综合医院住院肺结核诊断现状分析

目的了解分析综合医院住院活动性肺结核患者的诊断现状。方法对2002年1月1日—2006年5月31日北京大学人民医院控感科登记的以“肺结核”为主要诊断出院的患者住院病历进行调查并进行回顾性分析,不包括陈旧性肺结核及结核性胸腔积液。结果共统计分析患者74例,其中呼吸内科报告最多,共53例(71.6%),其次为胸外科,共13例(17.6%)。有典型结核中毒症状者仅31例(41.9%),红细胞沉降率明显增快患者者占54.1%,PPD试验阳性仅54.1%。查痰率64.9%,涂阳率54.2%。患者入院至确诊时间平均为13.15 d,≤14 d者48例(64.9%),>14d者26例(35.1%)。确诊方法主要为痰抗酸杆菌阳性(共26例,占35.1%)。经各种活检确诊共27例(36.7%),其中纤维支气管镜下活检诊断8例(10.9%),经开胸肺活检确诊17例(23.0%),经肺穿刺活检确诊1例(1.4%),淋巴结活检确诊1例(1.4%),除纤维支气管镜下活检阳性率88.9%外,其余方式活检阳性率均为100%。临床诊断20例(27.0%)。结论综合医院呼吸内科处于结核病防治的第一线,目前北京大学人民医院对大部分肺结核患者在住院2周之内确诊。主要诊断方法仍为痰找抗酸杆菌阳性,但相当一部分患者通过各种方式的活检确诊。今后应进一步提高痰菌检查率和阳性率。对于诊断不清的病例应及时进行纤维支气管镜检查(包括镜下活检),必要时行肺穿刺甚至开胸肺活检。     

纤维支气管镜在老年肺结核患者的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜在老年肺结核患者诊断和治疗中的应用。方法对168例怀疑老年肺结核的患者进行纤维支气管镜检查，有病变部位进行活检，予生理盐水20-40ml灌洗，灌洗液送检抗酸分枝杆菌培养，病理。并在肺部影像所示病变部分进行灌洗送检。结果确诊147例肺结核，合并肺癌5例（3．4％），合并支气管内膜结核者48例（32．7％）。经过治疗，在合并支气管内膜结核的48例患者中，愈合良好35例（72．9％），病变支气管管腔完全闭锁3例（6．3％），病变支气管管腔狭小10例（20．8％）。结论纤维支气管镜在老年肺结核的诊断及治疗中均有较高的应用价值。     

纤维支气管镜检查对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的评价支气管镜术对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断价值。方法对５１例老年不典型肺结核患者在纤维支气管镜直视下获取标本进行病理学和细菌学检查。结果刷检直接涂片和支气管肺泡灌洗液经离心浓集涂片同时找到抗酸杆菌２７例（５２．９％）；活检经病理学检查呈结核病变８例（１５．８％）；刷检７例（１３．７％）、支气管肺泡灌洗液４例（７．８％）、吸引物３例（５．９％）及术后痰检２例（３．９％）分别找到抗酸杆菌。结论纤维支气管镜检查对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断具有重要价值     

经支气管镜肺活检对弥漫性肺间质性疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜肺活检（TBLB）对弥漫性肺间质性疾病的诊断价值。方法51例弥漫性肺问质性疾病患者,在无X线电视透视下行TBLB,对临床资料及病理诊断结果进行分析。结果51例弥漫性肺疾病中有16例明确了病因学诊断,确诊率达31．4％。临床诊断病例共28例,诊断率达54．9％,未能明确诊断7例（13．7％）。结论纤维支气管镜肺活检对弥漫性肺间质性疾病的诊断是一种可靠、安全、简便、经济的方法,特别是在弥漫性肺疾病诊断中除外结节病、肿瘤和某些特殊类型的感染有重要价值。     

纤维支气管镜检查对肺弥漫性疾病的诊断价值

目的：了解纤维支气管镜（FB）检查对肺弥漫性病变的临床诊断价值。方法：总结1993－1999年间，经痰细胞学及细菌学检查均为阴性的肺部弥漫性病变86例行FB，并做活检，灌洗及刷片检查。结果：FB总的阳性率87．2％，镜下直视有病变51例，占59．4％，活检，灌洗液及刷检阳性率分别为69．2％、55．6％和30．8％，确诊肺癌38例中，支气管内新生物及肺活检阳性率分别为100％和84．2％，支气管肺泡灌洗液性率仅27．3％，在25例肺结核中，FB总的活检阳性率85．7％，而FB刷检和培养阳性率低16．2％，支气管镜肺活检的阳性率不因取活检次数的增加而增加，结论：FB，特别是活检是一种安全有效简便的方法，对肺弥漫性病变诊断率高，副作用小。     

胸膜活检对原因不明的渗出性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的观察胸膜活检术在渗出性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法对146例渗出性胸腔积液患者行胸膜活检，同时取胸水及痰送检抗酸杆菌及癌细胞。结果146例胸膜活检第一次活检成功率71．9％，特异性病理诊断92例，病理诊断阳性率63％。恶性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率58％，胸水细胞学检查阳性率22％，痰找癌细胞阳性率16％。结核性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率66．6％，痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率5．2％。结论胸膜活检是一项安全、简单、有效的胸膜疾病的重要的内科确诊手段。     

CT引导下经皮肺活检的临床应用

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺部周围型病变的诊断价值。方法对痰细胞学阴性及纤维支气管镜不能确诊的58例肺部周围型病变患者,在胸部CT定位下,用活检针经皮肺穿刺活检取材,行病理学诊断。结果58例患者的诊断阳性率为94．8％（55／58）,阴性率5．2％（3／58）,术后气胸7例,小量咯血2例。结论CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是一种安全的检查手段,对周围型肺部病变具有较高的诊断价值。     

对1000例初治活动性肺结核诊断方式的探讨

目的由初治活动性肺结核住院患者的资料，分析诊断肺结核的方式。方法采取回顾性分析法，将1000例患者资料输入计算机，统计分析其临床症状、体征及相关实验室检查，得到肺结核病的诊断方式。结果因症就诊患者占95．9％，咳嗽和咳痰77．7％（777例），发热50．8％（508例）。实验室中纯化蛋白衍生物皮试强阳性率515％（51／99），血清抗结核抗体阳性率61．5％（474／771），痰抗酸杆菌涂片阳性率48．8％（488例），痰结核菌培养阳性率占送检病例的57．9％（135／233）。诊断方式：实验室菌阳诊断率4914％（494例）；菌阴肺结核临床综合诊断率50．6％（506例），其中纯化蛋白衍生物皮试或血清结核抗体阳性占综合诊断的51．6％（261／506），实验室各项检测结果均阴性者占综合诊断的48．4％（245／506）。结论在我国因症就诊是发现肺结核的主要方式。对咳嗽≥2周的患者，应常规排查肺结核。肺结核痰检发现率低，菌阴肺结核的综合诊断目前仍占有重要地位。     

263例住院肺结核患者痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性检出分析

目的了解住院肺结核患者痰涂片抗酸杆菌（AFB）阳性检出特征,为肺结核诊断提供可靠依据。方法对263例住院肺结核患者痰标本直接厚涂片AFB检查,并对涂阳患者进行I豳床分析。结果发现涂片阳性肺结核患者95例,阳性率36．1％。其中AFB（±）7例（7．4％）、AFB（1＋）36例（37．9％）、AFB（2＋）20例（21．0％）、AFB（3＋）13例（13．7％）、AFB（4＋）19例（20．0％）。三个痰标本首次涂片阳性率为65．3％（62／95）,清晨痰标本阳性检出率为61．8％（84／136）,涂阳患者三种不同痰标本和不同送检次数在AFB阳性检出上均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。与涂阴肺结核比较,涂阳肺结核患者咳嗽、咯血、发热、空洞形成和病灶≥2个肺野等比例分别高达97．9％、41．1％、54．7％、48．4％和82．1％,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论留取合格痰标本,认真涂片检查,提高痰标本阳性检出率,痰涂片检查符合我国国情,是实施结核病控制项目DOTS策略的关键之一。     

支气管镜检查对老年COPD合并肺结核患者的诊断价值

目的观察支气管镜检查在老年COPD合并肺结核患者诊断中的应用价值。方法分析142例老年COPD合并肺结核患者的临床资料,收集患者的痰涂片查抗酸杆菌结果,以及经支气管镜取支气管分泌物刷检涂片、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）查抗酸杆菌、活检病理等检查结果,观察支气管镜检查对此类患者的诊断价值。结果老年COPD合并肺结核患者经支气管镜取支气管分泌物刷检涂片、BALF涂片、活检病理阳性率分别为44．4％,51．4％和60．6％,三种方法联合阳性率为100％,均显著高于痰涂片的阳性率21．8％（P〈0．05）。结论经支气管镜刷检、BALF涂片联合活检可提高老年COPD合并肺结核患者的阳性诊断率。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.