血液净化技术在中毒患者治疗中的应用

中毒是我国最突出的公共卫生问题之一,严重患者需行体外血液净化治疗。中毒常用血液净化治疗的方式包括:血液透析、持续低效透析、间歇性血液滤过、血液透析滤过、连续性肾脏替代治疗、血液灌流、血浆置换、全血置换、腹膜透析、白蛋白透析、脑脊液置换、体外多器官功能支持等。本文就血液净化治疗方式的选择,不同治疗方式的适应征及局限性进行综述。     

血浆置换不良事件16例临床分析

血浆置换为一种特殊的血液净化治疗。我们对近1年由我院血液净化中心实施的血浆置换治疗的不良事件16例进行总结分析,以提高临床疗效。1临床资料选择2006年1月至12月我院血液净化中心实施血浆置换的16例患者为研究对象,分析血浆置换的原因、疗效和不良事件等临床资料。其中男10例,女6例,平均年龄(42.2±13.8)岁。行血浆置换的原因中,急慢性重症肝炎9例[其中1例合并甲亢危象,1例合并严重弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)],大量失血休克后DIC3例,砷化氢中毒、视神经脊髓炎、蜂毒、系统性红斑狼疮各1例。除3例肾功能正常外,余13例均伴有不同程度的急性…     

血液净化疗法的临床进展

血液净化疗法的临床进展王质刚血液净化是终末期肾病患者替代疗法的总称，主要包括血液透析、血液滤过、血液透析滤过、ＣＡＶＨ系列、血液灌流、血浆置换和吸附疗法等［１］。近年来，血液净化疗法进展迅速［２］，现作一简单介绍。传统的血液透析已向高效、短时和安全方...     

血液净化技术在人工肝支持治疗中的应用

非生物型人工肝系利用有效的血液净化手段,清除肝功能衰竭后体内蓄积的相关毒素,以暂时替代肝脏功能。肝脏有强大的再生能力,人工肝治疗则为肝细胞再生赢得时间。血浆置换(plasmapheresis,PE)系利用血浆分离技术,析出并弃掉含有毒素的血浆,同时补充新鲜冰冻血浆。不同血液净化模式在清除肝脏毒素方面各有侧重,如血液透析     

白蛋白透析的临床应用

人工肝支持系统（artificial liver support system，ALSS）是采用体外循环血液净化技术清除急慢性肝功能衰竭患者体内毒素，部分替代肝功能，使患者能维持生命直至肝功能恢复或接受肝移植手术。由于肝脏是功能复杂的器官，到目前为止，ALSS还无类似血液透析成功治疗急慢性肾衰的定型装置，多数ALSS仅能替代部分肝脏功能，临床治疗效果也未达成共识。ALSS分为非生物型、生物型及混合型三种。非生物型包括血液透析、血液滤过、连续性血液净化、血浆置换、血液及血浆灌流、白蛋白透析。     

血液透析与在线血液透析滤过法的治疗疗效观察

随着血液净化技术的不断发展,血液净化已从血液透析一种方法发展到现在的血液透析（HD）、血液滤过（HF）、血液透析滤过（HDF）、血液灌流（HP）、在线血液滤过、连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）技术、床旁血液透析滤过、血浆置换、蛋白A免疫吸附、吸附疗法、血脂分离术、腹膜透析、腹水回输等多种方法,但目前国内血液净化中心多以常规HD为主要治疗手段。     

人工肝支持系统治疗的操作指南

一、人工肝支持系统治疗的操作方祛 国内应用的非生物型人工肝技术是一整套包含血浆置换、血液透析、血液滤过、血液/血浆灌流、分子吸附循环系统、连续性血液净化治疗等方法联合应用治疗重型肝炎的技术和治疗方法。临床医生根据患者病情选择单用或联合应用以上技术。 入院后重型肝炎患者均按常规检查和采用肝细胞生长素、甘利欣、苦黄、白蛋白、血浆等内科综合治疗。治疗组同时给予人工肝支持系统治疗,根据病情选用血浆置换、血液灌流、血液     

序贯血液净化治疗毒蕈中毒并多脏器功能损害疗效观察

目的 观察和评价序贯血液净化治疗毒蕈中毒并多脏器功能损害(MODS)的疗效.方法 收集本院2000～2007年救治的56例急性毒蕈中毒并发中毒性肝炎、急性肾衰竭、中毒性脑病等患者的临床资料,将56例患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组30例,采用血浆置换联合血液灌流﹢血液透析,隔日血浆置换与血液灌流﹢血液透析交替使用;对照组26例,单用血液灌流﹢血液透析,透析4 小时串联灌流2小时,每日1次,疗程7～10天.两组基础治疗相同.结果 治疗组患者黄疸、意识障碍、少尿或无尿等明显改善,血清酶水平均明显下降,优于对照组.治疗组死亡6例,死亡率为20.0%;对照组死亡15例,死亡率为57.7%.两组死亡率比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 序贯血液净化治疗较单纯血液灌流﹢血液透析能明显降低毒蕈中毒并多脏器功能损害患者的死亡率.     

血液净化技术临床应用进展

血液净化技术源自于肾脏疾病的治疗 ,现已广泛应用于各个医学专业中。血液净化技术分两类 ,一类是间断 (日间 )血液净化 ,包括传统的血液透析 (HD)、血液滤过 (HF)、血液透析滤过 (HDF)、血液灌流 (HP)、血浆置换 (PE)、免疫吸附(IA)、脂蛋白分离 (L P) ;另一类是连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT) ,包括连续性动静脉血液透析 (CAVHD)、连续性动静脉血液滤过 (CAVHF)、连续性动静脉血液透析滤过(CAVHDF)、缓慢连续性超滤 (SCV)、连续性动静脉高流量血液透析 (CAVHFHD)、高容量血液滤过 (HVHF)、连续性血浆滤过吸附 (CPFA)。现…     

配对血浆置换滤过吸附治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效

近年来,血液净化技术广泛应用于肝功能衰竭的治疗,并被定义为非生物型人工肝支持系统.临床常用的方法有血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)、血液灌流、血浆吸附、血液透析滤过、血液滤过及上述方法的联合等,其中国内尤以PE最为常用.     

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??Abstract??The treatment of acute poisoning has always been a challenge in modern medicine??because there are so many types of poisonous materials and the poisoning individual varies??and the detoxification drugs with special effects are lacking.Extracorporal blood purification has an established role in the treatment of various intoxications.Hemoperfusion??hemodialysis??hemofiltration and plasmapheresis are effective methods for removal of toxin from the body and usually applied in selected cases of diagnosed severe forms as the options of fast elimination of the intoxicating agent.With the improvement of blood purification techniques and new life supporting systems??their clinical applications are rapidly increasing in number and scope.These methods have been applied whenever certain potentially lethal intoxications are diagnosed and/or suspected??even without evidence of life impediment at the time of institution of therapy.However??the large and high quality controlled trials are needed to prove the clear elimination of each type of intoxication by extracorporal blood purification techniques.     

Failure of plasmapheresis, corticosteroids and thionamides to ameliorate a case of protracted amiodarone-induced thyroiditis

We report a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis of protracted duration, unresponsive to conventional thionamide therapy, with therapy limited by severe adverse drug reactions. Other treatment modalities included high dose corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, lithium and perchlorate. Temporary amelioration was achieved following plasmapheresis; however, this and other measures were unsuccessful in controlling the thyrotoxicosis, which deteriorated to thyroid storm. Histopathologically, a degenerative, inflammatory thyroiditis was evident.
We discuss the limitations of conventional drug therapy and the lack of a sustained response to plasmapheresis. The failure of high dose steroids to alter the course of illness and to completely suppress the thyroidal inflammatory process is highlighted. A potential role for renal and hepatic impairment in the observed protracted course of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is suggested.     

Role of plasma exchange in the thyroid storm

Inadequately treated thyroid storm can lead to death. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a suggested treatment when conventional treatments fail, but its indication is not well codified. We report our experience through three explicit cases. Three elderly patients were admitted to our hospital for cardiac or neurologic symptoms due to thyroid storm. After initiation of conventional therapy, TPE was performed with clinical and biological improvement. The speed of symptom resolution varies depending on the severity. This technique must be carried out by experienced medical staff as many complications can occur; nevertheless, in our patients with severe comorbidities, no complications occurred. The action of TPE mainly results from plasma removal of cytokines, putative antibodies, and thyroid hormones and their bound proteins. TPE has a transitory effect and thus should be associated with other thyroid blockers. When there are threatening symptoms, TPE should be done early, without waiting for the efficiency of conventional treatment, since it is the fastest method known for the improvement of the clinical condition. We also suggest starting TPE in case of neurologic symptoms because of very slow and incomplete regression. The Burch and Wartofsky score seems to be a helpful tool in establishing the diagnosis of thyroid storm and for deciding on when to initiate TPE.     

Thyroid storm-induced multiple organ failure relieved quickly by plasma exchange therapy

We report a 54-year-old female patient in whom thyroid storm was improved dramatically by plasma exchange. The patient presented with tachycardia, high fever and pulmonary congestion, in addition to left hemiparalysis and dysarthria. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were markedly increased and computed tomography showed a fresh cerebral infarct, suggesting that she had thyroid storm precipitated by cerebral infarction. As there was no remarkable improvement even after 24 h of conventional therapy, plasma exchange was carried out using fresh frozen plasma. Consequently, her critical condition improved quickly. The half-life of thyroid hormones is so long that quick improvement is not always achieved even by sufficient doses of antithyroid drugs. Thus, plasma exchange in combination with conventional therapy appears to be effective in relieving the life-threatening state in our patient with thyroid storm precipitated by acute cerebral infarction.     

血液净化治疗蜂螫伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征的临床观察

目的：探讨血液净化治疗对蜂螫伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的急性肾衰竭的疗效。方法：回顾性分析29例蜂螫伤合并MODS并接受血液净化治疗患者的临床病历资料,根据接受血液净化方式分为血液灌流联合血液透析滤过组（HP＋HDF）、血液透析滤过组（HDF）、血液透析组（HD）,比较3组的疗效。结果：HP＋HDF组少尿期短,住院天数、透析次数均较HDF组、HD组少;24h内接受血液净化的患者病死率高。结论：HP＋HDF治疗蜂螫伤合并MODS在缩短病程方面优于HDF和HD;早期血液净化治疗并不能降低病死率。     

In the eye of the storm: Iodinated contrast medium induced thyroid storm presenting as cardiopulmonary arrest

The administration of iodinated contrast medium may lead to excess free thyroid hormone release and cause thyroid storm. A woman presented to the emergency department with dyspnea, hemoptysis, and intermittent bilateral lower extremities edema. Physical examination revealed mildly enlarged thyroid. Patient underwent a computed tomography scan of the chest with intravenous iodinated contrast medium to rule out pulmonary embolism, the patient developed a thyroid storm second to iodinated contrast medium injection. Proper treatment was provided and the patient had a good outcome. We present this case of an unusual presentation of a thyroid storm with cardiac arrest. This case illustrates that evaluating thyroid function tests in patients with an enlarged thyroid prior to the administration of iodinated contrast medium could prevent the development of thyroid storm.     

不同血液净化技术对维持性血透患者血小板活化的影响

目的探讨两种常见血液净化方式-血液透析及血液透析滤过对血小板活化功能的影响。方法用ELISA法检测13例血液透析（HD）患者和13例血液透析滤过（HDF）患者血液净化前后P-选择素水平。结果HD组和HDF组治疗前P-一选择素水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）,治疗后两组P-选择素水平均显著升高俨〈0．01）,而HD组显著高于HDF组俨〈0．05）。结论HD和HDF均可导致血小板活化,而前者活化血小板的程度高于后者。     

心脏临时起搏支持严重心率缓慢患者的血液净化

目的观察心脏临时起搏对严重心率缓慢患者血液净化的作用。方法7例因各种病因引起的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者伴严重心率缓慢时,经右颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉途径穿刺置管行气囊电极床边紧急心脏临时起搏,支持血液净化。结果7例中5例行右颈内静脉置管,2例行左锁骨下静脉置管,起搏均成功,效果肯定,起搏时间2～16天,支持血液净化共32次,其中连续性静脉血液滤过(CVVH)2次,8例次行血液透析滤过(HDF),22例次行常规血透(HD),未发现心脏穿孔、气胸、血胸,1例发生导管感染。1例扩张型心肌病患者因低血压心力衰竭不能控制自动出院,其余6例均抢救成功。结论球囊电极床边心脏临时起搏,操作简便快捷,安全有效,可以提高严重心动过缓合并有肾功能不全的重危患者的抢救成功率。     

Analysis of membrane processes for blood purification

Physical phenomena play an important role in membrane processes for blood purification. They largely determine the separation performance of these devices and they interact with chemical and biological phenomena to determine their biocompatibility, or lack thereof, in the clinical setting. In the first part of this paper, analyses of physical phenomena which determine the separation and purification characteristics are reviewed for several processes, including hemodialysis, hemofiltration, combined hemodialysis and ultrafiltration, and membrane plasmapheresis with cross-flow microfiltration. Special attention is given to transport of high-molecular weight solutes in hemodialysis, for use in subsequent analyses, and to the factors which determine filtrate flux in membrane plasmapheresis, because recent findings in this area provide an understanding of filtration processes in general. The second part concerns the problem of biocompatibility, especially as manifested in renal prostheses. After reviewing some of the pathways to bioincompatibility, exploratory analyses are presented using relatively simple models. The objective of these analyses is to provide an initial quantitative framework for examining the likelihood of monocyte secretion of interleukin-1 being stimulated by various routes. Issues examined, for which illustrative calculations are presented, include (1) transport of endotoxin fragments across regenerated cellulose and other membranes, (2) anaphylatoxin C5a concentrations in conventional hemodialysis and (3) the effects of equilibrium and reaction phenomena, ultrafiltration, diffusive membrane permeation and membrane adsorption on the disposition of C5a which is generated at the membrane surface.     

Treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome with plasmapheresis. A case report and review of the literature.

A case is reported of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-induced Goodpasture's syndrome in which the patient required hemodialysis and was treated with immunosuppressive agents and plasmapheresis. A severe (80 per cent) cresentic lesion was reversed, and creatinine was stabilized at 2.5 mg/dl at one year follow-up. Earlier reports of therapy without plasmapheresis showed that 88 per cent of the patients would either die or require long-term hemodialysis. Fifteen other reported cases of Goodpasture's syndrome in which the patients were treated with plasmapheresis are reviewed. When reported, short-term follow-up showed that nine of these patients were alive without need of dialysis, five wee receiving dialysis, and only two had died. This suggests that plasmaheresis and immunosuppressive therapy may reverse the renal lesion in some patients with Goodpasture's syndrome.