded the standard. Of the 8 to 12 years old children in villages with changed water sources, 363 of them were checked and 142 dental fluorosis were found, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 39.12% (142/363); in villages with water sources not changed, 303 children were checked, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 43.89%(133/303). Of sixteen and elder adults in water source changed villages, 6424 people were checked and 403 skeletal fluorosis were found, skeletal fluorosis detection rate was 6.27% (403/6424); 3572 people were checked in not changed villages, the detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 13.89%(496/3572). In water sources changed areas, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was in the normal reference value(WS/T 256-2005, 1.40 mg/L)or less. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis is decreased in water improved areas, but in unimproved areas the disease is still severe, and control of endemic fluorosis is still an arduous task.     

2006年甘肃省地方性氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 了解甘肃省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区分布和改水降氟工程运行现状.方法 2006年在甘肃省地氟病病区,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测:对已改水村进行降氟改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定;在已查出的高氟村,对儿童进行氟斑牙和成人氟骨症患病情况调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法,氟骨症诊断执行<地方性氟骨症临床分度诊断>(GB 16396-1996)标准.结果 共调查了26个县、1997个村的不同类型饮用水源,水源水含氟量>1.0 mg/L的村占29.94%(598/1997).共调查各类改水工程1215处.能正常供水的工程占工程总数的94.90%(1153/1215),间歇供水工程和已报废工程分别占工程总数的2.96%(36/1215)和2.14%(26/1215).出厂水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的90.79%(1084/1194),末梢水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的91.75%(1068/1164).共检查8～12岁儿童86 390人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为22.47%(19 414/86 390).共检查16岁以上成人142 211人,临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为4.20%(5967/142 211).结论 甘肃省少部分病区高氟水源依然存在,降氟改水工程报废和超标现象普遍;部分病区儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症尚在流行,防治任务依然艰巨,应加大改水力度,提高防病改水效益.     

2005-2007年陕西省饮用水含氟量和地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的 调查2005-2007年陕西省饮用水含氟量和地方性氟中毒病情,评价改水工程降氟效果.方法 根据以往调查资料,在陕西省选择地方性氟中毒病情流行的10个市作为调查地区,以村为调查点,每村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位抽取水源水5份,同时采集每个改水工程水源水1份、出厂水1份和末梢水2份,采用氟离子选择电极法或氟试剂分光光度法测定水氟;在饮用水含氟量>1.00 mg/L的人群中进行地方性氟中毒流行病学调查,采用Dean法进行8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断,成人氟骨症按<地方性氟骨症临床分度诊断>(GB16396-1996)诊断.结果 共测定6390个村的水源水含氟量,其中水氟在1.00～<2.00 mg/L的有2619个村,暴露人口为1 654 998人;水氟在2.00～<4.00 mg/L的有845个村,暴露人口为355 623人;水氟≥4.00mg/L的有272个村,暴露人口为111 466人.全省水氟中位数为1.15 mg/L.渭南、咸阳和榆林3个市水氟中位数>1.00 mg/L,为高氟水集中分布的地区.共检测了3115个改水工程水氟,其中水氟在1.00～<2.00 mg/L的有1269个,暴露人口为1 415 877人;水氟在2.00～<4.00 mg/L的有120个,暴露人口为43 888人:水氟≥4.00 mg/L的有14个,暴露人口为5960人.44 081名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙临床检查,检出16 489例氟斑牙患者,检出率为37.4%(16 489/44 081);对310 993名成人进行氟骨症临床检查,检出15 877例Ⅱ度以上氟骨症患者,检出率为5.1%(15 877/310 993).结论 高氟水在陕西省广泛分布,地方性氟中毒流行较严重,降氟改水工程质量有待进一步提高.     

2007年山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 选择博兴县2个镇中的8个地方性氟中毒病村作为调查点.在每个调查点选择8-12岁儿童和30岁以上成年人作为调查对象.水、尿含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8-12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,30岁以上成人氟骨症检查采用临床和X线摄片方法.结果 8个村的水氟均值均＞4.50 mg/L,最大值为5.78 mg/L;8-12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为90.70%(195/215),氟斑牙指数为2.15,缺损率为24.65%(53/215);30岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为30.71%(78/254)、16.54%(42/254);儿童和成人尿氟均值在1.50 mg/L以上的人数分别占98.95%(189/191)、97.92%(235/240),最高值分别为14.50、17.99 ras/L.结论 博兴县地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到控制,须进一步加大控制力度.     

2009年山东省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2008年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>的要求,在山东省选择34个县为项目县,各项目县将所有病区村按病情的严重程度分为轻、中、重3层,再在每一层各选择1个病区村,进行病情监测.水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,16岁以上成人临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症.结果 在34个县中,调查70个改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村54个,占77.14%(54/70);＞1.00 mg/L的村16个,占22.86%(16/70);水氟最大值为4.46 mg/L.调查32个未改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村9个,占28.12%(9/32);＞1.00mg/L的村23个,占71.88%(23/32),水氟最大值为4.09 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为45.81%(1988/4340),氟斑牙指数为0.97,缺损率为6.91%(300/4340).儿童尿氟在1.40 mg/L以上的人数占55.33%(1417/2657),最高值为18.53 mg/L.16岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为4.25%(2462/57 968)、28.40%(23/81).成人尿氟在1.60 mg/L以上的人数占55.86%(1130/2023),最高值为25.44 mg/L.结论 山东省地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防治形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防治力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", thirty-four counties were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis diagnosed by clinic and X-rays. Results The monitoring was done in 70 water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 54 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 77.14%(54/70), 16 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 22.86%(16/70), the highest water fluoride content was 4.46 mg/L. The monitoring was also carried out in 32 non-water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 9 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 28.12%(9/32), 23 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 71.88% (23/32), the highest water fluoride content was 4.09 mg/L. The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 45.81%(1988/4340), the index of dental fluorosis was 0.97 and the rate of dental damage was 6.91%(300/4340). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 55.33%(1417/2657) of children aged 8 to 12, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fluorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years were 4.25% (2462/57 968) and 28.40%(23/81 ), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found in 55.86% (1130/2023) of adults older than 16 years, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 25.44 mg/L. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province has not yet been effectively controlled,control situation is still grim. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

2009年青海省湟源县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省湟源县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果.方法 2009年将湟源县所有地方性氟中毒病区村按改水前水含氟量分为轻、中两类,分别抽取1、2个病区村作为监测点,共抽取3个监测村;每村采集出厂水和末梢水水样进行水氟测定;对监测村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄组采集儿童尿样进行尿氟测定;对监测村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,并采集20人份的尿样,检测尿氟;在3个监测村中选择1个村进行X线氟骨症检查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996),氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS 192-2008).结果 共检测12份水样,水氟为(0.35 ±0.43)mg/L.共检查8～12岁儿童122名,氟斑牙检出率为34.43%(42/122);检测96例儿童尿样,尿氟几何均数为0.89 mg/L.对834名16岁及以上成人进行氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为47.72%(398/834):检测65例成人尿样,尿氟几何均数为1.10 mg/L;对甘沟村35名成人进行了X线氟骨症检查,检出率为31.4%(11/35).结论 湟源县的3个监测村饮用水含氟量正常,但氟中毒病情仍然很严重,应密切监测,分析原因,改进防治措施.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence change of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis and the effect of control measures implemented in Huangyuan county of Qinghai province. Methods In 2009, all the endemic fluorosis villages in Huangyuan county were divided into two degrees, light and medium, according to the water fluorosis content before implementing the improving water project, 1 to 2 villages were selected from each degree village, respectively,as monitoring sites, and a total of 3 villages were selected. Source water and tap water samples were collected from each village and water fluoride concentration was determined. Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 of monitoring villages was examined, and urine samples were collected by age group of children for determination of urinary fluoride. Clinical skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age was examined, and 20 copies of adults urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride. One village was selected in the 3 villages monitored to conduct X-rays examination of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Non-metallic Targets Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.6-2006); urinary fluoride was tested by fluoride ion-selective electrode method (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean method;adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008). Results Twelve water samples were assayed, water fluoride was (0.35 ± 0.43) mg/L. The detectable rate of dental fluorosis of 122 children aged 8-12 was 34.43%(42/122) and the geometric mean urinary fluoride was 0.89 mg/L of the 96 children. Of the 834 adults aged 16 and over, clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 47.72% (398/836) and geometric mean urinary fluoride was 1.10 mg/L of the 65 cases of adult urine samples assayed, detection rate of X-rays was 31.4% (11/35) in Gangou village of the 35 adults examined.Conclusions In Huangyuan county, water fluoride of the 3 surveyed villages are normal but the endemic fluorosis is still serious. It should strengthen monitoring and analyze the causes and improve prevention measures.