小儿反复发作性腹痛病因分析

目的探讨反复发作性腹痛(RAP)小儿胃镜表现,并分析RAP胃肠病因。方法对313例RAP患儿,男145例,女168例行胃镜检查,并取胃窦黏膜活组织行病理检查及快速尿素酶检测。根据镜检结果判断上消化道疾病,胃黏膜炎症程度与Hp关系。结果胃镜下病变检出率99.68%,其中单纯慢性浅表性胃炎(CGS)118例,CGS伴胆汁返流56例,CGS伴十二指肠球炎44例,CGS伴十二指肠溃疡33例,Hp感染率分别为31.36%、25%、38.64%、60.61%。活动性胃炎与非活动性胃炎Hp感染率分别为92%、23.19%,两组比较有较显著性差异(P<0.0001);中度胃炎与轻度胃炎Hp感染率分别为76.47%、25.96%,两组比较非常显著性差异(P<0.0001)。结论上消化道疾病是小儿RAP的主要病因,Hp感染是引起RAP的重要原因。Hp感染者胃黏膜病理变化较非Hp感染者严重,Hp感染阴性而组织学改变为中度炎症活动性者,需随访排除Hp检查的假阴性。     

胆汁反流性胃炎患儿病理组织学特点及幽门螺杆菌感染情况

目的 探讨原发性胆汁反流性胃炎患儿的病理组织学特点和幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染情况.方法 以55例经胃镜和组织病理确诊的原发性胆汁反流性胃炎患儿为病例组,同时以106例无胆汁反流的慢性浅表性胃炎患儿为对照组;通过13C尿素呼气试验(13C-UBT)、血抗Hp-IgG检测和组织病理检查3种方法同时对二组患儿进行检查,对二组患儿的病理组织学特点和Hp感染情况进行对照分析.采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 胆汁反流性胃炎患儿55例胃组织主要病理改变是黏膜水肿、充血和炎性反应细胞浸润.与对照组比较,肠化生比例病例组(9.1%)高于对照组(1.9%),而淋巴滤泡形成和活动性炎性反应在对照组(14.2%,10.4%)较病例组(7.3%,5.5%)更常见.二组胃炎胃窦黏膜炎性反应程度比较无显著性差异.病例组Hp感染率为32.7%,而对照组为40.6%,二组比较无显著性差异.但并Hp感染的胆汁反流性胃炎患儿胃窦黏膜炎性反应程度明显重于Hp阴性胆汁反流性胃炎患儿,二组比较有显著性差异(χ2=6.825 P＜0.05);而Hp阴性胆汁反流性胃炎患儿与Hp阴性慢性浅表性胃炎患儿二组胃窦黏膜炎性反应程度比较无显著性差异.结论 胃镜和组织病理检查在诊断儿童原发性胆汁反流性胃炎中有重要作用,但儿童原发性胆汁反流性胃炎组织病理可能无特征性改变.胆汁反流和Hp感染均是导致胃黏膜炎性反应的独立因素,前者可能更容易引起肠化生,而后者则更容易导致淋巴滤泡形成和活动性炎性反应.     

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目的探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染对不同年龄组儿童慢性胃炎胃黏膜病理变化的影响。方法 2007年1月至2010年12月,对上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院1634例反复上消化道症状儿童行电子胃镜检查,取胃窦部黏膜组织检测HP,按1996年悉尼标准进行病理评分,分析HP感染与炎症严重程度及活动性的关系。并根据年龄分为4组:<4岁组69例,4～<7岁组313例,7～<11岁组706例,11～18岁组546例,比较各组HP感染率、活动性病变发生率以及淋巴滤泡检出率的差异。结果 1634例患儿中HP阳性524例(32.1%),阳性率随年龄增长而升高。HP阳性患儿活动性炎症、中重度炎症、中性粒细胞浸润、淋巴细胞重度浸润和淋巴滤泡的检出率均高于阴性者(P<0.01)。胃黏膜病理示慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)中、重度炎症及慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)中度炎症的发生率,HP阳性患儿均高于阴性者(P<0.01)。除婴幼儿组外,各年龄组HP感染患儿的活动性病变发生率和淋巴滤泡检出率均显著高于HP阴性者(P<0.05)。结论儿童HP感染率随年龄增长而升高。HP感染与胃黏膜炎症严重程度、活动性炎症发生率以及滤泡样改变均密切相关,与慢性胃炎不同病理类型的严重程度也密切相关。     

慢性结节状胃炎与幽门螺杆菌的关系

目的观察儿童慢性结节状胃炎幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染状况及病理组织学改变。方法对经胃镜检查有结节状改变的慢性胃炎患儿41例,男17例,女24例,进行快速尿素酶试验和病理组织学检查,并进行血清Hp抗体检测。所有患儿用奥美拉唑、阿莫西林、克拉霉素三联除菌治疗,3个月后行胃镜随访。结果结节状胃炎41例患儿中Hp感染39例,感染率95%;胃黏膜活检病理显示所有病例均有慢性炎性细胞浸润,且黏膜固有层内淋巴细胞增多,淋巴滤泡形成。所有患儿经成功除菌治疗3个月后36例胃镜随访胃窦部结节状隆起消失,病理证实淋巴滤泡消失,炎性细胞明显减少。结论儿童慢性结节状胃炎是一种特殊类型的胃炎,为儿童Hp感染后的典型表现,Hp根除治疗是儿童结节性胃炎有效的治疗方法。     

不同菌株类型幽门螺杆菌感染胃肠黏膜的早期病理组织学改变

目的通过对不同菌株类型幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染儿童胃肠黏膜病理组织学改变进行对比研究,了解其早期致病性。方法采用Western Blot免疫印迹法对Hp阳性72例及Hp阴性36例患儿进行Hp血清学菌株分型,并参照悉尼胃炎分类标准,对Hp菌株类型感染患儿胃肠黏膜进行病理组织学对比研究。通过黏膜病理炎症程度、活动性、淋巴滤泡形成及上皮化生等方面进行评价。结果本组HpⅠ型高毒力菌株检出率68.1%(49例),中间型Hp菌株27.7%(20例),Ⅱ型低毒力菌株4.2%(3例)。对Hp毒力菌株进行病理组织学观察,发现HpⅠ型与中间型菌株在致胃窦黏膜组织炎症活动性方面,有显著性差异(P<0.01);HpⅠ型较中间型菌株在致十二指肠球部黏膜组织炎性及炎症活动性方面均明显增强(P均<0.01)。HpⅡ型感染患儿3例,1例为窦部、2例为球部轻度炎症,均无活动性炎性表现。HpⅠ型高毒力菌株至胃窦黏膜淋巴滤泡发生率44.8%,较中间型(15.0%)显著增高(P<0.05)。HpⅠ型与中间型菌株感染黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生方面无显著差异。结论本地区儿童Hp感染菌株类型以Ⅰ型高毒力菌株为主,同时存在中间型及Ⅱ型低毒力菌株感染。Hp感染早期阶段已出现胃肠黏膜活动性炎性改变。     

胃黏膜活检401例临床及病理分析

目的探讨儿童慢性胃炎的临床及病理特点及其与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的关系。方法对401例临床有明显消化道症状但诊断未明者,男249例,女152例,行胃镜检查,均于胃窦部取1~2块黏膜组织行病理活检,随机抽取100例标本行Giemsa染色行Hp定性检测。结果儿童慢性胃炎主要以慢性轻-中度浅表性炎为主;儿童胃黏膜Hp感染以慢性炎症为主,其中慢性中-重度浅表性胃炎的检出率明显高于慢性轻度浅表性胃炎(χ2=7.61 P<0.01)。结论儿童上消化道的疾病以炎症病变为主,Hp感染与胃溃疡及胃癌等疾病关系密切。     

慢性胃炎病理组织学特征及与幽门螺杆菌的关系

目的研究慢性胃炎的组织病理学特征及幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与慢性炎症程度的关系。方法回顾性分析2000年1月~2002年12月经胃镜诊断为慢性胃炎1600例的胃窦黏膜病理组织学检查结果,根据胃镜检查结果进行HE染色,作组织学诊断及W-S银染色行Hp计数。结果1600例中Hp阴性1007例,阳性593例。Hp阴性病例中轻度炎症(86%)明显较中重度炎症(14%)多见;Hp阳性病例中尽管轻度炎症在轻度Hp感染中最常见(63%),而中度以上炎症主要在Hp阳性组,并随Hp菌量增加,中重度炎症明显增多,轻度炎症明显减少。胃窦黏膜中淋巴、中性粒细胞和淋巴滤泡比例Hp阳性组(94%、40%、22%)明显高于Hp阴性组(60%、11%、5%),差异均有显著性。腺体萎缩Hp阳性组(16.5%)高于阴性组(7%);肠腺化生分别为1.5%和0.1%,亦呈Hp阳性组高于Hp阴性组。结论Hp是小儿慢性胃炎重要致病因素,提示Hp与胃窦黏膜慢性炎症程度及黏膜萎缩有密切关系。     

幽门螺杆菌与儿童慢性胃炎的关系

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与小儿慢性胃炎之间的关系。方法对具有上消化道症状、并经胃镜检查确诊为慢性胃炎112例患儿进行胃黏膜活检,病理组织学检查及快速尿素酶试验、改良Giemsa染色查找Hp。结果112例慢性胃炎患儿中,Hp阳性51例,Hp感染率为45.53%。胃黏膜组织炎症越重,Hp感染阳性率越高。Hp阳性组胃黏膜炎症较重。结论儿童时期Hp感染率较高,且随年龄增长而增高。Hp感染可加重胃黏膜组织炎症。     

小儿慢性胃炎内镜表现与病理组织学改变的相关性研究

目的 探讨小儿慢性胃炎内镜表现与胃黏膜病理组织学改变的关系.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年3月浙江省金华市中心医院收治的213例患儿胃镜下8种主要表现;按慢性炎症、炎症活动性、萎缩、肠化生、异型增生、黏膜糜烂6种类型进行病理评价,研究内镜表现和病理诊断的相关性.结果 胃镜诊断慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)207例,慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)6例.213例均送病理学检查,病理诊断CSG196例,轻度CAG11例,正常胃黏膜6例.胃镜与病理学诊断CSG和CAG总符合率分别为91.08%和93.89%.胃镜诊断CSG的镜下主要表现为黏膜充血水肿和红白相间,以红为主,对病理CSG的诊断灵敏度分别为86.22%和81.12%,特异度为47.06%(P<0.05);CAG的胃镜诊断对病理的诊断灵敏度为18.18%,特异度为98.01%(P<0.05).结论 儿童CSG胃镜下主要表现对病理CSG的诊断灵敏度较高,具明显的相关性,而CAG的胃镜诊断对病理CAG的诊断灵敏度较低.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与儿童结节性胃炎组织病理学表现的关系

目的 探讨儿童结节性胃炎的病理学特征以及与幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染的关系。方法 213 例具有上消化道症状行胃镜检查的儿童纳入研究,按镜下表现分为结节性胃炎组和非结节性胃炎组。应用改良悉尼标准评估胃黏膜组织病理学特征。比较两组间Hp 感染、胃炎程度和淋巴滤泡形成的发生率。结果 共38 人（17.8%）诊断为结节性胃炎。与非结节性胃炎组相比,结节性胃炎组Hp 感染率（86.8% vs 14.3%,P<0.01）、胃黏膜中-重度炎症比率（81.6% vs 15.4%,P<0.01）和淋巴滤泡形成比率（52.6% vs 10.3%,P<0.01）均增高。结节性胃炎对诊断Hp 感染的特异度为96.8%,阳性预测值为86.8%。在Hp 感染的58 人中33 人（56.9%）存在结节性胃炎,而Hp 阴性155 人中仅5 人存在结节性胃炎（3.2%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。Hp 感染与非Hp 感染患儿相比,胃黏膜中-重度炎症表现（86.2% vs 5.2%,P<0.01）和淋巴滤泡形成（84.2% vs 14.9%,P<0.01）比率更高。不同部位胃组织的Hp 定植量、炎症程度、活动程度在结节性胃炎组和非结节性胃炎组中均不相同（P<0.01）。结论 结节性胃炎为儿童Hp 感染的一种特殊征象,其病理多呈中-重度炎症改变,是提示Hp 感染的内镜指标,应考虑Hp 根除治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.