中药膳食配合运动干预对肥胖性脂肪肝的影响

目的 探讨急性血液稀释（AHH）联合控制性降压（CH）对减少脊柱手术患者术中失血的效果。方法 将42例脊柱手术患者随机均分为观察组和对照组。观察组于全麻诱导后采用AHH和CH；对照组麻醉后常规输注复方乳酸钠。比较两组术中失血量、输血量、尿量以及术前、术毕、术后第1、7天的Hb和Hct值。结果 观察组术中失血量、输血量显著少于对照组，尿量显著多于对照组（均P〈0．01）；两组术后不同时段Hb和Hct值显著低于术前（均P〈0．01），但组间比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。结论 AHH联合CH能减少患者术中出血和输血，且对Hb和Hct无显著影响。     

经尿道等离子双极电切治疗不同体积BPH对比分析

目的：对比分析经尿道等离子双极电切术（PKRP）治疗大体积（〉80ml）良性前列腺增生（BPH）的疗效与安全性。方法：2009年6月～2011年1月间行PKRP术治疗BPH患者52例，按前列腺体积分为〉80ml组和〈80ml组，每组26例。术后随访3～14个月。结果：〉80ml组国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、刺激症状评分（IPSS1）、梗阻症状评分（IPSS2）分别由术前的（19．85±6．534）、（8．73±3．054）、（11．12±4．484）下降至术后的（7．38±4．964）、（4．88±3．421）、（2．50±2．502）（P〈0．01）。〈80ml组分别由术前的（21．04±6．453）、（9．00±3．225）、（12．04±4．556）下降至术后的（6．27±3．811）、（4．69±3．185）、（1．58±2．301）（P〈0．01）。3项指标术前、术后数值分别进行两组间对比，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。〉80ml组平均手术时间106．15min，平均切除前列腺质量58．64g；〈80ml组分别为60．19min、30．00g，差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．01），余两组术中出血量、术后膀胱冲洗时间，留置尿管时间、术后住院天数差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。〉80ml组术中或术后输血患者5例，〈80ml组1例。两组均无经尿道电切综合征（TURS）发生。结论：PKRP术治疗大体积（〉80ml）BPH安全、有效，且手术效果和安全性与治疗〈80ml的BPH相似。     

全膝关节置换术围手术期隐性失血的危险因素研究

目的探讨影响人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）术后隐性失血的危险因素及发生机制。方法选取2008年5月至2011年5月136位患者192例TKA,患者平均年龄67．5岁,其中单侧膝关节置换80例,双膝关节同期置换56例,同组医师采用同种术式完成,术后24h补液总量不超过2000ml。利用Gross方程,计算患者的术后总失血量,隐性失血量以及血红蛋白降低情况,记录年龄、性别、术侧、BMI、输血等危险因素,通过SPSS13．0进行统计学分析,比较各组之间隐性失血量有无差别,分析影响TKA围手术期隐性失血的危险因素。结果单侧TKA总失血量1650ml,隐性失血830ml;双膝同期置换者总失血量2864ml,隐性失血1487ml。无论是单侧还是双侧TKA,男性及应用自体血回输患者的围手术期失血量多于对照组（P〈0．01）,双膝同期置换隐性失血量比例较大（X^2=6．836,P〈0．01）,高龄肥胖患者隐性失血量明显多于对照组（单膝）X^2=21．587,P〈0．01,双膝X^2=29．233,P〈0．01）。结论TKA术后失血量较高,其中隐性失血比例占50％以上。男性双膝同期置换的患者,年龄〉70且BMI〉27．0,使用自体血回输均是增加围手术期隐性失血的危险因素。     

全膝关节置换术围手术期血液保护管理

目的：介绍全膝关节置换术围手术期血液保护管理经验;方法：2011年5月～2012年12月,对于116例行单侧TKA的骨关节炎患者,术后1、3、5天复查血红蛋白,低于90g／L者给予输血治疗。以同期在我院其他科室行单侧膝关节置换的患者共纳入132例为对照组。观察此规范化管理办法对膝关节置换术后失血量与输血需求量的影响。结果：术后实验组总失血量为（818±352）ml,对照组失血量为（1578±659）m1．两组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。显性失血量：实验组显性失血量（171±152）ml,对照组引流量为（388±274）m1．两组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：规范化的围手术期血液保护管理经验对于降低膝关节置换术后出血量及输血量是有效且安全的。     

同种输血可能是心脏术后感染的因素之一

目的：探讨同种输血和输血量与心脏手术后感染的相关性，方法：选择12岁以上心脏病人266例，在静吸复合麻醉、低温心肺转流下行心脏外科手术。根据是否输用同种血和输血量分成三组：A组（n=71）为对照组，无同种输血；B组(n=51）同种输血量≤400ml;C组(n=144）同种输血量≥800ml。对三组病例术后感染情况进行分析比较。结果：A组术后感染2例（2．81％），B组感染12例（23．6％），C组感染37例（25．6％），B、C组感染率显著高于A组（P＜0．01）。结论：同种输血是心脏手术后感染的危险因素之一，但是否是感染独立的相关因素尚需进一步研究。     

急性高容量血液稀释结合控制性降压用于口腔颌面手术的临床研究

目的：观察急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）结合控制降压（CH）对口腔颌面外科手衍病人血流动力学及组织器官氧代谢的影响。方法：选择择期口腔颌面外科病人60例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分为三组，每组20例，A组为封照组，B组为单纯组AHH组，C组为AHH＋CH组。三组都在全身麻醉下手术，连续监测平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（HR）、心电图（ECG）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）和尿量；稀释前插管后（H0）、稀释后（H1）、稀释后1h（H2）、术毕（H3）、衍后24h（H4）5个时同点，分别采集动脉血和静脉血，测定血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、乳酸、静脉血氧饱和度（STO2），动脉血氧含量（CaO2）、静脉血氧含量（CVO2）以及血Na^＋K^＋Ca^2＋，计算氧摄取率（ERQ）；术中记绿输血量，输液量、失血量和尿量。结果：与A组比较，B、C两组失血量减少（P〈0．05）；B组、C组尿量增多（P〈0．01）；与B组比较，C组失血量显著性减少（P〈0．05）。与稀释前比较，B组和C组AHH后CVP都升高，B组比C组更为显著（P〈0．01）。C组在CH后HR升高（P〈0．05）。三组同ERO2、K^＋、Na^＋、乳酸比较，无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：术前施行AHH结合CH用于口腔颌面大手术病人，可保持血液动力学稳定．出血量和输血量明显减少，氧代谢无明显影响。     

术前服用阿司匹林对经尿道前列腺切除术出血量的影响

目的：探讨术前服用阿司匹林对经尿道前列腺电切术出血量的影响。方法：回顾分析2002年1月～2008年12月115例行经尿道前列腺切除术的患者。根据术前停服阿司匹林是否≥10天,分为阿司匹林组（31例）和对照组（84例）。使用Mann-Whitney检验比较两组术中和术后出血量、术中每分钟出血量、术中和术后每克切除组织出血量、输血量、膀胱冲洗天数和术后住院天数。结果：两组患者术后出血量、术后每克切除组织出血量、膀胱冲洗天数、术后住院天数均差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者年龄、前列腺体积、切除组织重量和手术时间均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者术中出血量、术中每克切除组织出血量、术中每分钟出血量和输血量的均差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论：术前停用阿司匹林〈10天不增加术中出血量、术中每克切除组织出血量、术中每分钟出血量、输血量,增加术后出血量、术后每克切除组织出血量、膀胱冲洗天数和术后住院天数。建议TURP术前至少10天停服阿司匹林。     

前瞻性随机对照研究全膝关节置换术中使用氨甲环酸的临床疗效

目的探讨全膝关节置换（TKA）术中使用氨甲环酸（TXA）的有效性和安全性。方法2010年3月至2013年3月,对88例（88膝）行初次TKA术的退变性骨关节炎患者进行前瞻性、随机化研究。患者随机分为使用TXA（TXA组）和使用安慰剂（对照组）两组。TXA组,在松止血带前15 min静脉给予15 mg/kg剂量的TXA;对照组给予等量的生理盐水。共11例失访（TXA组,5例;对照组,6例）,剩下77例（TXA组,39例;对照组38例）患者纳入最终分析,对其术中失血量、术后24 h引流量、总引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量、输血量、和术后第3天血红蛋白,术后24 h D-二聚体,下肢瘀斑发生率、深静脉血栓（DVT）发生率进行评估。结果两组患者术前一般资料如年龄（t=0.390,P〉0.05）、性别比（Х^2=0.127,P〉0.05）、合并疾病（Х^2=0.142,P〉0.05）等差异均无统计学意义,具有可比性。TXA组术后24 h引流量（t=6.512,P〈0.01）、总引流量（t=4.913,P〈0.01）、隐性失血量（t=5.980,P〈0.01）、总失血量（t=5.808,P〈0.01）、24 h D-二聚体值（t=18.401,P〈0.01）均明显低于对照组;TXA组术后第3天血红蛋白量明显高于对照组（t=4.815,P〈0.01）;TXA组和对照组分别有3例（共1200 ml）和4例（共1400 ml）患者接受异体输血（P〉0.05）。TXA组和对照组下肢远端深静脉血栓均为3例（P〉0.05）。TXA组下肢瘀斑发生率明显低于对照组（2.6%vs.18.4%,P〈0.05）。结论静脉使用TXA,能够安全有效的减少TKA围手术期失血量,不增加深静脉血栓的风险。     

微孔多聚糖止血球在全膝关节置换术中的应用评价

目的探讨微孔多聚糖止血球（microporous polysaccharide hemospheres,MPH）在全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）中的应用价值。方法2008年1月至2009年4月行初次TKA的患者80例,其中40例术中使用微孔多聚糖止血球,作为MPH组;另40例术中未使用微孔多聚糖止血球,作为对照组。以手术时间、围手术期失血量、输血人数和术后切口感染发生数为评价指标,对两组进行比较。结果MPH组和对照组的手术时间分别（72．6±5．5）min和（75．0±4．6）min,差异无统计学意义（P=0．35）;术中出血量分别为（373．6±53．2）ml和（377．4±55．1）ml,差异无统计学意义（P=0．87）;输血人数两组间无统计学差异（P=0．59）。MPH组和对照组的术后可见失血量分别为（189．7±22．0）ml和（264．6±45．5）ml,差异有统计学意义（P=0．01）;手术总出血量分别为（563．4±56．0）ml和（642．0±75．0）ml,差异有统计学意义（P=0．04）。两组均未出现切口感染。结论微孔多聚糖止血球可以有效降低TKA的总失血量,降低切口感染的发生。     

输血对大肝癌切除术后近远期预后的影响

目的研究输血对大肝癌切除术后近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。方法回顾性分析177例大肝癌切除术病例，结合随访分析输血对近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。结果本组大肝癌围手术期输血率为74．6％。近5年输血量及输血率较5年前显著减少（P〈0．01）。不输血组并发症率低于输血组（P〈0．05）。单因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、术中出血量、输血量以及手术时间与术后并发症发生有关。多因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、输血量以及手术时间是决定术后并发症的4个独立的预测指标。本组大肝癌1、3、5年总存活率为67％、44％和34％，1、3、5年无瘤存活率为51％、31％和31％。不输血组和输血组的总存活率以及无瘤存活率无显著差别。结论输血是决定大肝癌切除术后并发症发生的独立危险因素之一，但输血对大肝癌切除术后存活率无显著影响。肝脏外科医生应积极采取各种方法尽可能避免大肝癌切除术围手术期的输血。     

肝癌的外科治疗—香港经验

肝细胞肝癌（ＨＣＣ）在香港是居于第二位的致死恶性肿瘤，肝切除是治疗ＨＣＣ最为常用和有效的方法。香港大学玛丽医院在最近９年来，肝切除术技术和围手术期管理已经逐渐形成了一套自己的常规。为了避免不必要的开腹手术，术前仔细地检查和估计肿瘤扩散的范围及病人的肝功能情况十分重要。超声刀和Ｐｒｉｎｇｌｅ技术的采用能够有效地减少术中失血，术后管理和围手术期营养支持也是重要的确保肝切除术成功的因素。玛丽医院肝切除术     

Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths

OBJECTIVE: The authors report on the surgical techniques and protocol for perioperative care that have yielded a zero hospital mortality rate in 110 consecutive patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatectomy results are analyzed with the aim of further reducing the postoperative morbidity rate. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, hepatectomy has been performed with a mortality rate of <10% in patients with HCC, but a zero hospital mortality rate in a large patient series has never been reported. At Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the surgical techniques and perioperative management in hepatectomy for HCC have evolved yearly into a final standardized protocol that reduced the hospital mortality rate from 28% in 1989 to 0% in 1996 and 1997. METHODS: Surgical techniques were designed to reduce intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and ischemic injury to the liver remnant in hepatectomy. Postoperative care was focused on preservation and promotion of liver function by providing adequate tissue oxygenation and immediate postoperative nutritional support that consisted of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solution, low-dose dextrose, medium-chain triglycerides, and phosphate. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were collected prospectively and analyzed each year to assess the influence of the evolving surgical techniques and perioperative care on outcome. RESULTS: Of 330 patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC, underlying cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis were present in 161 (49%) and 108 (33%) patients, respectively. There were no significant changes in the patient characteristics throughout the 9-year period, but there were significant reductions in intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirements. From 1994 to 1997, the median blood transfusion requirement was 0 ml, and 64% of the patients did not require a blood transfusion. The postoperative morbidity rate remained the same throughout the study period. Complications in the patients operated on during 1996 and 1997 were primarily wound infections; the potentially fatal complications seen in the early years, such as subphrenic sepsis, biliary leakage, and hepatic coma, were absent. By univariate analysis, the volume of blood loss, volume of blood transfusions, and operation time were correlated positively with postoperative morbidity rates in 1996 and 1997. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the operation time was the only parameter that correlated significantly with the postoperative morbidity rate. CONCLUSION: With appropriate surgical techniques and perioperative management to preserve function of the liver remnant, hepatectomy for HCC can be performed without hospital deaths. To improve surgical outcome further, strategies to reduce the operation time are being investigated.     

持续肝动脉阻断预防破裂性肝癌肝切除术中大出血

目的 探讨应用持续肝动脉阻断技术对预防破裂性肝癌肝切除术中大出血的价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年5月至2010年4月第三军医大学西南医院收治的36例应用Pringle法+持续肝动脉阻断技术对破裂性肝癌患者(研究组)行肝切除术的临床资料.在肝癌数据库中配对选取同期36例采用纱布压迫止血的肝癌破裂出血手术患者(对照组).对两组患者术中和术后的相关指标采用方差分析、x2检验、Fisher确切概率法进行对比分析.结果 研究组患者动脉持续阻断中位时间为58 min(36～98 min);术中中位出血量为400ml,明显少于对照组的750ml(F=16.47,P＜0.05);研究组78%(28/36)的患者未进行输血治疗,明显优于对照组的53%(19/36),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.01,P＜0.05).两组患者围手术期AST、TBil均在术后第2天达到最高值,然后逐渐下降,1周左右降至正常范围.两组患者的术后并发症发生率和并发症分级比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=1.83,0.89,P＞0.05).结论 应用持续肝动脉阻断技术可明显减少破裂性肝癌肝切除术的术中出血量,且不会对肝功能产生明显的不良影响.     

Preoperative autologous blood donation with cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation is commonly used to reduce exposure to homologous blood transfusions among patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how much volume of predonated autologous blood need to avoid of homologous blood transfusion in cardiac procedure. METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight patients underwent scheduled cardiac procedure between January 1998 and December 1999. Group 1: 400 ml predonated, operation without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [n = 33], group 2: 800 ml predonated, operation without CPB (n = 23), group 3: 800 ml predonated, operation with CPB (n = 36), group 4: 1,200 ml predonated, operation with CPB (n = 36). Surgical procedures underwent only off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) in groups 1 and 2. In groups 3 and 4 included coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacement, CABG + valve replacement and atrial septal defect repair. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean body weight, mean preoperative hematocrit values or mean volume of intraoperative blood loss between groups 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in mean age, mean body weight, mean preoperative and postoperative day-7 hematocrit values, mean volume of intraoperative blood loss or mean CPB time between groups 3 and 4. The mean postoperative day-7 hematocrit value was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. Homologous blood transfusion was avoided in 63.6% of those with predonation of group 1 versus 100% at group 2 (p < 0.05), 86.1% at group 3 versus 94.4% at group 4 (p < 0.05). In group 3, all patients who underwent redo operation or CABG + valve replacement needed homologous blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous blood transfusion is effective for reducing the homologous blood requirement. It also seems that predonation of 800 ml may be sufficient to avoid homologous blood transfusion in cardiac surgery, however predonation of 1,200 ml is desirable in cases of redo operation or CABG + valve replacement.     

Safety and efficacy of autologous blood donation before elective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation reduces exposure to homologous blood transfusions in cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to ascertain, how much volume of predonated autologous blood needed to avoid of homologous blood transfusion in scheduled off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). METHOD: Fifty patients underwent scheduled OPCAB. These patients donated 400 ml (group A, n = 30) or 800 ml (group B, n = 20) of autologous blood before operation. These patients donated at a rate of 400 ml per week. All patients were given an equal volume of saline solution at the time of autologous donation. RESULT: There were no significant differences mean age, mean body weight, mean preoperative hematocrit values, mean graft number or mean volume of intraoperative blood loss between groups A and B. There was significant difference the mean postoperative day-7 hematocrit value (33.4 +/- 1.5% vs 38.7 +/- 1.5%, p < 0.05). The rates of avoiding homologous blood transfusion were 63.3% in group A and 100% in group B (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Autologous blood transfusion was effective for reducing the homologous blood requirement. We believe that 800 ml predonation is sufficient to avoid homologous blood transfusion in scheduled OPCAB, further patients with cardiovascular disease including severe coronary artery should be donated with the administration of saline.     

Autologous blood storage before hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with underlying liver disease

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation has been suggested for patients with liver disease who are to undergo liver resection. The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify the risk factors for increased blood loss and the need for blood transfusion during hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2000, 206 consecutive patients, 98.5 per cent of whom had underlying liver disease, underwent elective hepatectomy for HCC. RESULTS: Major hepatectomy was performed in 34 patients (16.5 per cent) and minor hepatectomy in 172 patients (83.5 per cent). The mean blood loss was 410 (median 260) ml. Eleven (5.3 per cent) of the 206 patients received blood transfusion during or after the operation. Operation time (P = 0.004) and central venous pressure (CVP) (P = 0.041) were independently correlated with blood loss of more than 1000 ml. Only preoperative haemoglobin level (P = 0.001) was independently correlated with the need for blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: In patients with underlying liver disease, maintaining CVP at a level below 5 cm H2O during parenchymal transection to reduce blood loss is more important than reserving autologous blood before the operation.     

Risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality after extended hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Extended hepatectomy with resection of more than four segments is a high-risk operation, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic liver disease. This study evaluated the risk factors for morbidity and mortality following extended hepatectomy for HCC. METHODS: Preoperative and intraoperative variables of 155 patients who underwent extended hepatectomy for HCC were analysed to identify risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The overall morbidity rate was 55.5 per cent (n = 86). Most morbidity was due to ascites or pleural effusion. Significant life-threatening complications occurred in 20.0 per cent (n = 31). The perioperative mortality rate was 8.4 per cent (n = 13). Multivariate analysis found that portal clamping (P = 0.023) and perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) were risk factors for morbidity, whereas perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) was the only risk factor for significant morbidity. Co-morbid illness (P = 0.019) and perioperative blood transfusion (P = 0.004) were risk factors for perioperative mortality. CONCLUSION: Meticulous operative techniques to minimize blood loss and transfusion, while avoiding a prolonged Pringle manoeuvre, may help reduce postoperative morbidity. Avoidance of perioperative blood transfusion and careful preoperative selection of patients in terms of overall physiological status are important measures to reduce the postoperative mortality rate.     

急性高容性血液稀释联合自体血回收回输技术在全髋关节置换手术中的应用及对患者的影响

目的评价急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术联合应用对全髋关节置换手术的血液保护效果及其安全性。方法 2010年9月至2012年3月在本组实施全髋关节置换手术、预计出血量〉600ml的120例患者随机分为四组,每组30例：对照组、急性高容性血液稀释组、自体血回输组、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组。术中、术后对血流动力学指标、凝血功能进行检测,记录术中失血量、输血量,麻醉时间和手术时间,以及评价并发症。结果采用自体回输血技术的患者中约50%患者不用再输异体血,其中自体血回输组未输异体血的比例46.67%、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组未输异体血比例为60%,而对照组中仅10%的患者不需输入异体血,单纯AHH组为1/3患者未输异体血。与对照组相比,所有采用血液保护措施的患者异体输血量比对照组约少240ml,自体血回输技术的再回收率约为40%;术中、术后各组血流动力学指标和凝血功能指标无明显差异,均保持维持稳定;各种组均未发现与应用血液保护技术有关的并发症。结论联合应用急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术,可以明显减少失血量、降低异体输血,对患者影响小,并发症低,对全髋关节置换手术来说是一种安全有效的血液保护技术,值得推广应用。     

超声引导下以肝段为本的解剖性肝切除术

目的 探讨超声引导下解剖性肝段或肝叶切除的结果。方法 我们从2001年12月至2004年12月，采用超声引导下以肝段为本的规则性肝切除技术完成120例次的肝段或肝叶切除。结果 120例病人中，1例死于术后肝功能衰竭（死亡率0．9％），术中出血量50～1400ml（平均300m1），25％（30／120）病人需要输血，输血量为200～800ml（平均350ml），术中阻断肝门时间15～30min（平均20min），恶性肿瘤病人切缘全部呈阴性，术后并发症包括：胆漏3例，膈下积液3例。结论 超声引导下以肝段为本的解剖性肝切除术具有操作简单，阻断肝门时间短，术中出血少，术后残肝发生缺血机会少，并发症低以及更加符合肿瘤根治的原则等优点，值得在肝脏外科推广应用。