反空袭作战卫勤保障的特点及对策(摘要)

未来局部战争中,反空袭作战急促,空袭与反空袭在短时间内的战斗将异常艰巨和激烈。 1 反空袭作战卫勤保障的主要特点 1.1 战争以快节奏、突发为特征,救治任务重 反空袭作战中,敌我双方在较短的时间内,将在陆、海、空广阔领域展开激烈的较量与争夺,加之中远程精确制导武器的广泛使用和远程战略空袭,致使伤员在更为广阔的地域发生,重伤员比例增加。伤员伤情将呈现多样化,给救治机构带来困难。 1.2 战场情况复杂,伤员后送困难 高技术条件下空袭作战,由于敌人实施持续性纵深空袭和远程火力突击,作战地域扩大,前后方区别趋于淡化,交战双方形成犬牙交错的非线性战场,以往按照三区七     

现代空袭作战致伤特点及卫勤保障探讨

面对高技术局部战争突发性强、遭敌空袭规模大、电子干扰覆盖面广、卫勤保障受到严重威胁等复杂的作战环境,研究高技术条件下反空袭作战卫勤保障是迫在眉睫的一项主要任务.本文通过对高技术局部战争反空袭作战卫勤保障现状进行分析,探讨高技术局部战争空袭致伤特点和反空袭作战卫勤保障的思路.     

当前城市要地防空作战预备役部队卫勤保障面临的问题与对策

高技术条件下空袭作战已成为强敌实施军事打击的主要作战样式。城市要地必将成为敌先制、反制或远程空袭的重要目标。预备役部队担负城市要地防空作战任务的特殊性，决定着部队既要具备独立的卫勤保障能力，又要依托军地联合医疗指挥救护体系，切实做好卫勤保障。必须精建卫勤保障指挥机构，完善保障预案，编实建强保障队伍，改进保障方式方法，提高卫勤保障能力。     

贴近实战科学演练 提高卫勤保障能力

为适应对台军事斗争准备卫勤保障需要，提高各层次卫勤分队综合保障能力，66267部队于2007年7月在战区某训练基地进行了模拟战场环境下卫勤分队综合演练。通过救护所机动、工作与撤收等一系列连贯演练，对战场环境下卫勤保障的重点难点问题进行了深入的研究和探讨，有效提高了卫勤分队的综合保障能力，得到上级机关和首长的好评。贴近实战科学演练 提高卫勤保障能力@刘庆来 @程年生 @何君 @岳洪发     

城市反空袭作战卫生减员分布分析

在“三非”作战思想的指导下，随着非接触打击武器装备的发展，“空地一体战”的形成，对城市的空袭作战已成为未来战争的主要作战样式。掌握现代高技术条件下城市空袭作战卫生减员的分布规律，对于卫勤人员作好卫勤保障工作大有裨益。在综合空袭作战减员的基础上，本文初步探讨了城市空袭作战中人员减员的分布规律。     

加强应急机动防空部队卫勤保障能力的探讨

近几年的几场局部战争表明，科学技术在军事领域的飞速发展与应用，使传统的战争模式发生了根本性的变化。应急机动防空部队作为前沿部队，既是反空袭的重要力量，也是敌人首先打击的目标，传统的卫勤保障已不能适应未来高技术战争条件下伤病员的救治的需要，应急机动防空部队卫勤保障将面临更加严峻     

近岸岛屿封锁作战卫勤保障的几点思考

近岸岛屿封锁作战是炮兵部队火力支援战斗的主要战法。因受战场环境等诸多因素影响，其卫勤保障难度大、要求高，部队卫勤保障将面临严峻的挑战。笔者结合参加炮兵部队战备演练体会，就近岸岛屿封锁作战有关卫勤保障问题进行探讨。     

美军战时卫勤信息化对我们的几点启示

目的通过信息化技术在美军战时卫勤保障方面的运用介绍,指出我军在战时卫勤保障方面与美军的差距。方法通过美军战时单兵信息系统、远程医疗系统、卫生信息化系统的介绍,提出我军未来卫勤保障信息化建设的几点建议。结果为适应未来战争的需求,我军卫勤建设必须着眼于提高我军卫勤保障时效,发展数字化卫勤装备和卫勤保障系统。结论借鉴美军在战场医疗救治信息化建设方面的经验,打破传统观念,借助军地双方力量,开展战区卫勤信息化建设,形成独特的战场卫勤组织指挥,伤员寻找、救护、后送一体化模式。     

全数字化战场伤病员信息采集传输系统设计

在现代战争卫勤保障中，信息的作用越来越明显，其中伤病员信息的及时采集、传输、处理、追踪和利用已成为分级救治卫勤保障的重要内容。机动卫勤分队是我军战役、战略卫勤保障支援的“拳头”部队，是战场伤病员救护的一线力量，也是获取伤病员第一手信息、构建伤病员信息流的源头机构，在战时阶梯医疗后送体制中处于重要地位。     

信息化条件下边境反击作战卫勤保障应把握的几个问题

信息化条件下边境地区联合反击作战,是我军未来面临的主要作战样式之一。由于信息技术在军事领域的广泛应用,战场呈现多维立体态势,改变了传统的作战模式。多兵种参与的战役行动,使卫勤保障难度明显增大,加之特殊的战场环境,使卫勤保障任务更加繁重艰巨。深入研究信息条件下边境反击作战卫勤保障的特点,对于赢得卫勤保障主动权,具有十分重要意义。本文提出信息化条件下边境反击作战卫勤保障应把握的几个问题。1应建立与后勤指挥体制相一致的卫勤指挥体制,确保灵敏、高效、统一信息化条件下边境反击作战,战争爆发突然,战斗激烈,伤亡多,卫勤保…     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.