经肛门内镜联合腹腔镜治疗结直肠肿瘤

目的探讨经肛门内镜联合腹腔镜治疗直肠和乙状结肠肿瘤的可行性及近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年5月至2011年5月间在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院接受经肛门内镜联合腹腔镜手术治疗的26例直肠和乙状结肠肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果26例患者均在腹腔镜下成功完成手术,无中转开腹,均未行保护性末端回肠造口。手术时间为（151．6±25．9）min,术中失血量为（200．2±114．7）ml,术后排气时间为（2．0±0．5）d。肿瘤大小为（3．0±0．7）cm,所有手术切缘均阴性,淋巴结检出数为（12．9±2．2）枚。术后有6例患者出现吻合口瘘,均为低位直肠肿瘤患者,其中5例出现于前15例患者中,后11例患者仅1例出现吻合口瘘。全组无输尿管损伤、术后肠梗阻及肺部感染病例。结论经肛门内镜联合腹腔镜技术治疗结直肠肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创手术方式．是将腹腔镜技术与经自然腔道手术概念相结合的一种进步。     

腹腔镜联合经肛门内镜显微手术治疗中高位直肠癌的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合经肛门内镜显微手术（ transanal endoscopic microsurgery ,TEM）技术在直肠癌中的应用价值。方法选择我院2009年12月-2013年12月中高位直肠癌60例,随机分为腹腔镜联合TEM手术组（联合组）与常规腹腔镜手术组（腹腔镜组）各30例。2组年龄、性别、肿瘤分期、肿瘤病理类型和肿瘤大小、肿瘤距肛门距离等差异均无显著性。比较2组手术时间,住院时间,术中输血例数,清扫淋巴结数量,术后下床活动、排气、进食时间及术后并发症。结果与腹腔镜组相比,联合组的手术时间短[（118．5±22．0） min vs．（138．1±23．8） min, t＝-3．306, P＝0．002],下床活动早[（60．4±19．2） h vs．（83．6±9．6） h, t＝-5．920, P＝0．001],排气早[（81．4±5．4） h vs．（86．2±8．7） h, t＝-2．568, P＝0．013],住院时间短[（8．0±2．8） d vs．（11．0±3．5） d, t＝-3．666, P＝0．001]。2组术中输血例数、淋巴结清扫数量、术后进流食时间、术后并发症差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。2组均获随访,时间3-48个月,中位数28个月。均无局部复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜联合TEM行高位直肠癌体外根治性切除术是一种安全可靠的、更加微创的手术方式。     

经肛门内镜手术治疗结直肠肿瘤可行性研究

目的 评估经肛门内镜显微手术治疗结直肠肿瘤的临床应用可行性,探讨手术中操作困难的处理策略。方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院外科2006年9月至2008年6月期间36例经肛门内镜显微手术病人的临床资料。结果 36例病人均成功完成经肛门内镜显微手术,无中转开腹病例。平均手术时间为71（20~200）min。术后病理：腺瘤22例,腺癌8例,类癌5例,炎性肿块1例。术后平均住院时间为4.7（3~9）d。并发症方面：1例术后有肛门内出血,1例术后有暂时性排便失禁感。1例术后5个月发现直肠肿瘤复发。结论 经肛门内镜显微手术是一种对直肠中、上段及乙状结肠下段肿瘤有效、安全、可行性强的微创切除手术。严格选择病例,注意临床处理策略,经肛门内镜显微手术可取得和传统手术相仿甚至更优的结果,且住院时间短,并发症少,有良好的临床应用前景。     

腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除在重度功能性便秘治疗中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除（laparoscopic assisted subtotal colectomy,LASC）联合改良Duhamel手术治疗重度功能性便秘（severe functional constipation,SFC）的效果。方法2005年6月~2007年10月,我们对100例SFC患者行LASC联合改良Duhamel手术,在腹腔镜下完成全结肠游离,在下腹部做小切口进腹,行保留回盲部的结肠次全切除,升结肠直肠侧侧吻合。结果LASC完成98例,中转开腹2例。98例LASC腹腔镜下手术时间（76±23）min（48~125min）,总手术时间（170±42）min（140~225min）,术中出血量（35±18）ml（10~160ml）。术后肠道功能恢复时间（42±12）h（25~52h）,无切口感染、吻合口漏等并发症。术后1周内,2例轻度脱水,2例不全性小肠梗阻,经保守治疗缓解。96例无并发症者术后住院时间（7.0±1.5）d（5~11d）。术后1年,90例便秘症状均明显缓解（大便次数1~3次/d）,7例腹泻（大便次数4~6次/d）,3例有轻度便秘复发（大便次数2~3d一次）。术后1年胃肠生活质量（GIQOL）指数（109±20）分（满分144分）,而术前仅为（94±23）分。83例对排便频率感到满意。结论LASC联合改良Duhamel手术是治疗SFC的有效方法,LASC创伤小,对机体内环境影响少,患者术后恢复快,并发症少,符合损伤控制的理念,值得推广应用。     

经肛门内镜显微手术

局部切除术在直肠肿瘤的现代治疗中起着有限的但又十分重要的作用。由于其具有创伤小，保留肛门括约肌功能，消除永久性肠造口所带来的极大不便等优点，因而越来越受到重视和欢迎。对于某些经严格选择的病例，如直肠腺瘤或早期直肠癌，局部切除术甚至可以代替传统的根治性手术。经肛门内镜显微手术（transanal endoscopic microsurgery，TEM）是一种治疗直肠肿瘤相对较新的，经内镜能完成切除、止血、缝合等系列操作的微创外科技术，不同于传统的经肛门切除术和一般的内镜下肿瘤电切术。其兼备内镜、腹腔镜和显微手术的优点，微创、显露良好，切除精确，能切除较高部位的直肠肿瘤，并能获取高质量的肿瘤标本用于准确的病理分期。     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠肿瘤12例

为探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的手术效果,回顾分析12例行TEM的直肠肿瘤患者资料。结果显示,12例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除,平均手术时间90min（60-200min）。无术后出血、吻合口感染、吻合口漏。2例术后肛门轻度疼痛,2例暂时性不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示9例腺瘤（管状腺瘤3例,绒毛状腺瘤4例,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,其中2例伴高级别上皮内瘤变）,1例肌层内有钙化灶,1例直肠黏膜炎性组织,1例低危间质瘤（直径〈1．0cm）。随访1～12个月,1例管状腺瘤患者于术后3个月局部复发。结果表明,TEM治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌安全、有效。     

经肛门内镜显微手术切除直肠肿瘤的近况

经肛门内镜显微手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery, TEM)是一种对直肠中、上段,乙状结肠下段肿瘤有效、安全、可行性强的外科切除技术,由Buess设计发明,并于1983年首次报道.TEM符合肿瘤学原则,对严格选择的病例可取得和传统手术相仿甚至更好的效果,且住院时间短,并发症少.本文对TEM的特殊器械及手术方法、适应证、临床应用结果、并发症等进行综述,并对笔者的初步经验进行概括.     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗商肠良性肿瘤的临床研究

为探讨肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠良性肿瘤的临床效果,回顾于我科行TEM（观察组,32例）和传统经肛门局部切除术（对照组,46例）治疗的直肠良性肿瘤患者资料,并就手术安全性、患者术后恢复情况及肿瘤学疗效指标等进行对比分析。结果显示,两组手术切除标本完整性和可评估性均无差异,且切缘均无肿瘤细胞残留;但观察组术中出血量、手术时间及术后下床活动时间、导尿管留置时间、开始进食时间、住院时间均明显少于对照组P＜0.05。结果表明,TEM治疗直肠良性肿瘤的肿瘤学疗效与传统经肛门局部切除术治疗相当,但前者更加微创、安全、术中出血更少,患者术后恢复更快。     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠癌

经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)由德国医生Buess等于1980年开始研发,于1983年首次应用于临床,并于2001年详尽描述其设计思路及临床应用。TEM于1995年引入香港,2003年蒙嘉兴等首次报道了中国的TEM资料。该技术发明之初仅用于治疗乙状结肠及直肠的良性疾病,后治疗范围不断扩大,现已应用于治疗直肠癌。现就近年来国内、外采用TEM治疗直肠癌的情况作一介绍。     

经肛门内镜显微手术在直肠肿瘤切除中的应用

目的 评估经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的近期疗效,并对创面缝合方法进行探讨.方法 对经TEM治疗的19例直肠肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组患者中直肠良性肿瘤13例,直肠类癌2例,T1期直肠癌1例,T2期直肠癌3例.手术时间为40~100（平均58.3） min,其中10例未予以创面缝合,6例采用连续缝合后银夹固定,3例采用强生自动打结线盒缝合.所有肿瘤均获完整切除,切缘阴性.术后1例患者少量出血,2例出现低热 未见切口并发症及肛门功能障碍.随访中除1例腺瘤恶变患者可疑复发外,余未见复发及其他异常.结论 TEM治疗直肠肿瘤的安全有效 为直肠肿瘤局部切除提供了一种新的选择.     

Decision for salvage treatment after transanal endoscopic microsurgery

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has emerged as an alternative to classic radical operation for early rectal cancer. Early rectal cancer can be treated by adequate local excision such as TEM. If there are adverse risk factors, especially poor cellular differentiation, close resection margin, or positive lymphovascular invasion or incomplete excision, a radical resection is indicated. This study aimed to clarify the factors related to recurrence for patients required to undergo a salvage operation after TEM. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 167 patients who underwent TEM for rectal cancer between 1994 and 2004. Of these patients, 36 with poor differentiation, mucinous carcinoma, proper muscle invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and positive resection margin were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients, 12 underwent a salvage operation, and the remaining 24 did not because of poor physical condition or refusal of radical surgery. There were a total of 6 (16.7%) recurrences. One (8.3%) of the 12 patients who underwent salvage surgery had systemic recurrence. Five (20.8%) of the 24 patients who did not receive surgery had recurrence (3 local recurrences, 2 distant recurrences). Analysis of the subgroups showed that 2 (28.6%) of 7 patients with lymphovascular invasion had recurrence, and that 1 patient (100%) had a T3 lesion. Three (17.6%) of 17 patients had T2 lesions. CONCLUSIONS: For high-risk patients, TEM followed by radical surgery is the most beneficial in preventing local recurrence. Radical salvage surgery is strongly recommended if pathologic results after TEM show T3 lesion or lymphovascular invasion.     

经肛门内窥镜下微创外科技术治疗直肠肿瘤120例临床经验

目的评价经肛门内窥镜微创外科技术（TEM）治疗直肠宽基腺瘤和早期直肠癌的应用效果。方法分析评价2005年5月至2009年2月120例TEM手术的临床资料。结果本组患者肿瘤直径中位值2．5cm，肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离（8．4±3．2）cm，肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围（32．3±18．5）％。平均手术时间（80±45）min。平均住院日5．2d。无围手术期死亡。手术并发症有直肠穿孔、创面裂开和短暂性大便失禁。病理示直肠腺瘤72例、直肠腺癌34例、直肠类癌12例、直肠间质瘤2例。34例腺癌中pTis9例，pT119例和pT26例。直肠癌术前腔内超声分期符合率为83．3％。平均随访21个月，有2例患者有局部复发。结论TEM手术创伤小、痛苦少、住院时间短、保留肛门括约肌；既可作为直肠宽基腺瘤和pT1期直肠癌的治愈性手术，也可作为pT2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: clinical and functional results

OBJECTIVE: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has become increasingly common in the management of rectal adenomas and also in selected cases of rectal carcinomas. The aim of this study was to assess the results in a consecutive series of patients after introducing the TEM technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 58 patients operated with TEM from January 1996 to January 1999 were evaluated in a retrospective review. Forty-eight patients answered a clinically validated questionnaire a median of 22 months after TEM. Eighty patients who had undergone transanal excision and 12 who had undergone York Mason's procedure served as a reference group with respect to recurrence rates. RESULTS: The complication rate was 5% (immediate) and 14% (long-term). The overall 30-day mortality rate was zero. An impairment of continence was seen in 18 (37%) patients. Of these, all 18 experienced varying degree of incontinence to liquid stool, 14 also to flatus and 5 of them even to solid stool. The recurrence rate was 11% in adenomas and 14% in cancers; T1, 1 (10%) recurrence and T2, 1 (50%) recurrence. There was a correlation between operating time and impairment of continence as well as recurrence rate. CONCLUSION: TEM is a safe procedure, having a low recurrence rate and an acceptable functional outcome.     

Benign rectal strictures managed with transanal resection – A novel application for transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Objective Six cases of management of rectal strictures by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) are described. Method Patients are placed in the lithotomy – Trendelenburg position and the stricture is resected from 4–8 o’clock through the entire thickness of the fibrosis. The upper resection edge is mobilized including all layers of the rectal wall and the defect is sutured along the circumference. Results Satisfactory anatomical and functional long‐term results were obtained in 5 of 6 patients. Conclusion TEM resection of benign strictures is feasible in some patients and should be tested in a randomized study against known procedures.     

Follow-up after transanal endoscopic microsurgery or transanal excision of large benign rectal polyps

Methods: Between January 1986 and December 1995, 238 patients with benign rectal polyps under-went either transanal endoscopic microsurgery (n = 226) or transanal excision (n = 12) at the Clinic of General and Abdominal Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz. Results: Mean polyp size was 4.2 cm; 89.1% of polyps measured more than 2 cm in diameter. In 89.1% of cases, histological analysis revealed polyps containing tubulovillous or villous adenomas. Synchronous colonic polyps were detected in 12.5% of patients. Follow-up data are available on 222 patients (94%). At follow-up examination, 169 of the 193 surviving patients (87.6%) were recurrence free. Seven of 193 patients (3.6%) had developed neoplastic colonic polyps and, in 17 patients (8.8%), metachronous polyps were detected. Conclusions: Transanal endoscopic microsurgical polypectomy was furthermore demonstrated to be a low-risk procedure with a low recurrence rate for the complete resection of large rectal polyps. At a follow-up rate of 61.1%, the incidence of metachronous carcinoma ranged at 3.1%, which is markedly below the rate of 8–18% for tubulovillous or villous adenomas larger than 1 cm in diameter cited in the literature. Received: 24 October 1997 / Accepted: 13 July 1998     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗32例直肠腺瘤

目的 评估经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）治疗直肠腺瘤临床应用的安全性及疗效.方法 2006年9月至2010年2月共32例术前诊断为直肠腺瘤的患者接受TEM治疗,总结其治疗结果.结果 全组患者肿瘤直径0.6～10.0（2.31.2）cm.手术时间为20～180（平均70）min,术中平均出血量小于10 ml,无中转开腹手术.22例（68.8%）行创面缝合,其中全层切除14例;有2例上段直肠肿瘤行全层切除时切穿至腹膜腔,予腔内连续缝合修补破损,术后均未发生肠漏.R0切除31例（96.9%）.术后病理示单纯腺瘤12例;腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变10例;腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变5例;腺瘤局灶癌变5例,均为T1期.术后并发肛门出血、急性尿潴留和肺部感染各1例.术后平均住院时间为4.5（3～8）d;平均随访23（2～43）个月,2例出现复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、切除精确,是一种对直肠较大腺瘤安全有效的微创手术方法.     

Outcomes for early rectal cancer managed with transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Background This study aimed to evaluate the long-term risk of local and distant recurrence as well as the survival of patients with early rectal cancer treated using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Methods The study reviewed 69 patients with T_is/T₁/T₂ rectal cancer treated using full-thickness excision between 1991 and 1999. The pathology T-stages included 25 T_is, 23 T₁, and 21 T₂. The median follow-up period was 6.5 years (range 5–10.2 years). Results The overall local recurrence rate was 8.7%. The 5-year local recurrence rate was 8% for T_is, 8.6% for T₁, and 9.5% for T₂. All six patients with recurrence were managed surgically. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 100% for T_is, 100% for T₁, and 70% for T₂. The overall cancer-related mortality rate was 7.2%. Conclusions After local excision of early rectal cancer, a substantial local recurrence rate is observed. Patients with recurrent T_is/T₁ cancers who undergo a salvage operation may achieve good long-term outcome. Local treatment without adjuvant therapy for T₂ rectal cancers appears inadequate. Presented in part at the Annual Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) meeting, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA, 13–16 April 2005     

经肛门内镜微创手术的临床应用现状及前景展望

随着人们对健康关注度的提高及术前影像学（如超声内镜、CT、MRI 等）的广泛应用,越来越多的直肠肿瘤患者特别是 Tis期、T1期、直肠良性腺瘤患者被发现。由于外科手术器械及手术技巧的重大进步,经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）逐渐成为治疗 Tis 期、T1期、直肠良性腺瘤的首选手术方式,国内外部分医院已开展这项手术。而新辅助放化疗联合 TEM 能否用于 T2期直肠癌的治疗是目前人们关注的焦点。本文综述近30年来 TEM 的临床应用并展望其治疗直肠恶性肿瘤的前景。