单纯血浆置换与其联合双重血浆分子吸附系统治疗重型肝炎患者效果比较分析

目的比较单纯血浆置换(PE)与其联合双重血浆分子吸附系统(DPMAS)治疗重型肝炎患者的临床疗效。方法选取2012年1月至2017年12月我院收治的重型肝炎患者60例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组患者采用PE治疗,观察组患者采用PE联合DPMAS治疗。检测比较两组患者治疗前和治疗一次后的血清总胆红素(TBIL)水平、直接胆红素(DBIL)水平、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平、凝血酶原时间(PT)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)水平、白蛋白(ALB)及球蛋白(GLO)水平。结果治疗后,两组患者血清TBIL、DBIL、ALT水平均明显降低,观察组患者TBIL、DBIL、ALT水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);治疗后两组患者血清PT均显著降低、CHE水平均显著升高,观察组患者血清PT水平显著低于对照组、CHE水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);治疗后两组患者血清中ALB、GLO水平均明显升高,观察组患者ALB、GLO水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 PE联用DPMAS治疗重型肝炎患者能有效阻断肝损害的恶性循环,清除体内中、小分子代谢毒素及免疫复合物等大分子物质,减少血液有形成分的破坏,有效降低多脏器功能衰竭的发生风险。     

CRRT与PE联合治疗晚期重症肝炎合并肝肾综合征的疗效分析

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代(CRRT)和血浆置换(PE)联合治疗晚期重症肝炎合并肝肾综合征(HRS)的疗效。方法选择我院2011年10月至2014年10月收治的晚期重症肝炎合并HRS患者80例,按随机数字表法平均分为研究组及对照组各40例,对照组患者仅给予常规护肝、纠正电解质平衡及抗感染等基础对症治疗,研究组患者在此基础上给予CRRT和PE治疗。比较两组患者治疗前及治疗后1周血清总胆红素(TBil)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、血氨(NH_3)、血钾(K~+)、血钠(Na~+)及血清白蛋白(Alb)等各项肝肾功能及血生化指标变化。同时记录两组患者并发症发生率及治疗后1个月患者死亡率。结果研究组患者经治疗后血清中TBil、BUN、Cr、NH3、K~+水平均较治疗前明显下降,而Na~+及Alb较治疗前明显升高,比较差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05);对照组患者各生化指标水平与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。治疗1个月后,研究组患者死亡9例,死亡率为22.5%,对照组患者死亡25例,死亡率为62.5%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗期间并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CRRT联合PE治疗晚期重症肝炎合并HRS疗效显著,可有效清除患者血液中毒素分子,提高患者生存率,值得临床推广应用。     

血浆置换治疗慢性重型肝炎46例临床观察

目的:探讨血浆置换(PE)对慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效.方法:慢性重型肝炎患者82例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组36例给于常规内科综合治疗,治疗组46例在内科综合治疗的基础上给予PE治疗,比较两组治疗前、后实验室指标及转归.结果:治疗组经PE治疗后患者ALT、TBIL、TCH、ALB、PTA明显改善,优于对照组(P＜0.01),治疗组早、中期有效率高于对照组(P＜0.05),晚期组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:PE可提高慢性重型肝炎的疗效,以早、中期最为适宜,是一种安全有效的方法.     

促肝细胞生长素治疗慢性乙型肝炎重度及重型的疗效评价

目的评价促肝细胞生长素治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(重度及重症型)的临床疗效。方法将138例重度或重型慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分成观察组和对照组,两组基本用药相同,观察组加用促肝细胞生长素治疗25天,比较两组治疗前后总胆红素(TBIL)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)的水平,统计病死率。结果疗程结束后。观察组与对照组的TBIL、PTA、CHE水平经统计学处理差异均无显著性(P>0.05);重症肝炎观察组病死率为43.2％,对照组为41.94％,两者比较亦无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论促肝细胞生长素治疗重度和重症型慢性乙型肝炎,疗效不确切。同时难以降低重症肝炎的病死率。     

血浆置换治疗重型肝炎临床效果观察

目的观察人工肝血浆置换(PE)治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法采用日本CHF-10血浆净化治疗机、AFP血浆分离器,进行血浆置换治疗各期重型肝炎89例,未经PE治疗的各期重型肝炎76例为对照组,比较两组相同治疗时期的近期疗效。结果治疗组每次治疗后症状、精神、食欲、体力均有明显改变,TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、PT、PTA均明显好转。治疗组早、中期有效率分别为85.71%、71.87%,分别高于对照组的36.84%、65.38%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),未发现不良反应。结论应用人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎具有一定疗效,且早、中期的疗效较晚期好。     

组合型人工肝对肝功能衰竭患者血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子的影响

[目的]探讨组合型人工肝对肝功能衰竭患者血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子(IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10)的影响。[方法]采用流式细胞仪方法检测肝功能衰竭患者、肝损伤患者、正常人血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子的水平,检测肝功能衰竭患者行血浆置换(PE)、双重血浆吸附(DPMAS)、PE+DPMAS治疗前后Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平。[结果]肝功能衰竭患者血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平与肝损伤及正常人比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。PE+DPMAS组治疗前、后细胞因子水平比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PE组治疗前、后IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-10比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),IL-4、TNF-α比较无差异(P0.05);DPMAS组治疗前、后IL-6比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),其他细胞因子无差异(P0.05)。PE组、DPMAS组、PE+DPMAS组治疗前Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后PE+DPMAS组与PE组、DPMAS组比较差异显著(P0.01),PE组与DPMAS组比较无差异(P0.05)。[结论]肝功能衰竭患者Th1/Th2型细胞因子IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10水平均明显高于正常人和肝损伤患者。PE+DPMAS对肝功能衰竭患者血清Th1/Th2型细胞因子的清除率明显优于单纯PE或DPMAS。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的疗效观察

目的 观察人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎患者的临床疗效.方法 80例重型肝炎患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在内科综合治疗的基础上进行血浆置换,对照组仅予以内科综合治疗,观察两组治疗前后的临床症状、体征和肝肾功能、凝血功能指标变化,并对预后进行分析,评价临床疗效.结果 血浆置换治疗后,患者临床症状均有不同程度改善,肝肾功能及凝血酶原时间明显好转,与本组治疗前相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与对照组治疗后相比,除Alb外各指标差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);治疗组总有效率为65.0％,其中早期治疗有效率为88.9％,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 人工肝血浆置换是治疗重型肝炎的有效手段,对于早期患者疗效更好.     

不同种类血浆在慢性重型肝炎患者血浆置换的评价疗效

目的通过比较在慢性重型肝炎时,分别采用FP、FP和FFP混合、FP和Cryo混合应用进行血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)时凝血功能和生化指标,评价3种血浆成分组合在PE的应用价值。方法回顾性分析南京市第二医院2016年1月至2017年6月进行PE治疗的慢性重型肝炎患者的检验指标。将52例PE治疗分为3组,分别为FP置换组(19例),FP+FFP置换组(24例,其中FFP占50%～60%),FFP+Cryo置换组(9例,其中Cryo的使用量为10单位),比较3组患者进行PE治疗后凝血指标和相关生化指标的差异。观察的凝血指标包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT);生化指标包括丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、总胆红素(TBil)。结果 3组患者在PE治疗前凝血功能(PT、INR、APTT、)和生化指标(ALT、AST、TBil、TP、Alb)均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),因此治疗后的结果具有可比性; 3组患者在PE治疗后凝血功能和生化指标均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),PE疗效差异无统计学意义。结论 3种血浆制品组合进行重型肝炎患者PE,置换前后的凝血功能无明显差异。PE可以明显降低重型肝炎患者血清中的胆红素和ALT及AST含量。应用等量的PE患者体内的血浆后,重型肝炎患者的蛋白含量无明显变化。     

黄芪四君子汤对老年原发性肝癌放疗患者放射增敏及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨黄芪四君子汤对老年原发性肝癌放疗患者放射增敏及免疫功能的调节效果。方法回顾性分析84例老年原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,依据上述入选者临床治疗方案的不同,分为对照组(放疗,42例)与观察组(放疗+黄芪四君子汤,42例),比较两组临床疗效、免疫功能与肝功能[总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)]。结果观察组治疗总有效率为85.71%,高于对照组患者的66.67%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,两组患者CD3~+、CD4~+及CD8~+值对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组CD3~+与CD4~+值高于对照组,CD8~+值低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,两组TBIL、ALT及GGT水平对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组TBIL、ALT及GGT水平均低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年原发性肝癌放疗患者通过黄芪四君子汤治疗,可有效提高免疫功能,调节肝功能指标,且放射增敏效果明显。     

血浆置换联合血液透析滤过治疗重型肝炎的临床观察

目的探讨血浆置换(PE)联合血液透析滤过(HDF)治疗重型肝炎的临床效果。方法将119例重型肝炎患者随机分为A、B、C三组,均在内科治疗的基础上,A组47例接受PE治疗,B组32例接受PE+HDF治疗,C组不接受人工肝治疗。结果 A组治愈16例,好转22例,死亡9例,B组治愈9例,好转17例,死亡6例,C组治愈7例,好转22例,死亡11例;PE或PE+HDF治疗后,患者血NO、LPS、TNF-α下降明显。结论 PE或PE联合HDF治疗重型肝炎,能显著改善临床症状、促进肝性脑病恢复,提高患者存活率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.