广州市2003-2007年诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情分析

目的 分析广州市2003-2007年诺如病毒性胃肠炎流行特征,为制定该病的预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法 对广州市2003-2007年诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情资料进行分析.结果 2003-2007年,广州市共报告22起群体性诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情,共计病例934例,每起疫情的罹患率波动在0.88%～37.93%之间.10-12月为发病高峰;男女性别比为1.25∶ 1;发病年龄最小的5月龄,最大的91岁,10～39岁共发病572例,占总病例数的61.24%;13起疫情发生在学校,学生病例数占发病总数的58.78%.所有疫情均未找到明确的感染来源.22起疫情的病例均以呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、发热为主,儿童病例以呕吐为主,成人病例以腹泻为主.22起疫情共采集粪便标本219份,检出诺如病毒抗原81份,阳性率为36.99%,其余标本均未检测到诺如病毒抗原.结论 广州市诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情主要发生在秋冬季,多发生在学校等人群聚集的单位,及时采取控制措施可避免疫情扩散.     

广州市2003—2007年诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情分析

目的分析广州市2003—2007年诺如病毒性胃肠炎流行特征，为制定该病的预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对广州市2003—2007年诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情资料进行分析。结果2003—2007年，广州市共报告22起群体性诺如病毒性胃肠炎暴发疫情，共计病例934例，每起疫情的罹患率波动在0．88％～37．93％之间。10—12月为发病高峰；男女性别比为1．25：1；发病年龄最小的5月龄，最大的91岁，10—39岁共发病572例，占总病例数的61．24％；13起疫情发生在学校，学生病例数占发病总数的58．78％。所有疫情均未找到明确的感染来源。22起疫情的病例均以呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、发热为主，儿童病例以呕吐为主，成人病例以腹泻为主。22起疫情共采集粪便标本219份，检出诺如病毒抗原81份，阳性率为36．99％，其余标本均未检测到诺如病毒抗原。结论广州市诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情主要发生在秋冬季，多发生在学校等人群聚集的单位，及时采取控制措施可避免疫情扩散。     

桐乡市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎疫情流行特征分析

目的研究桐乡市诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎疫情的流行特征及流行因素,指导今后诺如病毒疫情的防控。方法对2014年-2016年桐乡市发生并经实验室确诊的诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎疫情资料进行分析,分析疫情的时间、人群分布、传播途径和病毒基因型特征。结果 2014年-2016年共报告诺如病毒急性胃肠炎疫情13起,报告病例162例,其中实验室确诊45例,无重症和死亡病例,波及4 182人,总罹患率为3.87%,均由诺如病毒GⅡ型引起。结论诺如病毒GⅡ型已成为学校急性胃肠炎疫情的重要病原,疫情全年均可发生,但寒冷季节呈现高发,对呕吐物处理不当是造成疾病传播的关键因素。     

广州市诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎疾病负担评估

目的 对广州市诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎的疾病负担进行评估,为政府制定传染性胃肠炎和食源性疾病管理决策和控制措施提供科学依据。方法 分别评估广州市诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎散发和暴发部分的疾病负担,评估指标包括伤残调整生命年、发病率、住院率、罹患率等,数据主要来源于监测医院、历史文献资料以及“突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统”中的相关数据。结果 2014年广州市腹泻总病例数约为3 092 230人次,其中由诺如病毒感染所引起的腹泻病例数约为608 860人次。广州市2014年诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎年发病率为4 655/10万,住院率为0.03%,共发生暴发疫情6起,病例942例,平均罹患率为2.63%。综合散发与暴发数据,广州市2014年诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎的疾病负担为2 212 DALYs。结论 广州市诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎疾病负担较高,相关卫生部门应重视并加强对诺如病毒感染性胃肠炎的预防、控制管理以及教育宣传,开展针对性防控。     

一起中学诺如病毒感染暴发疫情

目的对1起中学诺如病毒聚集性胃肠炎进行流行病学分析,探讨病例定义方法,查找病原和传播因素,有效控制疫情蔓延。方法通过现场流行病学方法并开展病例对照调查了解发病状况和可疑的传播途径,采取病例肛拭子、饮水等进行PCR检测和常规致病菌检测。结果 2014-10-21/23该校出现急性胃肠炎学生病例42例,罹患率为2.1%,疫情历时3 d,分布在7个班级,男女比例1∶1.1,3例病例诺如病毒核酸检测GⅡ型阳性,20日晚餐为危险因素。结论该学校疫情为诺如病毒GⅡ型感染的暴发疫情,20日晚餐为可疑暴发因素;诺如病毒感染疫情不适用感染性腹泻进行定义;学校和托幼机构等人群聚集场所易暴发诺如病毒胃肠炎,采取病人隔离、规范饮食饮水、消毒等措施能有效控制疫情。     

浙江省学校诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情流行病学分析

了解浙江省学校近年诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的流行特征和趋势变化,为预防控制学校疾病暴发提供参考.方法 在浙江省突发公共卫生事件网络报告系统内选择2011年1月至2015年1月浙江省学校诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情资料,分析疫情的时间、地区、人群分布、传播途径和病毒基因型特征,并与2004-2010年浙江省及同期全国平均水平进行比较.结果 2011年1月-2015年1月浙江省学校诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情共20起,累计病例1 929例,年龄集中在15~19岁,发生场所以高中和小学居多.1 929例病例的男、女比例为1.13∶1.19起为基因GⅡ型感染,1起为基因GⅠ和GⅡ型混合感染.6起为饮用受污染的桶装水,6起为使用受污染的食堂餐具,3起为密切接触病例或接触病例呕吐物污染的物品,2起可能为食物污染,另有3起原因未明.结论 浙江省学校诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情主要发生在冬春季,大多经受污染的桶装水、食物或餐具传播.     

2016年新会区学校诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情流行病学特征分析

目的分析2016年新会区诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,为校园内诺如病毒防控工作提供科学依据。方法收集2016年新会区校园内发生的诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情的调查资料进行分析。结果 2016年共发生12起诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情,病例122例,暴发率为1.14%,病毒分型为诺如病毒GII型。临床症状主要为呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等。疫情多发生在小学和托幼机构。疫情主要集中于冬春季节,以11月、12月为主;城乡和年级之间的差异没有统计学意义。结论托幼机构和学校是诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情暴发防控的重点,应加强有关健康宣传教育,加强预防控制措施,减少诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情的发生。     

GⅠ.P11-GⅠ.6型诺如病毒分子特征分析

目的 分析引起北京市丰台区某小学1起胃肠炎疫情的诺如病毒分型特征，为诺如病毒防控提供参考依据。方法 2021年10月在北京市丰台区某小学发生1起胃肠炎疫情，留取粪便标本做便常规检测和便隐血检测，并在便标本中提取核酸，使用荧光定量PCR技术进行诺如病毒核酸检测，采用一步法逆转录PCR扩增特异性核酸片段分析诺如病毒亚型。结果 共14例胃肠炎病例，14份粪便标本便常规结果正常，7份便隐血结果阳性，阳性率为50.0%。13份标本检测出诺如病毒阳性，基因型别为GⅠ.P11-GⅠ.6。结论 本次疫情检测出的诺如病毒型别引起的胃肠炎便隐血阳性率较高，超过其他文献报道的比率，并发现其在氨基酸水平上聚合酶区和VP1区都发生了关键位点的变异。需持续进行疫情监测和防控工作，以减少该类疫情的发生。     

2006-2007年广东省诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发的流行病学分析

诺如病毒(Norovirus)胃肠炎是人类近几十年新发现的传染病之一,在全世界范围内均有流行.最新研究表明,诺如病毒在各年龄层的急性非细菌性胃肠炎暴发和散发中都占有重要地位[1,2].广东省疾病预防与控制系统自2003年开展诺如病毒检测以来,每年均发现实验室确诊的诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发个案,在暴发疫情调查研究方面积累了一定的经验,但有关诺如病毒的感染来源、传播模式及流行危险因素等方面仍然不清[3,6].现将广东省2006-2007年诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发个案进行分析,掌握暴发的流行病学特征,提高广东省非细菌性胃肠炎暴发疫情的诊断和防控工作能力,通过对高危场所、高危人群实施重点监测,最终达到减少和减轻诺如病毒胃肠炎发病和危害的目的.     

闵行区2013-2016年中小学校诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情分析

了解闵行区中小学校诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情流行病学特征,为制订诺如病毒聚集性疫情防控措施提供科学依据.方法 对2013-2016年闵行区中小学校诺如病毒聚集性疫情资料进行回顾性分析.结果 2013-2016年共计发生36起学校诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情,发生过疫情的学校占本地区总机构数的比例(以下简称“机构占比”)为19.25%,其中小学(部)25起,机构占比为25.25%;中学(部)11起,机构占比为12.50%.3-5月及10-12月为高发季节,而7-9月无聚集性疫情发生;男生总罹患率高于女生,分别为17.08%和12.04%(x2=22.10,P<0.01).症状以呕吐为主,占95.54%,腹泻占16.05%,伴有腹痛和发热的分别为40.86%,20.06%.有100名患病学生去医院检查,血常规白细胞升高的有62人,正常的38人,无白细胞计数降低;有症状学生诺如病毒检测阳性率为61.76%,无症状学生阳性率为35.62%.结论 早期白细胞升高或正常是诺如病毒感染的特点之一,学校聚集性疫情发生前1~2d有散发呕吐病例是诺如病毒聚集性疫情重要特征.及时发现和规范处置发生在学校的散发病例是防控诺如病毒聚集性疫情的关键.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.