肠道菌群参与炎症性肠病发病机制研究新进展

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,I B D)是一种慢性反复发作的肠道炎症性疾病,其发病机制尚不明确.肠道菌群已被证实对肠道免疫系统的发育和激活具有重要作用,肠道菌群变化可能诱发或加重IBD,而调节肠道菌群对治疗IBD具有一定的积极作用,本文就目前肠道菌群与IBD之间关系的研究进展作一综述.     

肠道菌群与胆汁酸的相互作用在炎症性肠病中的研究

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease, CD)。IBD的发生极有可能是遗传、感染、环境、免疫等相互作用造成的。胆汁酸与肠道菌群在病理情况下的相互作用损伤了宿主体内正常的生物转化过程,扰乱正常信号通路,破坏宿主内环境稳态,逐渐被认为是导致IBD发生的原因之一。本文旨在对近年来胆汁酸与肠道菌群在IBD发生、发展过程中相互作用的研究及胆汁酸、微生态制剂在IBD治疗中的应用进行总结,为临床防治IBD提供有效信息。     

炎症性肠病肠道微生物紊乱研究进展

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种发病原因未十分明确的慢性复发性肠道炎症性疾病,包括3种亚型:溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)、克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)、未定型结肠炎(indeterminate colitis,IC)[1-2]。目前IBD的发病率越来越高,其发病机制可能与基因、环境、免疫及肠道菌群相关⑴。人体肠道中定植着大量的菌群、真菌、病毒,它们的失调在IBD的发病过程中可能起了非常重要的作用。有研究报道,IBD患者肠道菌群的多样性减少⑶,并且IBD的菌群失调持续存在,已经达到黏膜缓解的患者,肠道菌群依旧与健康人不同,处于失调状态⑷。     

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炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一组病因不明的慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病,以溃疡性结肠炎(ulcrative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn s disease,CD)最为常见。目前研究认为,IBD的发病机制是肠道菌群和环境因素作用于遗传易患人群,进而导致肠道自身免疫失衡所致,     

肠道菌群与粪菌移植在炎症性肠病中的作用

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,I B D)包括克罗恩病(C r o h n's d i s e a s e,C D)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC),是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,其致病因素及发病机制至今尚未完全阐明.近年来肠道菌群在IBD发病中的作用逐渐被重视.副结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium avium p a r a t u b e r c u l o s i s,M A P)和大肠埃希杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)两大菌群得到广泛热烈研究.调节肠道菌群紊乱,恢复宿主与肠道微生物之间的稳态成为治疗IBD的一个新方向.粪便菌群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为一种古老的且可以重建肠道菌群的疗法重新被临床所关注,即将健康人粪便中的功能菌群,移植到患者胃肠道内,重建新的肠道菌群,恢复肠道功能.本文就肠道菌群在IBD中的作用及FMT在IBD治疗中的应用发展作一综述.     

炎症性肠病与肠道细菌研究进展

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD).其发病机制至今仍不清楚,可能的病因包括由基因决定的宿主易感性、黏膜免疫和肠道微生态环境三者的相互作用.近年来随着微生态学的发展,肠道菌群与IBD发病的关系日益受到关注.关于肠道病原微生物在IBD发病机制及其引起的一系列免疫学、微生态学、病理生理等方面的变化出现了研究和报道,同时微生态制剂在肠道免疫调节、控制炎症反应等方面的优点已有许多动物实验及临床应用证明,其中微生态制剂之一益生菌在IBD应用较普遍,本文就IBD与肠道菌群研究进展及益生菌制剂治疗IBD作一综述.     

肠道菌群与炎症性肠病的研究进展

近年来肠道菌群已成为医学领域的研究热点,其数量庞大、种类繁多、功能复杂,在多种消化系统疾病的发生发展中均具有重要作用.炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种病因复杂的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,肠道菌群在IBD发生发展中的作用备受关注.研究发现,肠道菌群与IBD之间存在着密切又复杂...     

肠道宏病毒组在炎症性肠病研究中的进展

炎症性肠病(imflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是发生于胃肠道的慢性复发性疾病,溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)为两种主要的表现形式.近几年随着宏病毒组学技术的发展,除了细菌外,病毒是占第2位的微生物群体,他不但对肠道免疫有直接影响,同时肠道病毒(噬菌体)对肠道细菌也有影响.研究人类肠道未知的新病毒、病毒对肠道菌群的作用,可能是解开IBD的关键.本文以宏病毒组学技术为切入点,研究IBD患者肠道病毒与肠道菌群的相互作用对IBD的发病的影响机制做一简要综述.     

炎症性肠病性别差异机制的研究

近年来,疾病的性别差异逐渐被人们关注,炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)的性别差异也成为一个新的研究热点.IBD传统治疗药物存在很大的局限性,了解IBD的性别差异,有助于为IBD的个体化治疗提供理论支持.本文将从IBD的流行病学、心理学、细胞生物学、遗传、年龄因素、肠道菌群以及治...     

炎症性肠病的肠道菌群变化

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,其确切病因及发病机制至今仍不清楚。近年来肠道菌群与IBD发病的关系日益受到关注,多项证据表明IBD患者存在肠道菌群紊乱。此文就IBD患者肠道菌群变化及益生菌在IBD中治疗作用的研究进展作一综述。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.