晚期恶性胆管梗阻经内镜胆管支架引流

恶性胆管梗阻发病隐匿,早期无明显症状,患者就诊时大多为中晚期,手术切除率低,故对晚期不能手术切除患者的减黄治疗尤为重要。近年来,以ERCP为代表的内镜技术已在晚期胆胰恶性肿瘤引起的胆管梗阻临床治疗广泛应用,其缓解梗阻性黄疸疗效不逊传统的胆肠旁路手术,经内镜胆管引流术因其痛苦少、创伤小,最符合机体的状态,     

经内镜胆管内引流治疗恶性胆道梗阻的探讨

为缓解胆道梗阻，对２８例恶性胆道梗阻（ＭＢＯ）患者行经内镜胆管内引流术（ＥＢＤ）。结果２５例（８９％）插管成功，共插管４４次，７Ｆ管３次，１０Ｆ２５次，１２Ｆ１６次。２３例（９２％）减黄有效，ＥＢＤ后第３天胆红素平均下降４６．３％，肝外胆管径平均回缩５８．６％，减黄有效者腹胀迅速消失或减轻。首次插管维持有效引流时间１４１．５±１５１．２天，早、中期并发胆管炎４０％，１年以上生存１７％。结果表明ＥＢＤ减黄效果和症状改善是显著的，胆红素下降与胆管径回缩相平行。认为胆管是否屈曲及乳头括约肌切开术的好坏是ＥＢＤ成败的关键；腹胀再现，有胆道感染症状及Ｂ超见肝外胆管扩张为通管的指征。ＥＢＤ适合高龄或高危人群的ＭＢＯ患者，对延长生存期有重要的价值。     

经内镜胆管内引流治疗恶性胆道梗阻的探讨

为缓解胆道梗阻，对２８例恶性胆道梗阻（ＭＢＯ）患者行经内镜胆管内引流术（ＥＢＤ）。结果２５例（８９％）插管成功，共插管４４次，７Ｆ管３次，１０Ｆ２５次，１２Ｆ１６次。２３例（９２％）减黄有效，ＥＢＤ后第３天胆红素平均下降４６．３％，肝外胆管径平均回缩５８．６％，减黄有效者腹胀迅速消失或减轻。首次插管维持有效引流时间１４１．５±１５１．２天，早、中期并发胆管炎４０％，１年以上生存１７％。结果表明ＥＢＤ减黄效果和症状改善是显著的，胆红素下降与胆管径回缩相平行。认为胆管是否屈曲及乳头括约肌切开术的好坏是ＥＢＤ成败的关键；腹胀再现，有胆道感染症状及Ｂ超见肝外胆管扩张为通管的指征。ＥＢＤ适合高龄或高危人群的ＭＢＯ患者，对延长生存期有重要的价值。     

金属支架治疗胆道恶性梗阻

目的 探讨金属支架治疗胆道恶性梗阻的价值和适应证。方法 回顾性分析15例植入胆道金属支架治疗不能手术切除的胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床转归，其中胰头癌8例，肝门胆管癌5例，胆囊癌2例。结果 15例患者金属支架均植入成功，术后2周内血清胆红素恢复正常8例（53．3％）、明显减退3例（20．0％）、缓慢减退4例（26．7％）。中位生存时间为12个月，一年生存率46．7％，两年生存率13．3％。结论 对不能切除的胆道恶性梗阻患者放置胆道金属支架操作较简单、痛苦少、并发症少，而且减黄效果好，是一种较为理想的姑息性疗法。     

经内镜放置金属支架治疗胃出口恶性梗阻

金属支架置入技术是近年来国内外开展的一项新技术，它能有效解除食管及贲门等部位的严重狭窄，恢复经口进食，改善生活质量。但内镜下放置金属支架解除胃癌所致胃出口恶性梗阻的报道较少，按照常规的食管支架置入方法往往难以成功，2006年我们成功地为2例胃出口恶性梗阻患者放置金属支架，报道如下。[第一段]     

超声内镜引导下胆管引流与内镜逆行胰胆管造影引流在胃改道术后胆管恶性梗阻中应用的比较

[目的]探究超声内镜引导下胆管引流(endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage, EUS-BD)与内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)引流在胃改道术后胆管恶性梗阻中的应用及价值。[方法]对胃改道术后胆管恶性梗阻经EUS-BD途径(EUS-BD组)或ERCP途径(ERCP组)引流患者的技术成功率、临床成功率、操作时间、术后并发症、梗阻复发情况及生存时间等进行比较分析。[结果]EUS-BD组与ERCP组患者的年龄、性别、术前总胆红素水平比较差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),2组的技术成功率、临床成功率、术后并发症、梗阻复发率及术后生存时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS-BD组的手术时间明显短于ERCP组(P<0.001)。[结论]EUS-BD及ERCP引流在胃改道术后胆管恶性梗阻的患者中均能有效降低胆红素水平、改善胆道梗阻,EUS-BD相对ERCP操作时间明显缩短。     

金属支架治疗胆道恶性梗阻

目的 探讨金属支架治疗胆道恶性梗阻的价值和适应证.方法 回顾性分析15例植入胆道金属支架治疗不能手术切除的胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床转归,其中胰头癌8例,肝门胆管癌5例,胆囊癌2例.结果 15例患者金属支架均植入成功,术后2周内血清胆红素恢复正常8例(53.3%)、明显减退3例(20.0%)、缓慢减退4例(26.7%).中位生存时间为12个月,一年生存率46.7%,两年生存率13.3%.结论 对不能切除的胆道恶性梗阻患者放置胆道金属支架操作较简单、痛苦少、并发症少,而且减黄效果好,是一种较为理想的姑息性疗法.     

胆管恶性梗阻的内镜治疗

目的研究经内镜下塑料支架和金属支架对胆管恶性梗阻的治疗效果。方法将我院2010年1月至2012年6月经ERCP确诊为胆管恶性梗阻的120例患者,分成金属支架引流术组（EMBE）（n=62）和塑料支架引流术组（ERBD）（n=58）,监测两组患者血清总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰胺转肽酶、血清TNF-α等的变化,并统计分析两组患者并发症的发生率以及死亡率。结果两组插管成功率及并发症发生率为均无明显差异（P〉0.05）,无死亡病例。治疗1周后复查两组患者的肝功能各项指标,结果较治疗前有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。两组成功随访89例,随访率为74.16%（89/120）,12例ERBD患者发生支架阻塞,占30.77%（12/39）,该组中位生存期为5个月。6例EMBE患者发生支架阻塞,占12%（6/50）,该组中位生存期为9.3个月,两组比较P均〈0.05。结论从随访看,支架阻塞发生率和中位生存期EMBE组均优于ERBD组,但两组均能有效的建立胆管内引流,改善患者的肝功能,具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、无体外留管、符合生理过程等优点。     

肝门部胆管恶性狭窄内镜下采取不同放置方式同期置入胆道金属支架操作的配合体会

目的探讨肝门部胆管恶性狭窄内镜下同期置入胆道双金属支架并采取不同放置方式的操作配合与技巧。 方法收集海军军医大学第三附属医院(上海东方肝胆外科医院)内镜科2021年1月至2021年12月因肝门部胆管恶性狭窄拟接受内镜下同期胆道双金属支架置入术79例患者的病例资料。总结分析经内镜同期置入胆道双金属支架操作前、操作中和操作后的操作配合技巧。 结果77例患者经术前评估后拟行内镜下置入胆道双侧金属支架,77例患者成功置入胆道双侧金属支架后发生并发症的5例,其中胆管炎3例、胰腺炎1例、十二指肠乳头切缘出血1例,并发症发生率为6.49%。 结论规范化操作及熟练的操作配合技巧对内镜下同期置入胆道双金属支架起到重要作用。配合者应具备丰富的操作经验、理论知识扎实并熟知医师的操作意图,不仅能缩短操作时间,提高操作成功率,还能降低术后并发症的发生概率。     

肝门部胆管恶性梗阻双支架引流22例临床应用

目的探讨肝门部胆管恶性梗阻双侧支架引流的疗效、安全性。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院、北京市消化疾病中心2002年10月至2003年12月肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者22例双侧支架引流的有效率、并发症发生率、支架畅通时间及生存时间。结果22例肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者均一次置入双侧支架成功,引流有效率81.8%(18/22),并发症发生率22.7%,其中胆管炎4例、胰腺炎1例,中位支架畅通时间113d,中位生存时间138d。结论对于BismuthⅡ、Ⅲ型肝门部恶性梗阻,双侧支架引流是安全有效的;对于BismuthⅣ型,双侧支架引流需慎重。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage with placement of a fully covered metal stent for malignant biliary obstruction

AIM: To determine the utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) with a fully covered self-expandable metal stent for managing malignant biliary stricture.METHODS: We collected data from 13 patients who presented with malignant biliary obstruction and underwent EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) and EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HG) was performed in 9 patients and 4 patients, respectively.RESULTS: The technical and functional success rate was 92.3% (12/13) and 91.7% (11/12), respectively. Using an intrahepatic approach (EUS-HG, n = 4), there was mild peritonitis (n = 1) and migration of the metal stent to the stomach (n = 1). With an extrahepatic approach (EUS-CD, n = 10), there was pneumoperitoneum (n = 2), migration (n = 2), and mild peritonitis (n = 1). All patients were managed conservatively with antibiotics. During follow-up (range, 1-12 mo), there was re-intervention (4/13 cases, 30.7%) necessitated by stent migration (n = 2) and stent occlusion (n = 2).CONCLUSION: EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent may be a feasible and effective treatment option in patients with malignant biliary obstruction when ERCP fails.     

Biliary stenting with or without sphincterotomy for malignant biliary obstruction: A meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the benefits of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) before stent placement by meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index databases up to March 2014 were searched. The primary outcome was incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) and successful stent insertion rate. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of post-ERCP bleeding, stent migration and occlusion. The free software Review Manager was used to perform the meta-analysis.RESULTS: Three studies (n = 338 patients, 170 in the EST group and 168 in the non-EST group) were included. All three studies described a comparison of baseline patient characteristics and showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Three RCTs, including 338 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Most of the analyzed outcomes were similar between the groups. Although EST reduced the incidence of PEP, it also led to a higher incidence of post-ERCP bleeding (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.12-0.93, P = 0.04; OR = 9.70, 95%CI: 1.21-77.75, P = 0.03, respectively).CONCLUSION: EST before stent placement may be useful in reducing the incidence of PEP. However, EST-related complications, such as bleeding and perforation, may offset this effect.     

恶性胆管梗阻内支架置入后再梗阻的研究现状

通过内镜置入胆道内支架引流是目前治疗恶性胆管梗阻的首选措施,然而内支架再梗阻却是当前困扰临床的主要问题.近年来,国内外在探讨支架阻塞的机制,通过多种方法防治以延长引流时间等方面进行了广泛而深入的研究,此文就此作一综述.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻64例

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的经验,探讨其临床疗效及价值。方法：64例患者均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疽。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：64例患者中,50例植入单支支架于肝总管或(和)胆总管,14例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管,其中2例肝内胆管支架的桥接通过肝实质。58例患者2周内血清胆红素降低75％以上。结论：经皮肝穿刺刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary obstruction

Malignant biliary obstruction often presents with challenges requiring the endoscopist to assess the location of the lesion, the staging of the disease, the eventual resectability and patient preferences in term of biliary decompression. This review will focus on the different modalities available in order to offer the most appropriate palliation, such as conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage as well as ablative therapies including photodynamic therapy or radiofrequency ablation.     

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided biliary drainage of hilar biliary obstruction

Only 20–30% of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are candidates for potentially curative resection. However, even after curative (R0) resection, these patients have a disease recurrence rate of up to 76%. The prognosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is limited by tumor spread along the biliary tree leading to obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, and liver failure. Therefore, palliative biliary drainage may be a major goal for patients with hilar CC. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stent placement is an established method for palliation of patients with malignant biliary obstruction. However, there are patients for whom endoscopic stent placement is not possible because of failed biliary cannulation or tumor infiltration that limits transpapillary access. In this situation, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an alternative method. However, PTBD has a relatively high rate of complications and is frequently associated with patient discomfort related to external drainage. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided biliary drainage has therefore been introduced as an alternative to PTBD in cases of biliary obstruction when ERCP is unsuccessful. In this review, the indications, technical tips, outcomes, and the future role of EUS‐guided intrahepatic biliary drainage, such as hepaticogastrostomy or hepaticoduodenostomy, for hilar biliary obstruction will be summarized.     

Endoscopic biliary stent insertion through specialized duodenal stent for combined malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction facilitated by stent or PTBD guidance

Objectives: Endoscopic stenting for combined malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction is technically demanding. However, this procedure can be facilitated when there is guidance from previously inserted stent or PTBD tube. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and clinical success rate of endoscopic placement of biliary self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) through duodenal SEMS in patients with combined biliary and duodenal obstruction due to inoperable or metastatic periampullary malignancy.

Materials and methods: A total of 12 patients with combined malignant biliary and duodenal stricture underwent insertion of biliary SEMS through the mesh of specialized duodenal SEMS from July 2012 to October 2016. Technical and clinical success rate, adverse events and survival after completion of SEMS insertion were evaluated.

Results: The duodenal strictures were located in the first portion of the duodenum in four patients (Type I), in the second portion in three patients (Type II), and in the third portion in five patients (Type III). Technical success rate of combined metallic stenting was 91.7%. Insertion of biliary SEMS was guided by previously inserted biliary SEMS in nine patients, plastic stent in one patient, and PTBD in two patients. Clinical success rate was 90.9%. There were no early adverse events after the procedure. Mean survival period after combined metallic stenting was 91.9 days (range: 15–245 days).

Conclusions: Endoscopic placement of biliary SEMS through duodenal SEMS is feasible with high success rates and relatively easy when there is guidance. This method can be a good alternative for palliation in patients with combined biliary and duodenal obstruction.     

Multicenter study of endoscopic preoperative biliary drainage for malignant distal biliary obstruction

AIM: To determine the optimal method of endoscopic preoperative biliary drainage for malignant distal biliary obstruction.METHODS: Multicenter retrospective study was conducted in patients who underwent plastic stent(PS) or nasobiliary catheter(NBC) placement for resectable malignant distal biliary obstruction followed by surgery between January 2010 and March 2012. Procedurerelated adverse events, stent/catheter dysfunction(occlusion or migration of PS/NBC, developmentof cholangitis, or other conditions that required repeat endoscopic biliary intervention), and jaundice resolution(bilirubin level 3.0 mg/d L) were evaluated. Cumulative incidence of jaundice resolution and dysfunction of PS/NBC were estimated using competing risk analysis. Patient characteristics and preoperative biliary drainage were also evaluated for association with the time to jaundice resolution and PS/NBC dysfunction using competing risk regression analysis.RESULTS: In total, 419 patients were included in the study(PS, 253 and NBC, 166). Primary cancers included pancreatic cancer in 194 patients(46%), bile duct cancer in 172(41%), gallbladder cancer in three(1%), and ampullary cancer in 50(12%). The median serum total bilirubin was 7.8 mg/d L and 324 patients(77%) had ≥ 3.0 mg/d L. During the median time to surgery of 29 d [interquartile range(IQR), 30-39 d]. PS/NBC dysfunction rate was 35% for PS and 18% for NBC [Subdistribution hazard ratio(SHR) = 4.76; 95%CI: 2.44-10.0, P 0.001]; the pig-tailed tip was a risk factor for PS dysfunction. Jaundice resolution was achieved in 85% of patients and did not depend on the drainage method(PS or NBC).CONCLUSION: PS has insufficient patency for preoperative biliary drainage. Given the drawbacks of external drainage via NBC, an alternative method of internal drainage should be explored.     

Tips and troubleshooting for transpapillary metal stenting for distal malignant biliary obstruction

Endoscopic placement of a self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) has become a mainstream treatment to relieve non‐resectable distal malignant biliary obstructions—its longer patency and cost‐effectiveness were demonstrated in comparison with plastic biliary stents in several randomized controlled trials. Despite advances in ERCP devices and SEMSs themselves to enable safe and effective biliary drainage via a SEMS, several significant aspects of the endoscopic placement of SEMS must be considered; otherwise, SEMS‐related complications and early SEMS dysfunction may occur. Also, SEMS dysfunction, including occlusion and migration, occurs at a certain frequency in the long term, and appropriate reintervention is necessary to preserve the quality of life of the patient. Here, we present tips for endoscopic transpapillary SEMS placement for distal malignant biliary obstruction and reintervention for SEMS dysfunction.