368例肺结核患者抗结核药物所致肝功能损害的临床分析

目的探讨临床应用的一线抗结核药物引起肝损害状况。方法对比分析乙肝病毒感染单纯HBsAg(+)、HBsAg(+)和HBeAg(+)、HBsAg(+)和HBeAb(+)以及丙肝病毒携带者和肝炎病毒阴性患者之间经过抗结核治疗后肝功能损害情况。结果368例病例中,肝功能损害总的发生率为16.4%(59/358),乙肝HBeAg(+)、乙肝HBeAb(+)及丙肝病毒感染组发生肝功能损害的比率明显高于乙肝病毒阴性组和单纯HBsAg(+)组,乙肝病毒阴性组和单纯HBsAg(+)组发生肝功能损害的情况统计学上无差异。同时还发现,大于60岁年龄组发生肝功能损害的几率要明显高于小于60岁的年龄组。结论合并肝炎病毒感染、老年、是抗结核药物引起肝功能损害的主要危险因素,临床应用抗结核药物时,针对此类病人需密切关注其肝功能损害情况。     

抗结核药物对肺结核合并乙肝患者肝功能及HBV-DNA水平影响

目的探讨抗结核药物对肺结核合并乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者肝损害与HBV-DNA水平影响,及抗结核药物性肝损害与HBV感染的相关性。方法选110例合并乙肝的肺结核患者,依据血清HBV-DNA水平分为高水平组64例、低水平组46例,68例HBeAg阳性组与42例HBeAg阴性组,均给予抗结核治疗,比较患者肝损害发生率、损害程度,分析肝损害与血清HBV-DNA定量水平相关性。结果高水平组肝损害发生率高于低水平组(P0.05),肝损害发生率与HBV-DNA水平有关;HBeAg阴性组血清HBV-DNA水平与ALT、AST、TBI呈显著正相关(P0.05);高水平组肝功能损伤时间明显低于低水平组(P0.05),肝功能恢复时间明显高于低水平组(P0.05)。结论肺结核合并乙肝患者化疗期间需密切监测肝功能,应用保肝药物,HBV-DNA阳性者需抗病毒治疗。     

前S1抗原在乙肝病毒感染与复制中的作用

目的 传统乙肝血清标志物是目前我国用于乙肝检测与筛查较普及的指标,但传统乙肝HBV-M检测在病毒复制等一些方面尚有不足.本研究分析前S1（Pre-S1）抗原在判断乙肝病毒的感染与复制中的作用.方法 HBV-M和Pre-S1抗原检测采用ELISA法;HBV DNA检测采用实时荧光定量PCR技术.结果 （1）Pre-S1抗原在乙肝病毒早期感染中的作用：787例ALT正常血清中,Pre-S1抗原阳性34例,HBV-M检测HBsAg（＋）2例,HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋）1例,HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋）、HBcAb（＋）7例,HBsAg（＋）、HBeAb（＋）、HBcAb（＋）18例,HBsAg（＋）、HBcAb（＋）4例,HBV DNA阳性35例,三者检出结果高度符合,无显著差异（P＞0.05）.（2）Pre-S1抗原在乙肝病毒复制中的作用：816例慢性乙肝患者中,HBeAg（＋）/HBeAb（-）396例,Pre-S1抗原阳性357例,HBV DNA阳性371例,阳性检出率分别为90.1%和93.6%.HBeAg（-）/HBeAb（＋）285例,Pre-S1抗原阳性223例,HBV DNA阳性247例,阳性检出率分别为78.2%和86.7%.HBeAg（-）/HBeAb（-）135例,Pre-S1抗原阳性85例,HBV DNA阳性105例,阳性检出率分别为62.9%和77.7%,若以HBV DNA≥103copy/ml为判断乙肝病毒存在复制的标准,则Pre-S1抗原的检出率为79%（414/525）,HBeAg（＋）的检出率为32.7%（172/525）;Pre-S1抗原、HBeAg（＋）与HBV DNA的总符合率分别为78.8%（615/723）、45.5%（327/723）,HBV DNA与Pre-S1抗原检出率差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,HBeAg（＋）与HBV DNA检出率差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论 Pre-S1抗原是乙肝病毒早期诊断与病毒复制的重要标志.     

血液系统恶性肿瘤患者乙型肝炎病毒感染的临床分析

目的:回顾性分析乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染在住院的血液系统疾病患者中分布情况及化疗后影响。方法:对205例血液系统疾病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据血液系统疾病及乙肝病毒抗原、抗体检测结果不同分组,以200例同期体检人员为对照,统计总体乙肝病毒感染率及治疗后肝功能损害情况。结果:淋巴瘤组HBsAg阳性率为22.95%,与体检组及其他疾病组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前肝功能异常发生率HBV感染组为14.67%,HBV未感染组的5.38%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后肝功能损害发生率HB-sAg阴性HBeAb、HBcAb阳性组为51.28%,HBV未感染组为22.31%,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:淋巴瘤患者中HBV感染率明显增高。对予HBsAg阳性患者,早期应用抗病毒药物拉米夫定并加强护肝治疗能有效降低HBV-DNA激活及肝功能损害发生率。HBsAg阴性而HBeAb、HbcAb阳性患者临床医生应提高警惕,早期检测HBV-DNA,加强护肝治疗强度,定期监测HBV-DNA及肝功能。     

抗结核药对乙肝与丙肝病毒重叠感染者肝功能的影响

目的　探讨抗结核药对乙肝与丙肝病毒重叠感染者肝功能的影响。方法 对乙肝与丙肝病毒重叠感染者(观察组),在抗结核治疗过程中肝功能的变化情况进行分析,以同期采用同样治疗方案的2种肝炎病毒均阴性(对照组)者的肝功能作为对照。结果 观察组肝损害率(50.0%)明显高于对照组(7.7%),差异有高度显著性(P<0.01),其出现的时间、恢复正常时间两组差异亦有显著性(P<0.05、P<0.01),严重程度两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 乙肝与丙肝病毒重叠感染者在抗结核治疗过程中肝功能损害发生率高,出现早,恢复慢,但程度不一定重,应注意短期内监测肝功能。     

拉米夫定对乙肝合并肺结核病患者抗结核的临床观察

目的观察拉米夫定抗病毒治疗对乙型肝炎合并肺结核患者在抗结核化疗过程中的临床作用。方法选择45例乙型肝炎合并肺结核患者,随机分为两组：抗病毒治疗＋护肝治疗＋抗结核治疗组（A组）、护肝治疗＋抗结核治疗组（B组）,观察治疗前后肝功能和HBV DNA变化情况。结果 B组肝功能明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且B组停药率明显高于A组（P〈0.05）,B组HBVDNA水平明显较A组升高（P〈0.05）。结论拉米夫定抗病毒治疗能抑制乙肝病毒的复制,防止乙肝病情的加重,从而明显减轻乙肝合并肺结核患者抗结核过程中出现的肝脏功能损害情况。     

抗结核药物导致肝功能损害的临床分析

目的：探讨抗结核药物导致肝功能损害的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析2009年1月-2010年1月我院治疗的344例肺结核患者发生肝功能损害的临床资料,对肝功能损害与年龄、用药时间、结核病类型、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的关系进行分析。结果：抗结核药物致肝功能损害大部分在用药两周至两个月时发生,年龄〉60岁、粟粒型肺结核、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的患者肝功能损害发生率高。结论：强化期内、老年肺结核、粟粒型肺结核、HBsAg阳性的患者肝功能损害发生率高,应加强临床观察及肝功能监测,并预防性应用保肝药。     

化疗对继发型肺结核合并HBsAg阳性患者肝功能的影响

目的探讨继发型肺结核合并HBsAg（＋）患者抗结核治疗对肝功能的影响。方法 对201例继发型肺结核患者在抗结核药物治疗中出现的肝损害情况进行临床分析。结果继发型肺结核合并HBsAg（＋）患者31例，抗结核治疗后出现肝损害15例；HBsAg（-）患者170例，抗结核治疗后出现肝损害47例，两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论继发型肺结核合并HBsAg（＋）患者抗结核治疗后更容易出现肝功能异常。对合并HBsAg（＋）的肺结核患者治疗时，应密切监测肝功能。     

99例HBsAg阳性肺结核患者化疗致肝功能损害研究

目的探讨HBsAg阳性肺结核患者应用抗结核药物治疗对肝功能的影响。方法收集该院住院肺结核患者179例,根据HBsAg检测情况分为观察组和对照组,对比两组患者抗结核治疗肝功能损害情况。结果观察组药物性肝损害发生率58.24%高于对照组17.05%,且两组在轻、中、重度肝损害方面差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组AST112.8±84.3IU/L和ALT153.4±87.5IU/L明显高于对照组的86.7±70.5IU/L和103.3±71.3IU/L(P0.05)。观察组肝损害时间早于对照组。结论乙肝表面抗原阳性者在抗结核治疗过程中较阴性者更易发生肝功能损害,应当选用肝损害小的药物。     

乙型肝炎

116例携带乙肝病毒的淋巴瘤患化疗后发生肝功能损害的临床分析，802例乙型肝炎患血清HBeAg／HBeAb和HBVDNA定量分析,山东地区乙型肝炎病毒基因分型的研究，乙肝病毒感染患儿细胞因子、血清标志物与HBV-DNA的相关性研究，树突状细胞治疗慢性乙型肝炎60例临床观察，乙型肝炎病毒前S1蛋白检测的临床意义，通过打破抗原特异性T细胞免疫耐受控制慢性HBV感染。[编按]     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.