实变型肺癌与结核性肺实变CT影像对照分析

目的探讨实变型肺癌与肺结核实变的CT影像的差异，减少误诊率。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年8月50例肺叶肺段实变表现的肺癌与同期50例肺结核实变的CT影像资料。分别对两组实变的分布、密度、空洞、支气管充气征、磨玻璃征、血管造影征、叶裂膨出征以及其他肺野不同特点的播散病变进行统计分析并进行卡方检验。结果有显著统计学意义的影像包括，多发肺叶肺段实变（肺癌22例，结核9例）、单发下叶肺实变（肺癌17例，结核10例），均匀肺实变（肺癌36例，结核17例）、实变伴液化（肺癌4例，结核33例）、空洞或囊腔（肺癌10例，结核28例），实变内充气支气管管腔狭窄（肺癌18例，结核7例）、管腔扩张（肺癌4例，结核15例），实变周围边界清楚的磨玻璃征（肺癌7例，结核0）。结论实变的密度、好发部位、病变多叶多段分布、是否易于形成液化空洞、环绕于实变周围分界清楚的磨玻璃征及多种性质弗存的气道播散病变影像等对鉴别诊断有一定价值，但仍需综合各种征象及临床资料进行诊断。     

实变型肺癌与结核性肺实变CT影像对照分析

目的探讨实变型肺癌与肺结核实变的CT影像的差异,减少误诊率。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年8月50例肺叶、肺段实变表现的肺癌与同期50例肺结核实变的CT影像资料。分别对两组实变的分布、密度、空洞、支气管充气征、磨玻璃征、血管造影征、叶裂膨出征以及其他肺野不同特点的播散病变进行统计分析并进行卡方检验。结果有统计学意义的影像包括,多发肺叶、肺段实变(肺癌22例,结核9例)、单发下叶肺实变(肺癌17例,结核10例),均匀肺实变(肺癌36例,结核17例)、实变伴液化(肺癌4例,结核33例)、空洞或囊腔(肺癌10,结核28例),实变内充气支气管管腔狭窄(肺癌18例,结核7例)、管腔扩张(肺癌4例,结核15例),实变周围边界清楚的磨玻璃征(肺癌7例,无结核病例)。结论实变的密度、好发部位、病变多叶多段分布、是否易于形成液化空洞、环绕于实变周围分界清楚的磨玻璃征及多种性质并存的气道播散病变影像等对鉴别诊断有一定价值,但仍需综合各种征象及临床资料进行诊断。     

肺炎型肺癌的影像学特征及其病理学基础(附27例报告)

回顾性分析27例肺炎型肺癌患者的临床、病理及影像学检查资料。其影像学特点为单纯磨玻璃密度影,磨玻璃密度影与结节共存,单纯肺叶、肺段实变阴影,肺叶、肺段实变并空泡及蜂窝状阴影,混合阴影。磨玻璃密度影的病理学基础是癌细胞沿肺泡壁匍匐生长及其分泌的黏液在肺泡腔中部分充填。实变阴影的病理基础为癌细胞大部分或完全充填肺泡腔并沿肺泡孔及细支气管播散、蔓延;癌细胞分秘的黏液在气腔中完全充填;细小癌组织周围伴有出血及肺炎。空泡影的病理学基础是实变影内的充气支气管断面像。蜂窝影的病理学基础是癌细胞侵犯间质及癌组织纤维增生。认为肺炎型肺癌的影像学表现有一定特征性,在一定程度上可反映其病理学特点,可对肺炎型肺癌的诊断和治疗提供有价值的依据。     

46例炎症型肺癌CT影像分析

目的 进一步认识“炎症型”肺癌的CT表现，减少临床误诊率。方法回顾性分析46例临床证实以实变为主要表现的“炎症型”肺癌患者的临床及CT资料，探讨CT对“炎症型”肺癌的诊断价值。结果46例患者中多发肺实变20例（43．5％），单发肺实变26例（56．5％），其中位于上叶6例、中叶4例、下叶16例；密度均匀29例（63．O％），合并单发或多发含气囊腔样病变14例（30．4％），局限低密度液化3例（6．5％）；实变内充气支气管征41例（89．1％），其中充气支气管狭窄25例（61．0％）；实变周围磨玻璃征40例（87．O％），边界模糊或清晰；15例（32．6％）可见多发结节及斑片，沿小叶中心及细支气管中心分布。30例行CT增强扫描，23例（76．7％）强化明显，7例强化不明显并出现“血管造影”征。结论实变密度均匀、以下叶分布为主、实变内充气支气管狭窄、边界清楚的“磨玻璃”征、血管造影征等特点有助于炎症型肺癌的诊断，但一部分炎症型肺癌的CT表现不具有特征性，仍需结合临床特征进行综合判断。     

重症甲型H1N1流感并肺炎的CT表现

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感并肺炎的CT表现。方法 5例临床确诊甲型H1N1流感的重症患者共8次胸部CT扫描(复查3例)资料。结果 5例中均为双肺多叶、多段实变灶,无明显肺叶、肺段或特定体位分布趋势;大片肺实变表现为双侧沿支气管树分布的肺段实变;内有明显的空气支气管征;相邻肺段实变融合或在叶间裂处相邻的肺叶实变扩展,于影像接触部位融合,形成更大片实变影;肺内小病灶均为双肺多发,呈类圆形或棉团状,沿肺纹理分布最多见;大片肺实变可呈均匀致密实变、磨玻璃样变、蜂窝状实变,小病灶与大片实变灶一致,磨玻璃样变可出现在初诊和吸收期病例;反应性胸膜增厚及胸膜积液常见;无纵膈、肺门淋巴结肿大。结论 CT改变提示:甲型H1N1重症病例并肺炎在病程发展阶段,病变有经支气管肺泡系播散的特点。     

肺炎型肺癌的影像诊断与病理对照分析研究

目的探讨肺炎型肺癌的特征与病理对照及诊断价值。方法分析32例经病理证明的肺炎型肺癌的临床、病理、影像资料。结果 32例肺炎型肺癌中,支气管肺泡癌25例,7例腺癌。影像学分为6型:单纯磨玻璃影肿块6例,磨玻璃伴结节影响9例,6例为肺叶及肺段分布实变影,5例为肺叶及肺段实变伴空泡及蜂窝状影,5例为肺炎变并纤维化及肿块,1例为混合阴影。影像学特点:病变范围逐渐增大及病变形态由磨玻璃或实变影逐渐进展为结节、纤维化、蜂窝及肿块,以及出现淋巴及远处转移。结论肺炎性肺癌影像学表现多样性,动态观察影像学具有一定特征性。     

肺结核之肺切除术

目的总结肺结核肺切除术的手术适应症及经验。方法2000年-2006年,252例肺结核患者接受手术治疗,其中全肺切除术17例,复合肺叶切除术10例,肺叶切除术148例,局限性肺切除术77例;空洞性病变86例,结核球或干酪灶115例,支气管病变或肺不可逆病变32例,毁损肺19例。结果手术死亡2例,痰菌阴转率92．9％,一次手术治愈率92．5％,复发率4．0%,术后发生支气管胸膜瘘11例（4．4％）,结核播散6例（2．4％）。结论肺切除术是治疗特殊类型肺结核的有效手段,但应准确掌握手术适应症、把握手术时机。     

局限性肺实变病灶的CT表现特点分析

目的 分析局限性肺实变病灶的CT影像特点,以提高CT诊断与鉴别诊断局限性肺实变病灶的水平。 方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院2009年1月至2013年12月间96例经CT引导下病变穿刺活检病理证实的CT表现为局部肺实变的影像学资料。对所有患者的计数资料行χ^2验。 结果 （1）病变分布：表现为多发肺段和单发肺段,在多发肺段分布中,肺结核22例（22/36）、肺癌5例（5/20）、肺淋巴瘤5例（5/8）、肺真菌病9例（9/15）及机化性肺炎2例（2/17）;在单发肺段分布中：肺结核14例（14/36）、肺癌15例（15/20）、肺淋巴瘤3例（3/8）、肺真菌病6例（6/15）及机化性肺炎15例（15/17）,两组间差异有统计学意义（χ^216.961,P〈0.01）;不同病种病变分布之间进行比较,肺结核及机化性肺炎的差异有统计学意义（χ^211.348,P〈0.005）。（2）病变的形态：表现为段性实变和亚段性实变。在段性实变中,肺结核30例（30/36）、肺癌9例（9/20）、肺淋巴瘤5例（5/8）、肺真菌病5例（5/15）及机化性肺炎5例（5/17）;在亚段性实变中,肺结核6例（6/36）、肺癌11例（11/20）、肺淋巴瘤3例（3/8）、肺真菌病10例（10/15）及机化性肺炎12例（12/17）,两组间差异有统计学意义（χ^220.062,P〈0.01）;不同病种病变形态之间进行比较,发现肺结核组分别与肺癌、肺真菌病、机化性肺炎组差异均有统计学意义（χ^2分别为8.936、12.295及14.970,P值均＜0.005）。（3）主体病变支气管气像：在主体病变呈现支气管气像的患者中,肺结核31例（31/36）、肺癌12例（12/20）、肺淋巴瘤7例（7/8）、肺真菌病12例（12/15）及机化性肺炎5例（5/17）,差异有统计学意义（χ^220.536,P〈0.01）;其中机化性肺炎分别与肺结核、肺真菌病两两比较差异均有统计学意义（χ^2分别为17.039、8.189,P值均＜0.005）。（4）病变强化：在所有患者经过CT增强扫描后发现,肺结核22例（22/36）、肺癌20例（20/20）、肺淋巴瘤8例（8/8）、肺真菌病12例（12/15）及机化性肺炎14例（14/17）的病灶出现强化,差异有统计学意义（χ^214.595,P〈0.01）;其中肺结核与肺癌组间比较差异有统计学意义（χ^210.370,P〈0.005）。（5）主体病变的周围病变：在肺结核34例（34/36）、肺癌2例（2/20）、肺淋巴瘤6例（6/8）、肺真菌病15例（15/15）及机化性肺炎11例（11/17）的主体病变外周出现周围病灶,差异有统计学意义（χ^212.067,P〈0.01）;其中肺癌组与肺结核、机化性肺炎组两两比较差异均有统计学意义（χ^2分别为39.933、7.968,P值均＜0.005）。（6）CT影像诊断符合率：与CT引导下肺穿刺活检结果相比较,5组患者诊断符合率在50.0%～80.6%之间。 结论 局限性肺实变的病变分布、形态、支气管气像、主体病变外周围病灶及病变主体强化等CT影像特点对肺部疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断具有一定价值。     

肺癌肺内转移的多形性CT影像表现

目的评价肺癌肺内转移在CT影像上的各种形态表现。方法194例病例，其中男106例，女88例，平均45岁。原发肿瘤包括鳞癌56例（28．9％），腺癌107例（55．2％），小细胞肺癌26例（13．4％），腺鳞癌5例（2．6％）。结果肺癌肺内血行转移主要以实性结节最为常见，其少见影像可表现为空洞转移、磨玻璃转移、转移病灶边缘毛糙和/或胸膜凹陷征以及转移灶内可见含气支气管气像，并主要见于肺腺癌；淋巴道转移表现为支气管血管柬不规则结节状增厚。小叶间隔增厚呈串珠状或胸膜下多角形细线结构。结论肺癌肺内转移可呈多形性影像表现。     

肺结核患者的不典型CT表现

目的 探讨和分析肺结核患者的不典型CT表现特点。 方法 回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2012年9月CT表现不典型的肺结核患者73例,根据其图像特点进行分类并分析。 结果 所有患者按图像特点分为6型,其中多空洞型7例,表现为肺内多发空洞,无结核播散灶;肺间质型20例,表现为肺内大片细网织样密度增高影,与周围正常肺组织分界清晰,病变区内部分病灶融合实变,并可见多发垂直于胸膜的小叶间隔增厚影;雪花型16例,4例合并间质型,表现为多发腺泡样结节沿小支气管及其分支周围分布,受累各级支气管管腔充盈,内形成多发“小树芽征”及小叶性实变;肿块型29例,病灶边缘可见光滑、深分叶、长毛刺及胸膜凹陷征,未见短毛刺征,病灶平扫为等密度,其中3例肿块呈薄壁或厚环形强化,7例有不同程度的强化;肺门及纵隔淋巴结结核并假性动脉瘤型1例,表现为环形强化的淋巴结内出现假性动脉瘤;实变型4例,为多发段、叶实变,段、叶支气管腔内无异常改变。 结论6种肺结核的不典型CT表现中,肺间质型、雪花型和肺门及纵隔淋巴结结核并假性动脉瘤型有一定特异性,但所有类型需结合临床、化验检查等做出诊断。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.