大肠癌致急性肠梗阻的外科治疗(178例临床分析)

目的探讨大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗方法及疗效。方法大肠癌致急性肠梗阻178例,一期行右半结肠切除37例,一期行左半结肠切除80例,一期行结肠次全切除、回肠-乙状结肠(或直肠上段)吻合31例,一期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造瘘、封闭远端结肠(或直肠)、二期吻合13例,结、直肠癌晚期无法根治切除者行结肠造瘘7例,短路手术10例。结果术后并发症发生率为13.5%(24/178),围手术期死亡率为4.5%(8/178)。结论大肠癌致急性肠梗阻的外科治疗应及时并遵循个体化原则,应创造条件力争一期切除肿瘤,解除梗阻。对左半结肠癌并发急性肠梗阻病人施行一期肿瘤切除吻合术是安全有效的,但应严格掌握适应证,灵活应用不同的手术方式。     

大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科手术治疗：附126例报告

目的: 探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科手术治疗方法。 方法:回顾性分析1995年1月—2004年12月间126例大肠癌致肠梗阻外科手术治疗资料。 结果:126例患者中一期行右半结肠切除35例，一期行横结肠切除10例，一期行左半结肠切除48例，一期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除、近端结肠造瘘、关闭远端结肠或直肠备作二期吻合18例；肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠或横结肠造瘘15例。术后并发症发生率13.5%（17/126），围手术期病死率4.8%（6/126）。随访统计1，3，5年生存率分别为95.1%,52.7%,38.1%。结论:重视结肠癌致肠梗阻的围手术期处理，选择合理的手术方式是提高疗效，减少并发症的重要保证。     

大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科处理

目的探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科处理方法。方法分析1995～1999年间52例大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果52例病人,Ⅰ期行右半结肠切除9例;Ⅰ期行横结肠癌切除4例;Ⅰ期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造口,关闭远端结肠或直肠备Ⅱ期吻合37例。肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠造口2例(直肠癌)。术后并发症发生率15.3％(8/52),围手术期病死率3.8％(2/52)。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识。合理选择手术方式,做好围手术期处理是减少并发症,提高疗效的重要措施。     

大肠癌怕梗阻的外科处理（附５２例报告）

目的 探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科处理方法。方法 分析１９９５－１９９９年间５２例大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果 ５２例病人,Ⅰ期行右半结肠切除９例;Ⅰ期行横结肠癌切除４例;Ⅰ期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造口,关闭远端结肠或直肠备Ⅱ期吻合３７例。肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠造口２例（直肠癌）。术后并发症发生率１５.３％（８／５２）,围手术期病死率３.8%(2/52)。结论 重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识。合理选择手术方式,做好围手术期处理是减少并发症,提高疗效的重要措施。     

大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻60例外科治疗探讨

目的:探讨大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻外科治疗的效果.方法:选择本院2006年1月～2010年9月大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者60例,在积极保守治疗后症状无缓解下,行外科手术治疗.结果:行一期切除吻合的右半结肠、左半结肠及直肠癌46例.一期切除左半结肠或直肠上段癌,近端结肠造瘘,关闭远端结肠或直肠备二期吻合6例,术后恢复良好,肠造瘘口排便通畅,无造瘘口回缩或坏死.6例术后3个月行二期吻合术.结论:大肠癌合并急性肠梗阻要尽可能行l期切除吻合术,但不要过分勉强追求I期切除.     

大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科处理(附52例报告)

目的探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科处理方法。方法分析2000年至2008年间52例大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果52例病人,Ⅰ期行右半结肠切除9例;Ⅰ期行横结肠癌切除4例;Ⅰ期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造口,关闭远端结肠或直肠备Ⅱ期吻合37例。肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠造口2例(直肠癌)。术后并发症发生率15.3%(8/52),围术期病死率3.8%(2/52)。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识,合理选择手术方式,做好围术期处理是减少并发症,提高疗效的重要措施。     

大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法分析62例大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果62例病人,I期行右半结肠切除18例;行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近段结肠造口,关闭远端结肠或直肠,Ⅱ期吻合42例。肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠造口2例(直肠癌)。术后病死率1.6%(1/62)。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识,合理选择手术方式,做好围手术期处理是减少并发症,提高疗效的重要保证。     

86例老年大肠癌并肠梗阻外科治疗体会

目的:探讨老年大肠癌病人合并肠梗阻的外科治疗的方法。方法:回顾性分析收治的86例老年大肠癌合并肠梗阻病人的外科治疗资料。结果:86例病人,Ⅰ期右伴结肠切除27例,均Ⅰ期吻合,并发肠瘘1例,Ⅰ期左半结肠切除49例,Ⅰ期吻合8例,并发肠瘘2例,单纯性肠造瘘Ⅱ期手术肠切除5例,肿瘤无法切除行肠造瘘或捷径手术5例。围手术期死亡率8.14％(7／86)。结论:外科手术是老年大肠癌合并肠梗阻病人的主要治疗方法,年龄的大小不是手术的禁忌症,早期诊断、早期治疗、术前、术后合理处理并存病、选择适当的术式是提高疗效的关键。     

结肠癌致肠梗阻患者的外科治疗（附32例报告）

目的探讨结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析1991—2007年32例结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果32例患者中行Ⅰ期结肠癌根治性切除肠管端端吻合术共24例，其中右半结肠切除7例，横结肠切除3例，左半结肠切除5例，乙状结肠切除9例。行左半结肠切除、横结肠造口，关闭远端结肠备Ⅱ期吻合2例；乙状结肠癌根治性切除结肠造口1例；肿瘤无法切除行结肠侧侧吻合或造口5例。术后并发症发生率21．9％（7／32），围术期死亡率3．1％（1／32）。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识，早期诊断，根据病情选择合理手术方式，做好围术期处理是减少术后并发症、提高疗效的重要措施。     

大肠癌致急性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的探讨大肠癌致急性肠梗阻的诊断、围手术期处理及手术方式。方法对1998年1月至2008年10月手术治疗的37例大肠癌致急性肠梗阻病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果大肠癌致急性肠梗阻的术前确诊率为78．4％（29／37）。术前应用抗生素,术中灌洗减压,行一期切除吻合术29例;近端结肠造瘘、关闭远端结肠或直肠备作二期吻合4例;肿瘤无法切除行结肠造瘘4例。术后并发症发生率为16．2％。随访统计1年、5年生存率分别为87．1％和35．7％。结论及时诊断。合理地选择手术方式,加强围手术期的处理是降低术后并发症的关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.