真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2的构建及在EJ细胞中的表达☆

背景：核因子κB在肿瘤生成过程中起重要作用,PDLIM2基因可以介导终止核因子κB的活性,解除核因子κB对肿瘤细胞的凋亡抑制作用。 目的：克隆人PDLIM2全长基因,构建pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2真核表达载体。 方法：采用反转录-聚合酶链反应从新鲜膀胱组织总RNA中克隆PDLIM2全长基因,与经Bam HI、Xho Ⅰ相同双酶切的pIRES2-EGFP质粒载体连接,构建重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2,经酶切及测序鉴定重组质粒中PDLIM2基因的完整性和忠实性。荧光显微镜下观察重组质粒转染的EJ细胞GFP报告基因表达强度,并对转染细胞PDLIM2的表达进行RT-PCR检测。 结果与结论：经酶切和测序证实重组质粒构建正确,并在转染的EJ细胞中获得PDLIM2的高效表达。表明用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法成功从膀胱组织中克隆出PDLIM2全长基因,成功构建pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2真核表达载体。     

人可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因克隆及真核表达载体的构建

背景：血管内皮生长因子在肿瘤新生血管的形成中发挥着关键的作用,可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1能竞争性地抑制血管内皮生长因子诱导新生血管形成的生物学功能。 目的：克隆人可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体基因1,尝试构建可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因的真核表达载体。 设计、时间及地点：基因表达载体构建实验,于2006-10/2007-11在中山大学附属第一医院外科实验室完成。 材料：人脐静脉内皮细胞、pMD-18T载体及pcDNA3载体。 方法：提取人脐静脉内皮细胞总RNA,使用反转录-聚合酶链反应的方法扩增获得到可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因cDNA,并将其克隆至pMD-18T载体中,经酶切及测序证实。然后应用聚合酶链反应的方法从pMD-18T可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1重组载体中克隆可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因,再将其定向亚克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建真核表达重组体pcDNA3-可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1,提取质粒进行双酶切、聚合酶链反应及测序鉴定。 主要观察指标：可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因反转录-聚合酶链反应情况及pcDNA3-可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1真核重组体的构建与鉴定结果。 结果：构建的真核表达重组体pcDNA3-可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1经过双酶切及聚合酶链反应鉴定,证实其中含有目的可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因;测序结果经比对分析,证实与预期设计的编码区cDNA一致。 结论：应用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法成功从人脐静脉内皮细胞中克隆出可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因,成功构建出了可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体1基因真核表达载体。     

人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体的构建和体外表达

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP-2) 是已知的所有生长因子中对骨的形成作用最强的生长因子，被认为是最具有前途的骨诱导物质。 目的：构建人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体并观察其体外表达情况。 设计、时间及地点：自身对照实验，于2005-07/2006-05在华中科技大学同济医学院分子生物中心实验室完成。 材料：pcDNA3.1(+)载体由华中科技大学同济医学院左石博士惠赠；成骨肉瘤组织由华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院骨科提供。 方法：从人成骨肉瘤细胞中提取细胞总RNA，利用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法扩增获得人BMP-2基因cDNA，将基因片断重组到pGEM-T质粒中构建pGEM-T- hBMP-2重组质粒载体，转化到大肠杆菌DH5α后筛选阳性克隆，利用限制性酶切和DNA序列分析鉴定重组质粒。分别用RcoRI和NotI双酶切pGEM-T- hBMP-2质粒和pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，将克隆载体中人骨形成蛋白2基因重组到pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，提取质粒作酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序后，用脂质体体外转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测BMP-2的表达。 主要观察指标：①人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA 反转录-聚合酶链反应结果。②重组质粒pGEM-T-hBMP-2 和pcDNA3.1-hBMP-2的构建和酶切鉴定。③BMP-2在小鼠骨髓基质细胞内的表达。 结果：人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA经反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增后，获得1.2 kb条带。经酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序证实实验成功克隆BMP-2基因，重组质粒pcDNA3.1- hBMP-2构建正确;该重组质粒能在体外培养的小鼠骨髓基质细胞中有效表达BMP-2。 结论：实验成功克隆人骨形成蛋白2基因并构建了此基因的真核表达载体。     

Beclin1 基因慢病毒表达载体的构建和鉴定*☆

背景：Beclin1基因是哺乳动物的自噬调控基因。 目的：实验拟构建Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。 方法：聚合酶链反应扩增目的基因Beclin1 后插入慢病毒表达载体pLenex中,构建重组载体pLenex-Beclin1。使用聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA的测序方法对其进行鉴定,并与辅助包装质粒共感染293T细胞。慢病毒颗粒转染非小细胞肺癌A549细胞后,用蛋白质印迹法检测Beclin1 基因的过表达效率。 结果与结论：聚合酶链反应鉴定结果显示扩增的阳性片段已插入pLenex载体,聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA测序结果表明,重组慢病毒载体pLenex-Beclin1 的插入序列完全正确,重组慢病毒载体感染A549细胞后,细胞内Beclin1蛋白高效表达。结果证实,实验成功构建了Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。     

BDNF基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLEGFP-BDNF的构建与鉴定

目的构建脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体。方法根据 BDNF基因已知序列,设计合成一对引物并导入HindⅢ和BamH Ⅰ酶切位点;从大鼠海马组织提取总 RNA,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)获得编码BDNF的基因片段,与克隆载体pMD 18-T Simple连接构建pMDT-BDNF质粒;经HindⅢ、BamHⅠ双酶切,获得BDNF基因片断再克隆至逆转录病毒载体 pLEGFP-N1中构建重组质粒pLEGFP-BDNF。结果限制性内切酶酶切分析和PCR法鉴定表明为正确重组子,测序结果证实与已知序列吻合。结论构建的重组逆转录病毒表达载体 pLEGFP-BDNF含有序列正确的大鼠BDNF基因,可以作为今后治疗老年性痴呆动物模型转基因实验的基因来源。     

pEGFP-N1-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ载体构建及在兔骨髓间充质干细胞中的表达

背景：过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ是细胞分化重要的调控因子,通过调节其他转录因子的表达,参与调节骨髓间充质干细胞的分化。 目的：构建pEGFP-N1-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ真核表达载体,体外转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞,为过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ受体功能和基于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ受体靶点的药物筛选提供分子研究平台。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本观察,于2007-09/2008-07在南华大学附属一医院临床研究所完成。 材料：选择雄性2~5月龄新西兰大白兔,用于分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞。 方法：应用密度梯度离心法分离骨髓间充质干细胞,贴壁法不断纯化。从正常小鼠的肝组织中提取总RNA,反转录-聚合酶链反应法获得过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γcDNA,经Xho Ⅰ,Apa Ⅰ双酶切,定向克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-N1,构建重组质粒pEGFP-N1-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ。 主要观察指标：经酶切分析和测序鉴定重组质粒中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ基因的完整性和真实性,脂质体介导下体外转染骨髓间充质干细胞,荧光倒置显微镜下观察瞬时表达及转染效率,提取总RNA和总蛋白,进行反转录-聚合酶链反应和Western blot检测。 结果：获得的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ基因片段经酶切和测序鉴定正确,重组质粒经酶切和测序鉴定证实构建正确,成功转染骨髓间充质干细胞,在其中检测到目的基因及蛋白表达。 结论：实验成功构建了pEGFP-N1-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ重组质粒,同时在转染的骨髓间充质干细胞中获得了过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ的高效表达。     

人重组pcDNA6.2/生长分化因子5质粒的构建及鉴定

背景：生长分化因子5是一种刺激肌腱、韧带塑型，增强愈合反应有效的生长因子，在活性组织工程肌腱构建中有重要作用。 目的：构建人重组pcDNA6.2/生长分化因子5质粒，为转染基质干细胞向肌腱诱导分化实验奠定基础。 设计、时间及地点：细胞基因工程体外实验，于2007-08/12在哈尔滨医科大学遗传学教研室和分子生物学教研室完成。 材料：根据Genbank（NM000557）中人生长分化因子5的序列化学合成一对引物,从人胎儿软骨组织提取总RNA。 方法：通过反转录-聚合酶链反应得到人生长分化因子5完整成熟肽基因。将所得基因片段插入克隆载体pcDNA6.2并转化入JM109菌株，提取重组质粒，PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定并测序。 主要观察指标：反转录-聚合酶链反应检测结果，PCR及SalⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切鉴定结果,重组质粒测序与Genbank中序列比较结果。 结果：电泳显示，反转录-聚合酶链反应产物为一长约380 bp的带，阳性克隆质粒经PCR电泳及双酶切均出现约380 bp的片段。测序表明与Genbank中的序列完全相符。 结论：成功构建出人重组pcDNA6.2/生长分化因子5质粒，为组织工程化肌腱过程中种子细胞的制备提供转染质粒。     

真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hFasL的构建及鉴定*☆

背景：FasL通过与靶细胞上Fas结合诱导程序性细胞死亡，可维持机体内稳态，诱导同种异基因移植免疫耐受，促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。 目的：构建带有增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因EGFP及目的基因hFasL的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hFasL。 方法：通过实时聚合酶链反应RT-PCR方法从人外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出hFasL基因，与真核空载体 plRES2-EGFP一起，经XhoⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切，T4 DNA连接酶连接，从而构建pIRES2-EGFP-hFasL。用紫外分光光度计测定质粒浓度及纯度，经酶切、PCR技术、基因测序等方法进行鉴定。 结果与结论：扩增出的hFasL条带大小约846 bp，构建的plRES2-EGFP-hFasL经酶切后在846 bp和2 000 bp处有特异性条带，DNA测序证实hFasL与Genebank上的序列完全一致。提示成功构建了含有hFasL及EGFP的真核表达载体plRES2-EGFP-hFasL。     

构建胶质原纤维酸性蛋白原核表达载体及蛋白表达鉴定

背景：胶质原纤维酸性蛋白在神经损伤的发生发展过程中具有重要作用。 目的：对胶质纤维酸性蛋白进行基因克隆,构建原核表达质粒并加以鉴定。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本观察,于2008-09/11在上海市长征医院神经外科实验室完成。 材料：中间载体pGEM-T Easy质粒购于Promega 公司,原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2由上海市长征医院神经外科实验室保存。 方法：从人脑胶质瘤组织提取mRNA, 采用反转录-聚合酶链反应的方法扩增胶质纤维酸性蛋白序列并表达,然后与载体pGEX-4T-2连接,转化宿主菌BL21构建重组质粒,诱导表达后纯化,Western-blot鉴定。 主要观察指标：总RNA鉴定结果,聚合酶链反应扩增产物分子质量的鉴定,重组表达载体的酶切鉴定,Western-blot鉴定。 结果：抽提肿瘤组织总RNA后,电泳清晰可见rRNA28S、18S、5S 3条带。且总RNA的A260nm/A280 nm值为1.903。聚合酶链反应结果显示,在约1 300 bp左右有一条特异性条带,与预期的胶质原纤维酸性蛋白基因大小一致。重组表达载体的酶切鉴定及测序结果与GenBank的胶质原纤维酸性蛋白序列一致,经Western-blot验证为目的蛋白。 结论：用双酶切、DNA测序与Western-blot的方法证实原核表达载体构建成功。     

携带人内皮抑素基因的重组腺病毒构建及表达*☆

目的：内皮抑素是目前发现的作用最强的内皮细胞抑制因子，但内皮抑素蛋白极不稳定，难以制备及应用，故需要借助基因治疗发挥其抑制血管生成的作用。实验利用AdEasy-1系统构建并鉴定人内皮抑素重组腺病毒，并在人血脐静脉内皮细胞中表达出内皮抑素蛋白。 方法：实验于2006-03/10在中山大学生命科学院完成。以Pshuttle-Endostatin质粒为模板，应用特异引物，通过聚合酶链反应扩增纯化得到Endostatin基因片断，经测序鉴定后，酶切插入穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV中，再与骨架质粒AdEasy-1在大肠杆菌BJ5183中进行同源重组，重组质粒经筛选、提取、纯化后，经酶切及测序鉴定正确，再大量扩增为腺病毒载体，线性化后利用脂质体2000转染AAV293细胞包装并扩增，得到的病毒液纯化扩增后，感染人脐静脉内皮细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测感染细胞中目的基因的表达，蛋白免疫印迹检测感染细胞中蛋白的表达。 结果：获得的Endostatin基因片段经酶切及测序鉴定正确，重组腺病毒质粒经酶切及测序鉴定正确，成功转染AAV293细胞，包装并扩增出病毒液，纯化后测滴度为2.06×1010 pfu/mL，进一步感染人脐静脉内皮细胞，在其中检测到目的基因及蛋白表达。 结论：人内皮抑素重组腺病毒pAd-Endo构建成功，且可在人脐静脉内皮细胞中表达出相应的目的基因及蛋白。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.