哮喘儿童行为问题与母亲心理情绪状态的关系

目的 探讨哮喘患儿行为问题与母亲心理情绪状态的关系,为制定相应干预措施提供依据。方法 选择2010年12月至2011年10月在山东大学第二医院陪同就诊的44例哮喘儿童的母亲为研究组,并和济南市某小学29例健康儿童的母亲对照。采用状态－特质焦虑问卷、自评抑郁量表、Rutter儿童行为问卷－父母问卷进行调查及分析。结果 哮喘组儿童行为总分较高,对照组儿童行为总分较低,两者比较差异具有统计学意义（t＝4．12,P＜0．01）。哮喘组行为问题阳性检出率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（χ^213．50,P＜0．001）。男性患儿行为问题总阳性检出率高于女性患儿,差异具有统计学意义（χ^24．05,P＜0．05）。哮喘组以下常见的单项行为问题检出率均高于对照组,包括不能静坐、心烦、发呆、易怒、忧伤、睡眠困难（χ^2分别为7．28、12．28、6．15、6．43、8．17、4．54,均P＜0．05）。哮喘患儿母亲的状态焦虑、特质焦虑和抑郁分值均高于对照组（ t值分别为3．29、3．67、4．71,均P＜0．05）。哮喘患儿行为分值与母亲状态焦虑分值呈正相关（r＝0．389,P＜0．01）,差异有统计学意义。哮喘患儿行为分值与母亲特质焦虑分值无相关（r＝0．244,P＞0．05）,与母亲抑郁分值无相关（r＝0．230,P＞0．05）。结论 总结哮喘儿童行为特征和其母亲心理情绪状态特点及制定相应干预措施是控制哮喘发作、提高哮喘儿童生活质量的有效方法。     

Mentally ill mothers and their children. A controlled study of social welfare utilization

177 cases of parapartum mental illness and 173 matched obstetric controls were studied retrospectively from the perspective of the social welfare services (SWS). Data covering five years before the index partus until five to seven years thereafter, were studied. Parapartum mentally ill women were known to the SWS to a much greater extent (75%) than their matched controls (33%). They also presented more severe environmental problems than their matched controls. Within the index sample the largest number of adverse factors known to the SWS was found in the addicts and NTI (neuroses and temporary insufficiencies) groups. The dysfunction in the families appeared to be constant throughout the observation period. A large proportion of the index children (32%) had been placed in foster care or adopted. When the index women had applied to the SWS during the first postpartum year the social workers were informed of the fact that she had contacted a psychiatric department in 8 out of 10 cases. However, only in half of these cases had regular collaboration taken place. Collaboration was far more frequent when the mother suffered from severe mental illness than when she was suffering from a less severe mental disturbance.     

Children of mothers with mental ilness: attachment,emotional and behavioural problems

This study describes the pattern of emotional and behavioural difficulties of children whose mothers have mental illness, and explores the relationship between children’s behavioural and emotional difficulties and maternal perceptions of attachment. Thirteen mothers previously admitted to psychiatric hospital for mental illness completed a measure of their own symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory), their children’s emotional and behavioural problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)), and attachment security (Parent/Child Reunion Inventory) (n?=?21). Mean scores for child SDQ profiles were found to be within the ‘normal’ range, although (on some indices) mothers reported more ‘case’ scores for their children, than would be expected from standardized norms. It was found that there were significant positive correlations between ‘insecurity’ scores and all problem scales of the SDQ. Best predictors from the Parent/Child Reunion Inventory factors for each SDQ scale are reported and discussed.     

Children of mothers with mental ilness: attachment, emotional and behavioural problems

This study describes the pattern of emotional and behavioural difficulties of children whose mothers have mental illness, and explores the relationship between children's behavioural and emotional difficulties and maternal perceptions of attachment. Thirteen mothers previously admitted to psychiatric hospital for mental illness completed a measure of their own symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory), their children's emotional and behavioural problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)), and attachment security (Parent/Child Reunion Inventory) (n = 21). Mean scores for child SDQ profiles were found to be within the 'normal' range, although (on some indices) mothers reported more 'case' scores for their children, than would be expected from standardized norms. It was found that there were significant positive correlations between 'insecurity' scores and all problem scales of the SDQ. Best predictors from the Parent/Child Reunion Inventory factors for each SDQ scale are reported and discussed.     

母亲情绪症状及童年期不良经历与儿童情绪行为问题的关联

  目的  探讨母亲情绪症状在童年期不良经历与儿童情绪行为问题间的中介作用,为情绪行为问题儿童的家庭干预提供科学依据。  方法  2021年6—8月采用多阶段抽样法抽取芜湖市3个区县的12所托幼机构3 012名学龄前儿童。使用问卷星方式调查其家庭及儿童基本情况、儿童情绪行为发展、母亲生活经历、母亲情绪症状等,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行一般描述性分析和Spearman相关分析;并采用GLS法评估母亲情绪症状在母亲不良经历与儿童情绪行为问题间的中介作用。  结果  芜湖市学龄前儿童困难与长处问卷(SDQ)中的困难因子得分为(10.08±4.05)分,困难总分异常检出率为6.6%,亲社会行为异常检出率为16.5%。母亲不良经历总分与SDQ困难总分以及母亲抑郁、焦虑、压力症状得分均呈正相关,儿童SDQ困难总分与母亲抑郁、焦虑、压力情绪得分均呈正相关(r=0.17~0.71,P值均 < 0.01)。中介效应分析结果显示,母亲抑郁、焦虑、压力等情绪在母亲不良经历总分与儿童SDQ困难总分间的中间效应系数均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05),中介效应分别占总效应的22.6%,15.2%,17.1%。  结论  母亲童年不良经历与儿童情绪行为问题的关系受到母亲情绪症状的影响。关注母亲早期生活经历和心理健康,有益于儿童情绪行为问题的防控。     

Communication and level of AIDS knowledge among homeless African-American mothers and their children

One hundred and thirty residents and their children from eight transitional living shelters in the midwest participated in a study designed to assess their level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, concerns about susceptibility to the virus, patterns of general communication, and level of comfort in discussing sexual and HIV/AIDS related matters within the family unit. Overall, parents and children demonstrated significant misinformation about HIV/AIDS and did not perceive themselves as being at risk for contracting the virus. Parents who possessed more formal education were more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS, sexuality, and reported greater levels of parent-child communication. Parents who possessed higher levels of self-esteem indicated that they discussed sexual topics with their children more than parents with lower levels of self-esteem and that when sexual matters were discussed the mother was the agent of communication.     

Risk factors for behavioral and emotional problems in childhood: a community study in Uruguay]

OBJECTIVES: To explore some of the demographic risk factors that are associated with the risk of behavioral or emotional problems in children, and to examine the possibility of an association between psychological stress in the parents and psychological problems in their children. METHODS: In this study, the presence of psychological stress in the parents and certain psychosocial characteristics that increase the risk of mental problems in childhood were examined in a sample of Uruguayan children from three communities, two urban and one rural. The study, which was carried out in Ciudad Vieja and Barrio Sur, in the city of Montevideo, and in Colonia de Sacramento, a rural town, comprised 115 children between the ages of 5 and 15. Mothers answered the Child Psychiatric Morbidity Questionnaire (QMPI), an instrument for the detection of behaviors pointing to the presence of emotional problems in children. Both parents also supplied the demographic information requested in the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Demoralization Scale; they answered the CAGE questionnaire, a screening tool for alcoholism; they responded to the Social Support Network Inventory; and they answered questions about their self-perceived mental health. RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of the children had scores greater than 6 on the QMPI, which indicates the possible presence of behavioral or emotional problems. Fathers' self-perception of emotional problems and mothers' feeling of being demoralized showed a statistically significant association with a greater risk of behavioral or emotional problems in their children. CONCLUSIONS: In light of our results, mental health in childhood is a social and public health problem that warrants further epidemiologic study in Uruguay.     

Elementary school-aged children's reports of their health: A cognitive interviewing study

There are no standard methods for assessing the quality of young children's perceptions of their health and well-being and their ability to comprehend the tasks involved in reporting their health. This research involved three cross-sectional studies using cognitive interviews of 5–11-year-old children (N = 114) to determine their ability to respond to various presentations of pictorially illustrated questions about their health. The samples had a predominance of children in the 5–7-year-old range and families of lower and middle socio-economic status. The research questions in Study 1 involved children's ability to convert their health experiences into scaled responses and relate them to illustrated items (n = 35); Study 2 focused on the type of response format most effectively used by children (n = 19); and Study 3 involved testing children's understanding of health-related terms and use of a specific recall period (n = 60). The results of Study 1 showed that children identified with the cartoon drawing of a child depicted in the illustrated items, typically responding that the child was at or near their own age and of the same gender, with no differences related to race. Study 2 results indicated that children responded effectively to circles of graduated sizes to indicate their response and preferred them to same-size circles or a visual analogue scale. Tests of three-, four-, and five-point response formats demonstrated that children could use them all without confusion. In Study 3, expected age-related differences in understanding were obtained. In fact, the 5-year-old children were unable to understand a sufficient number of items to adequately describe their health. Virtually all children 8 years of age and older were able to fully understand the key terms and presentation of items, used the full five-point range of response options, and accurately used a 4-week recall period. Six- and seven-year-olds were more likely than older children to use only the extreme and middle responses on a five-point scale. No pattern of gender differences in understanding or in use of response options was found. We conclude that children as young as eight are able to report on all aspects of their health experiences and can use a five-point response format. Children aged 6–7 had difficulty with some health-related terms and tended to use extreme responses, but they understood the basic task requirements and were able to report on their health experiences. These results provide the guidance needed to develop and test a pediatric health status questionnaire for children 6–11 years old.     

Comparison of child-rearing problems and necessary community welfare and health services between mothers with twins or triplets of mothers with singleton children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to study child-rearing problems and necessary community welfare and health services in the families with twins or triplets as compared with families with singleton children. METHODS: The subjects were 205 mothers of twins or triplets aged less than 6 and 911 mothers of similarly aged singleton children. RESULTS: 1. Concerning maternal feeling when informed of a pregnancy, a significant difference was observed between the mothers with twins or triplets and the mothers with singleton children: 1.3% of the mothers with singleton children were not delighted when informed of a pregnancy, while the rate for mothers with twins or triplets was 12.4%. Mothers of twins or triplets showed significantly greater anxiety when informed of a pregnancy, and also after delivery, greater anxiety for child-rearing. 2. Mothers of twins or triplets were more likely to feel they could not get information regarding pregnancy and child-rearing. 3. There were higher rates of child-rearing problems with regard to economic burden, attending a hospital when a child become ill, shortage of hands for medical examinations or preventive injections, going out with children, shortage of cooperators for child-rearing, lack of time and difficulty for feeding methods for twins or triplets. 4. Community welfare and health services that mothers of twins or triplets wished for were an allowance for child-rearing in 77.0% of cases, helper or baby-sitter for medical examinations or preventive injections in 59.8%, and meeting for mothers of multiple children in 52.0%. CONCLUSION: This study indicated a tendency for mothers of twins or triplets to show greater anxiety during pregnancy, greater anxiety for child-rearing after delivery, and harder to get information regarding pregnancy and child-rearing as compared with those having singleton children. Mothers of twins or triplets had more child-rearing problems with regard to shortage of cooperators, economic burden and feeding methods for plural infants.     

A qualitative study exploring how mothers manage their teenage children's diets

Research indicates that an unhealthy diet is a risk factor for the development of a range of chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Dietary habits formed in childhood persist into adulthood. Previous research on dietary habits has focused on families with young children. This qualitative study extends the literature by exploring how mothers manage their teenage children's diets. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with l5 British mothers who had at least one child aged 13–16 years. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Five themes emerged: achieving gold standard, coping with obstacles, using strategies, resolving conflict and support. The participants were determined to achieve the gold standard (of nutrition) for their children and used a range of strategies to implement it. Mothers developed ways to cope with obstacles that undermined the gold standard. They were keen to resolve conflicts that were generated in the process. Some mothers received a degree of support in achieving the gold standard. The mothers felt that the strong presence of fast food and confectionary in the external environment was the biggest threat to the maintenance of their children's healthy eating. Participants were highly motivated to achieve the gold standard, as it was central to the notion of being a good mother. Being a good mother was a vital component of their self-identity.     

Needs of homeless people coping with psychiatric problems: findings from an innovative advocacy project

In this article the authors report on the self-perceived needs of 40 homeless people who are coping with psychiatric problems. These people were among 207 with psychiatric problems participating in an innovative advocacy project based outside the formal mental health system. Compared with domiciled participants, the homeless participants had more accentuated and somewhat different major daily living needs in the areas of income and benefits, housing, legal services, employment, and health care. On the basis of these findings, the authors draw implications for social work practice with homeless people coping with psychiatric problems.     

Health problems of homeless children in New York City.

We reviewed the outpatient medical records of 265 homeless children less than 5 years of age in New York City and compared them with children of similar low socioeconomic status (SES) attending the same pediatric clinic. The frequency of health problems among the homeless children, including delayed immunizations, elevated blood lead levels, the rate of admission to hospital, and the rate of child abuse and neglect reports, exceeded those for the comparison groups.     

The eating patterns and problems of homeless women

While inadequate nutrition has been identified as a factor affecting the health of the homeless, there has been little research to identify the extent to which inadequate nutrition is a problem. The goal of this paper is to document the eating patterns and problems of single homeless women and to locate the determinants of nutritional adequacy in their diets. Our findings are based on a random sample of 84 single homeless women using hostels and drop-in centers. For 85.5% of the women food was provided primarily by hostels and supplemented by the drop-ins. When their daily food intake was compared to the Canada's Food Guide recommendations, the average number of servings in each of the four food groups was below the recommended. The women in our sample indicated that their problems with food consumption were rooted in their poverty and further analysis indicated that the provision of food by social agencies was an important factor in the nutritional adequacy of their diets. Hostels and drop-in centers not only provide shelter, they have also assumed most of the responsibility for feeding the homeless. It is their poverty which burdens these women and structures their eating patterns.     

母亲童年期不良经历与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关联

  目的  探讨母亲童年期不良经历(adverse childhood experiences, ACEs)与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题(emotional and behavioral problems, EBPs)的关联及性别差异,为促进学龄前儿童身心健康提供参考。  方法  采用分层整群抽样方法,于2021年6月选取安徽省阜阳、芜湖、六安3个地区城乡幼儿园9 647名学龄前儿童为研究对象,采用世界卫生组织童年期不良经历问卷(ACEs-IQ)及长处和困难问卷(SDQ)分别调查母亲ACEs及学龄前儿童EBPs。  结果  学龄前儿童困难问题、情绪症状、品行问题、多动障碍、同伴交往问题、亲社会行为检出率分别为17.4%,16.3%,18.3%,22.7%,34.2%,18.5%。多因素Logistic回归分析  结果  显示,母亲不同类型ACEs均与学龄前儿童EBPs的发生风险升高有关(OR=1.51~2.97,P值均 < 0.01);随着母亲ACEs种类数增加,儿童EBPs发生风险也随之上升(OR=3.13~9.61,P值均 < 0.01)。母亲情感虐待、躯体虐待和社区暴力与学龄前儿童同伴交往问题的关联,男童高于女童(ROR值分别为1.25,1.26,1.41,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  母亲ACEs与学龄前儿童EBPs发生风险的升高相关,关注母亲ACEs有益于学龄前儿童EBPs防控。     

学龄前期孤独症谱系障碍儿童情绪行为问题及其与母亲情绪问题的相关性

目的 分析学龄前期孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童情绪行为问题及其与母亲焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性,以期全面干预ASD儿童及其家庭。方法 选取2018年1—8月于泉州市儿童医院就诊的5~6岁孤独症儿童71名,并同期入组性别、年龄、母亲受教育程度相匹配的正常学龄前期儿童71名;对所有被试进行Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)(4~16岁版)评定,同时由其母亲完成焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)的评定。结果 1)孤独症男童组的CBCL总分、交往不良、多动、违纪、社交退缩和攻击性因子分高于正常对照组(Z值分别为-6.880、-9.417、-5.745、-5.109、-8.869、-3.510,P＜0.001),体诉因子分低于正常对照组(Z=-2.767,P=0.006)。ASD女童组的CBCL总分、多动、残忍、社交退缩、分裂强迫和攻击性因子分均高于正常对照组(Z值分别为-3.726、-3.356、-2.292、-4.339、-2.226、-2.476,P＜0.05)。2)两组ASD儿童母亲的SAS、SDS总分均高于正常对照组(Z值分别为-6.848、-3.126、-6.385、-2.183,P＜0.05)。3)ASD男童母亲的SAS、SDS总分与ASD男童的CBCL总分、多动、违纪、攻击性、体诉、抑郁、强迫因子分均存在正相关关系(P＜0.05);ASD女童母亲的SAS、SDS总分与ASD女童的攻击性因子分存在正相关关系(P＜0.05)。结论 学龄前期ASD儿童存在较多的情绪行为问题,其母亲存在较多的焦虑、抑郁情绪;两者间存在一定相关关系;应对学龄前期ASD儿童的情绪行为问题及其母亲的焦虑抑郁情绪予以关注和干预。     

Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children

Two types of single-parent households and their effects on children ages 3–11 years were compared. One type comprised 50 homosexual mothers and their 56 children, and the other was a group of 40 heterosexual mothers and their 48 children. There were 30 daughters and 26 sons of homosexual mothers and 28 daughters and 20 sons of heterosexual mothers. The sexual identity and social relationships of the children were assessed in relation to the sexual orientation of the mothers. The samples consisted of families from rural and urban areas in 10 American states. All have lived without adult males (18 years or older) in the household for a minimum of 2 years (average 4). Families with heterosexual mothers were matched to families with homosexual mothers on age and race of mother; length of mother and child separation from father; educational level and income of mother; and number, age, and sex of children. Data are reported from childrens' tests designed to provide information on general intelligence, core-morphologic sexual identity, gender-role preferences, family and peer group relationships, and adjustment to the single-parent family. No significant differences were found between the two types of households for boys and few significant differences for girls. Concerns that being raised by a homosexual mother might produce sexual identity conflict and peer group stigmatization were not supported by the research findings. Data also revealed more similarities than differences in parenting experiences, marital history, and present living situations of the two groups of mothers. The postulated compromised parental fitness of lesbian mothers, commonly asserted in child custody cases, is not supported by these data.Funded by NIMH Grant R03-29297 to Richard Green, Principal Investigator and Jane Mandel, Co-Principal Investigator and the Long Island Research Institute, Division of Psychobiology, Richard Green, Division Director. Some data in this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Tucson, Arizona, November 1980, and at the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, September 1979.     

破坏性行为障碍儿童的行为和情绪问题

【目的】了解具有破坏性行为障碍(disruptive behavior disorder,DBD)儿童的情绪和行为问题,为临床诊治提供参考依据。【方法】对来自湖南省中小学生心理健康状况流行病学调查研究中的全部对象进行DSM-IV诊断,其中符合DBD诊断标准的对象及对照组由父母填写Achenbach儿童行为量表,儿童自己填写儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表和儿童抑郁障碍自评量表。最后得到完整资料1 918人(单纯DBD组499人、DBD共病组420人和对照组999人)。【结果】在CBCL各分量表中DBD儿童得分与正常儿童相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);DBD共病组在社交问题、注意问题、违纪问题、性问题、外化问题等方面得分显著高于单纯DBD组,而学校情况、社交总分显著低于单纯DBD组。焦虑抑郁量表中只有社交恐怖因子DBD组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;除抑郁总分因子,DBD共病组患者与单纯DBD组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】DBD患儿存在显著的行为和情绪问题,社会能力差;DBD共患组的社交和外化性行为及情绪问题更为突出。     

重庆市某城区角色转换期大孩情绪行为问题与家庭关系

  目的  探讨重庆市某城区角色转换期大孩情绪行为问题与家庭关系之间的关联,为营造良好的家庭关系、减少儿童情绪行为问题的发生提供科学依据。  方法  在重庆市2所三甲医院产科门诊招募1 359名角色转换期大孩的母亲,采用自编问卷和父母版儿童行为量表(CBCL)对知情同意的儿童母亲进行问卷调查,分析家庭关系与不同年龄段大孩情绪行为问题之间的关系,采用SPSS 20统计软件进行描述性统计分析、χ2检验和多重线性回归分析。  结果  大部分大孩的父母关系(56.6%)、母子关系(80.4%)、父子关系(64.9%)为很好,61.7%的家庭氛围比较和谐;1.5~5和6~13岁组大孩CBCL量表得分分别为(18.22±13.63)和(24.20±17.52)分,情绪行为整体问题检出率分别为10.7%和10.5%;多重线性回归结果显示,1.5~5和6~13岁组父母关系很好、母子关系很好、父子关系很好、家庭氛围很和谐的大孩有更少的内化、外化和整体行为问题(P值均＜0.05)。  结论  角色转换期大孩情绪行为问题检出率处于较低水平,良好的父母关系、亲子关系以及家庭氛围是角色转换期大孩情绪行为问题的保护因素。