实时超声弹性成像技术结合TI-RADS分级标准在良恶性甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨实时超声弹性成像技术结合甲状腺影像学报告及数据系统(TI-RADS)分级标准在良恶性甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取经手术病理证实的甲状腺结节患者125例(共190个结节),根据结节直径分为1 cm 64个(1 cm组)和≥1 cm 126个(≥1 cm组)。所有患者均接受常规超声和超声弹性成像检查,参考TI-RADS分级标准和弹性评分评估结节性质,绘制超声弹性成像和TI-RADS分级标准诊断甲状腺恶性结节的ROC曲线,评估两种方法单独应用和联合应用对甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性87.72%、特异性87.22%、准确率90.53%;TI-RADS分级标准诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性71.93%、特异性84.21%、准确率80.53%;两者联合诊断的敏感性91.23%、特异性88.72%、准确率93.16%。1 cm组中超声弹性成像诊断准确率为90.63%,TI-RADS分级标准诊断准确率为76.56%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.211,P0.05);≥1 cm组中,TI-RADS分级标准诊断准确率为87.30%(110/126),超声弹性成像诊断准确率为77.78%(98/126),两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.439,P0.05)。超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺恶性结节的ROC曲线下面积大于TI-RADS分级标准(0.926 vs.0.869),两者联合诊断的ROC曲线下面积(0.973)明显高于其单独应用,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论超声弹性成像联合TI-RADS分级标准对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断具有较高的诊断效能,可弥补单一技术在鉴别诊断中的缺陷与不足,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

超声钙化征象对桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺乳头状癌诊断价值探析

目的分析超声钙化征象对桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断效果及价值。方法对某院经过病理诊断确认为甲状腺结节的580例患者基本资料进行回顾分析,研究对象全部接受超声检查。其中伴发桥本甲状腺炎患者95例设为A组;非桥本甲状腺炎患者485例设为B组;根据患者的病理诊断结果对比超声钙化征象在上述两组患者中的诊断效果和价值。结果 A、B两组患者超声诊断甲状腺结节的良、恶性正确率差异无统计学意义,P0.05。A、B两组患者之间良性结节和恶性结节在微钙化率和粗钙化率的比较差异无统计学意义,P0.05。A、B两组患者恶性结节的微钙化率明显高于良性结节,差异有统计学意义,P0.05。A组的恶性结节的粗钙化率和良性结节的粗钙化率相比差异无统计学意义,P0.05。B组的恶性结节的粗钙化率明显高于良性结节的粗钙化率,差异有统计学意义,P0.05。结论桥本甲状腺炎背景对于超声钙化征象诊断甲状腺结节的良性以及恶性没有明显的影响,通过超声钙化征象对桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺乳头状癌诊断具有良好价值和效果。微钙化的现象大多出现在恶性结节中,非桥本甲状腺炎患者的恶性结节中粗钙化率比较高,需要引起我们的特别注意。     

应用ROC曲线评价超声弹性成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声弹性成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法应用超声弹性成像技术对二维超声检查发现的61例81个甲状腺结节的弹性图像进行评分;按术后病理诊断分为良恶性组,行弹性图像对比分析,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),确定诊断界点。结果 61例81个甲状腺结节病理诊断良性66个(良性组),恶性15个(恶性组);良性组弹性图像评分多集中在0～2分(51/66,77.3%),恶性组弹性评分多集中在3～4分(13/15,86.7%),恶性组结节评分明显高于良性组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.778,P=0.000)。以弹性评分≥3分为鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断界点,则诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别为86.7%,81.8%,79.0%;ROC曲线下面积为0.876。结论超声弹性成像有助于对甲状腺良恶性结节进行鉴别诊断,在临床诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

细针穿刺细胞学检查和超声弹性成像及超声造影对甲状腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNA)和超声弹性成像及超声造影(CEUS)对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的113个甲状腺结节,根据结节最大径线大小分为A组(≤1cm组)和B组(1cm组)。分别以弹性评分≥3分、CEUS不均匀低增强,Bethesda报告系统分类Ⅳ级作为甲状腺癌的诊断标准,分析其诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果 A组及B组三种方法两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组比较FNA阴性预测值差异有统计学意义(P=0.01)。结论对于≤1cm及1cm的甲状腺结节,三种方法均具有较高的应用价值。FNA对于1cm的甲状腺结节有更高的诊断价值。     

超声造影定性分析鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值CSCD

目的探讨超声造影定性分析鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法选择2015年5月至2016年1月南京大学医学院附属金陵医院(南京军区南京总医院)收治的行甲状腺超声造影的110例患者共132个甲状腺结节。所有结节均经甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学病理证实,其中113个经手术病理证实。对甲状腺结节超声造影特征进行评分。采用χ~2检验比较甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影特征差异。绘制甲状腺结节超声造影评分鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的操作者工作特征(ROC)曲线。结果本组甲状腺良性结节56个,甲状腺恶性结节76个。甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影增强水平、增强方式、增强均匀性、环状增强、增强后结节形状、增强后结节边界、增强后结节大小等差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=23.85,P<0.001;χ~2=7.43,P=0.04;χ~2=34.54,P<0.001;χ~2=25.7,P<0.001;χ~2=53.10,P<0.001;χ~2=22.78,P<0.001;χ~2=30.90,P<0.001);甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影增强是否完全差异无统计学意义。甲状腺恶性结节典型超声造影征象为低增强(71.1%)、向心性增强(79.5%)、不均匀增强(89.0%)、增强后结节边界不清晰(64.4%)、增强后结节形状不规则(79.5%)、增强后结节增大(63.0%);甲状腺良性结节典型超声造影征象为环状高增强(34.7%)。ROC曲线显示,超声造影评分鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节最佳阈值为3.5分,超声造影评分>3.5分诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为80.8%、79.6%、80.3%,曲线下面积为0.862(95%可信区间0.797~0.927)。结论超声造影定性分析有助于甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断。     

超声造影定性分析鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值

目的探讨超声造影定性分析鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法选择2015年5月至2016年1月南京大学医学院附属金陵医院(南京军区南京总医院)收治的行甲状腺超声造影的110例患者共132个甲状腺结节。所有结节均经甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学病理证实,其中113个经手术病理证实。对甲状腺结节超声造影特征进行评分。采用χ~2检验比较甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影特征差异。绘制甲状腺结节超声造影评分鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的操作者工作特征(ROC)曲线。结果本组甲状腺良性结节56个,甲状腺恶性结节76个。甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影增强水平、增强方式、增强均匀性、环状增强、增强后结节形状、增强后结节边界、增强后结节大小等差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=23.85,P0.001;χ~2=7.43,P=0.04;χ~2=34.54,P0.001;χ~2=25.7,P0.001;χ~2=53.10,P0.001;χ~2=22.78,P0.001;χ~2=30.90,P0.001);甲状腺良恶性结节超声造影增强是否完全差异无统计学意义。甲状腺恶性结节典型超声造影征象为低增强(71.1%)、向心性增强(79.5%)、不均匀增强(89.0%)、增强后结节边界不清晰(64.4%)、增强后结节形状不规则(79.5%)、增强后结节增大(63.0%);甲状腺良性结节典型超声造影征象为环状高增强(34.7%)。ROC曲线显示,超声造影评分鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节最佳阈值为3.5分,超声造影评分3.5分诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为80.8%、79.6%、80.3%,曲线下面积为0.862(95%可信区间0.797~0.927)。结论超声造影定性分析有助于甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断。     

超声测量不同切面甲状腺结节纵横比在甲状腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声评价甲状腺结节最大纵断面及横断面纵横比在诊断甲状腺癌中的价值.方法 回顾分析在我院检查并手术的542例患者708个甲状腺病灶的超声影像资料,二维超声测量各个结节的前后、上下及左右最大径,计算结节最大纵断面纵横比(前后/上下,A/TL)及最大横断面纵横比(前后/左右,A/Tc),比较二者对于甲状腺癌诊断准确性的差异;同时将癌结节按大小分为3组:A组166个结节,直径≤1 cm;B组87个结节,直径≤2 cm;C组153个结节,直径＞2 cm.分析比较纵横比对于不同大小甲状腺癌诊断敏感性的差异.结果 甲状腺癌结节中A/TL≥1及A/TC≥1者所占比例大于良性结节,二者差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001).A/TC≥1诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性高于A/TL≥1,但其特异性低于A/TL≥1.A/TL≥1及A/TC≥1诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性三组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),随着甲状腺癌结节体积的增大,纵横比对甲状腺癌的诊断敏感性逐渐下降,三组中A/TC诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性均高于A/TL.结论 A/TC≥1诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性高于A/TL≥1,该指标的应用有助于提高甲状腺癌的检出率.对于较大的甲状腺占位病灶要结合其他评估指标综合判断.     

二维超声、超声造影及细针穿刺针感赋值评分在TI-RADS 3～4级甲状腺微小结节鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨二维超声、超声造影及超声引导下细针穿刺(US-FNA)针感赋值评分在甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)3~4级甲状腺微小结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取我院经病理证实的TI-RADS 3~4级甲状腺微小结节患者149例(共计149个结节),其中良性结节87个,恶性结节62个。比较良恶性结节的二维超声特征、超声造影特征及US-FNA针感情况;ROC曲线分析单独及联合赋值评分诊断恶性结节的相应截断值,并计算其诊断效能。结果良、恶性微小结节的二维超声征象即形态不规则、极低回声及低回声、微钙化及粗钙化、纵横比、声晕、声衰减比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);良、恶性微小结节的超声造影特征即增强模式、增强类型及增强速度比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);良、恶性微小结节的US-FNA针感比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。二维超声、超声造影及USFNA针感两两联合赋值评分对甲状腺恶性微小结节的诊断准确率均可达80%以上,三者联合赋值评分诊断甲状腺恶性微小结节的敏感性最高(90.3%),其中超声造影、US-FNA联合赋值评分诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确率均可达80%以上(分别为80.6%、83.9%及82.3%)。结论对二维超声、超声造影及US-FNA相关指标进行联合赋值评分,可以提高TIRADS 3~4级甲状腺微小结节的诊断水平。     

声触诊组织成像鉴别诊断TI-RADS 4级甲状腺良恶性结节的临床研究

目的 评价声触诊组织成像(VTI)在甲状腺超声影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)4级结节良、恶性诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析86例甲状腺结节患者共89个结节(良性44个,恶性45个),均行常规超声检查及VTI.所有结节分别按照TI-RADS 4级分类及VTI标准进行评分,以病理检查结果为金标准,构建受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线),比较VTI评分与联合评分(VTI与TI-RADS 4级分类)对TI-RADS 4级甲状腺结节良、恶性的鉴别诊断价值.结果 良、恶性TI-RADS 4级结节的VTI评分值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.789.以VTI≥4分作为诊断截断点,灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为60.00％、86.36％、73.03％.良、恶性TI-RADS 4级结节的联合评分值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),AUC为0.819.以联合评分≥6分作为诊断截断点,灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为68.89％、88.64％、78.65％.两者AUC差异无统计学意义(Z=0.80,P＞0.05),但联合评分的准确度较VTI评分显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 VTI在TI-RADS 4级甲状腺结节良、恶性鉴别诊断方面有较高的应用价值.联合评分法细分TI-RADS 4级甲状腺结节有较高的准确率.     

桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺结节的超声弹性成像分析

目的探究应用超声弹性成像技术评价桥本病(HT)背景下甲状腺结节良恶性诊断效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的46例桥本病患者,共54个甲状腺结节常规超声及超声弹性评分结果,并对其应用甲状腺次全切除术或甲状腺全切术。比较常规超声和超声弹性成像技术对其良恶性诊断价值的差异。结果术后病理显示,46例患者共有54个病灶,其中恶性结节33个,平均直径为(1.59±0.94)cm;良性结节21个,平均直径为(1.68±0.63)cm,良恶性结节直径比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。33个恶性结节中,常规超声诊断恶性27个,良性6个;超声弹性成像诊断恶性32个,良性1个。21个良性结节中,常规超声诊断恶性4个,良性17个;超声弹性成像诊断恶性3个,良性18个。常规超声灵敏度为81.82%、特异度为80.95%、阳性预测值87.10%、阴性预测值73.91%、符合率为81.48%。超声弹性成像灵敏度为96.97%、特异度为85.71%、阳性预测值为91.43%、阴性预测值为94.74%、符合率为92.59%。超声弹性成像的灵敏度、阴性预测值均显著高于常规超声,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而两者的特异度和阳性预测值则无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 HT背景下甲状腺结节的诊断应用超声弹性成像具有较高的灵敏度,但特异度无显著优势,需临床上结合二维超声共同进行诊断。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.