不同产地柴胡中柴胡皂苷的含量测定

目的测定不同产地柴胡中柴胡皂苷a及柴胡总皂苷的含量。方法以柴胡皂苷a为指标 ,采用高效液相色谱法和可见分光光度法。结果柴胡皂苷a分别在 0 9～ 7 2 μg(r =0 9998)及0 0 4～ 0 36 g·L-1(r =0 9999)内线性关系良好。柴胡皂苷a的平均回收率分别为 98 5 % (n =6 ,RSD =2 1% )和 97 3% (n =6 ,RSD =1 9% )。柴胡皂苷a的含量以陕西最高 ,内蒙最低 ;柴胡总皂苷以内蒙最高而山西最低。结论此方法简便、快速 ,便于对柴胡药材进行质量评价     

柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定

目的 建立柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定方法,并对样品进行含量测定.方法 采用紫外分光光度法,以柴胡皂苷a为对照品,在波长545nm处对样品中的总皂苷进行含量测定;采用高效液相色谱法,以C18色谱柱(4.6mmX250mm.5μm)、甲醇-水为流动相,流速为1mL·min<'-1>,检测波长为210nm,测定样品中柴胡皂苷a的含量.结果 柴胡总皂苷在30～70μg/mL、柴胡皂苷a在50.4～252μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,r分别为09956、0.9991;平均回收率:柴胡总皂苷为99.31%、柴胡皂苷a为99.22%;RSD:柴胡总皂苷为1.25%,柴胡皂苷a为1.07%.结论 本研究所建立的紫外分光光度法测定柴胡总皂苷及高效液相法测定皂苷a含量的方法,简便、易行、快速,结果准确可靠,适用于柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定,并为在安全剂量范围内正确使用柴胡提供依据.     

甘肃地产药材空心柴胡的质量评价

目的考察和评价不同产地空心柴胡的质量。方法测定3个不同产地野生空心柴胡根中总浸出物、总皂苷、柴胡皂苷a、挥发油。结果不同产地空心柴胡中有效成分含量有明显差异。结论此研究将为柴胡的药用和资源利用提供参考依据。     

GC-MS分析不同采收期广陈皮中挥发油成分的变化

目的研究广陈皮中挥发油含量在不同采收期的动态变化规律。方法应用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同采收期广陈皮中的挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用分析法测定挥发油含量。结果不同采收期广陈皮样品挥发油平均得率以9月最高,为8.94%,广陈皮挥发油中共鉴别出21种成分,其百分含量在不同月份变化较大。结论不同采收期广陈皮挥发油中的组分基本一致,但成分的含量上差异较大。     

青海产小叶黑柴胡中皂苷类成分的含量分析

目的测定青海产小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷、柴胡皂苷a及柴胡皂苷d的含量,为其质量评价和开发利用提供参考。方法采用分光光度法测定小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷的含量;采用高效液相色谱法测定小叶黑柴胡中柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量。结果小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷含量>2.77%,柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量分别高于0.54%和0.14%,其中柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量远高于中国药典中柴胡含量项下的标准。结论本方法简便快速,结果准确、稳定,适用于小叶黑柴胡中皂苷类成分的含量测定。青海产小叶黑柴胡具有较高的药用价值。     

鄂西北地区不同生长条件和品种柴胡中总皂苷含量比较

目的:比较鄂西北地区不同生长条件柴胡中柴胡总皂苷的含量。方法:使用可见分光光度法。结果:不同产地、不同品种柴胡中总皂苷含量有一定差异,同一区域种植和野生柴胡总皂苷含量无明显差异。结论:实行中药现代化必须大力推进规范化种植(GAP),鄂西北地区具有进行柴胡GAP种植的地理条件。     

柴胡的质量评价研究△

目的:建立柴胡的质量评价方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别;紫外分光光度法,测定柴胡中总皂苷的含量;利用HPLC法,采用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)、乙腈-水为流动相,流速:1.0ml.min-1,检测波长:210nm,测定柴胡中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量。结果:柴胡总皂苷在0.03256～0.1628mg、柴胡皂苷a在0.258～2.580μg、柴胡皂苷d在0.238～2.380μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r分别为0.9969、0.9996、0.9997;平均回收率:柴胡总皂苷为99.73%,柴胡皂苷a为100.40%,柴胡皂苷d为99.70%;RSD:柴胡总皂苷为2.07%,柴胡皂苷a为1.72%,柴胡皂苷d为1.50%。结论:定性鉴别薄层色谱特征明显,专属性强,本研究建立的紫外分光光度法测定柴胡总皂苷及高效液相法测定柴胡皂苷a、d含量的方法,简单、易行、快速,结果准确可靠,能较全面地控制柴胡的质量,并为在安全剂量范围内正确使用柴胡提供依据。     

不同干燥和炮制方法对北柴胡皂苷类化合物的影响

目的以北柴胡中柴胡皂苷a、d及总皂苷的含量为考察指标,评价不同干燥和炮制方法对北柴胡中皂苷类化合物的影响。方法采用HPLC法与可见分光光度法,测定不同干燥和炮制方法的北柴胡中柴胡皂苷a、d及总皂苷的含量。结果不同干燥方法干燥品中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量:红外干燥品>100℃烘干品>微波干燥品>50℃烘干品>晒干品>阴干品,含量差异显著;总皂苷含量:100℃烘干品>微波干燥品>阴干品>红外干燥品>晒干品>50℃烘干品,但差异不大。不同炮制方法炮制品中柴胡皂苷a的含量:生品>鳖血黄酒共炙品>清炒品>蜜炙品>酒拌品>醋拌品>酒炙品>鳖血炙品>醋炙品;柴胡皂苷d的含量:生品>鳖血黄酒共炙品>醋拌品>蜜炙品>酒拌品>酒炙品>清炒品>醋炙品;总皂苷的含量:蜜炙品>醋拌品>酒拌品>鳖血炙品>酒炙品>鳖血黄酒共炙品>醋炙品>生品>清炒品。结论红外、微波、100℃烘干等干燥方法能明显提高柴胡皂苷a、d的含量,总皂苷含量差异不大;炮制品中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量相对于生品都有所下降,其中醋炙品中含量最低,蜜炙品中总皂苷含量升高明显,其他炮制品总皂苷含量变化很小。     

柴胡总皂苷提取工艺的优化

目的 考察柴胡中总皂苷的最佳提取工艺。方法 以柴胡总皂苷提取率为评价指标，采用单因素实验与正交实验设计优选出柴胡中柴胡总皂苷的提取工艺。结果 柴胡总皂苷的最优提取工艺为：粉碎粒径＜180 μm的柴胡粉末在80 ℃条件下以70%乙醇回流提取3次，每次1 h，每次加乙醇量为柴胡粉末量的8倍。结论 验证实验表明优选出的提取工艺稳定可行，适用于柴胡总皂苷的提取。     

不同采收期春柴胡中总黄酮的含量测定

目的: 测定不同产地、不同采收期春柴胡中总黄酮的含量.方法:采用比色法,检测波长为 510 nm.结果与结论:不同产地、不同采收期春柴胡中总黄酮的含量差异较大.     

Metabolic fingerprinting by 1HNMR for discrimination of the two species used as Radix Bupleuri

Radix Bupleuri is a traditional Chinese medicine harvested from two Bupleurum species (B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium). It is widely used and is sourced from different regions of China. 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis were applied to 67 Radix Bupleuri samples to discriminate the two species, and explore the influences of habitat and culture method on the quality of Radix Bupleuri based on their metabolomics profiles. Metabolites responsible for the differences between the two species were higher levels of arginine, citric acid, sucrose, saikosaponin b1/b2 analogs, volatile oil with an (E)-2-olefin aldehyde fragment, and fatty acids in B. scoreonerifolium, and more saikosaponin a/c/d analogs in B. chinense. The variances of two cultivation areas were observed due to the higher amount of saikosaponins a/c/d in samples from Shaanxi and lipidsin samples from Shanxi. No obvious difference was detected between cultivars and wild type. 1HNMR metabolomics can simultaneously detect saikosaponins and hydrocarbon aldehydes, and also differentiate the two main saikosaponin skeletons, making it a suitable tool for the species discrimination and quality evaluation of Radix Bupleuri.     

基原对柴胡急性毒性和皂苷类物质含量影响的实验研究

目的对不同基原柴胡的皂苷类物质含量和急性毒性大小进行比较研究,探讨基原对柴胡皂苷类化学成分含量与急性毒性的影响。方法运用UV法、HPLC法、经典急毒实验法,进行南、北柴胡药材中柴胡总皂苷和皂苷a含量测定及急性毒性比较研究。结果北柴胡药材中总皂苷含量4．61％,柴胡皂苷a的含量0．60％,南柴胡药材中总皂苷含量3．53％,柴胡皂苷a的含量0．46％。1日内给小鼠灌胃南、北柴胡药材分别为25．2g／kg、26．4g／kg（按含生药量计算）,分别相当于临床70kg的成人每公斤体重日用量的196倍和205倍以上,观察14天,小鼠一般状况良好,无一死亡。结论北柴胡药材毒性大于南柴胡药材,其毒性的大小与柴胡皂苷类物质含量有一定相关性。     

High performance liquid chromatographic assay of saikosaponins from radix Bupleuri in China

In this study, the quantitative analysis of saikosaponins from Radix Bupleuri in China was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. Saikosaponin-a and -d were converted completely into saikosaponin-b1 and -b2 by mild acid treatment. Distinctive measuring of these converted diene-saponins provided a rapid and selective method for the determination of saikosaponin-a and -d in commercial samples of Radix Bupleuri. The conditions of extraction and conversion of saikosaponins were optimized using orthogonal design L9(3(4)). The HPLC analysis was performed on ODS-C18 column with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength of 250 nm. Well resolved chromatograms of saikosaponin-b1 and -b2 were obtained with an isocratic elution of acetonitrile : 1% formic acid water (37.5 : 62.5). Calibration curves of saikosaponin-b1 and -b2 were linear in the range of 4.9-98.0 microg/ml and 3.5-71.0 microg/ml, respectively. The average recovery of saikosaponin-b1 and -b2 were 98.3% (RSD = 3.1%) and 96.4% (RSD = 1.8%), respectively. Seventeen samples of different species and habitats of Radix Bupleuri were analyzed by the developed HPLC method.     

Antagonism of saikosaponin-induced prostaglandin E2 release by baicalein in C6 rat glioma cells

There are several Kampo medicines (Chinese herbal medicines) containing both Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix, which are used for the treatment of inflammation. Saikosaponins are derived from Bupleuri Radix, and baicalein is from Scutellariae Radix. The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacological interaction of saikosaponin b1 and baicalein in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from C6 rat glioma cells in vitro. Saikosaponin a, b1 and d potently stimulated PGE2 release, while saikosaponin b2 and c moderately stimulated PGE2 release. Saikosaponin b1 caused an irreversible elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which was eliminated by removing extracellular Ca2+. On the other hand, baicalein inhibited saikosaponin b1-induced PGE2 release in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that saikosaponins are activators of PGE2 release, and baicalein is one of the functional inhibitors of PGE2 release by saikosaponins.     

不同药用部位及不同采收期疏花荠苧总黄酮含量动态比较

目的：研究不同药用部位及不同采收期疏花荠芋总黄酮的含量变化,为确定疏花荠芋药材药用部位及最佳采收期提供依据。方法：采用分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。结果：不同采收期疏花荠芋药材总黄酮含量以9月为高;不同药用部位,叶中总黄酮含量明显高于茎、根。结论：建议疏花荠芋药材采收以9月地上部分为宜。     

A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications

Context: Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities.

Objective: To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri.

Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms ‘Radix Bupleuri’, ‘Bupleurum’, ‘saikosaponins’, ‘Radix Bupleuri preparation’, and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA).

Results and conclusion: 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b₂, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.     

南、北柴胡不同组分对小鼠急性毒性试验比较研究

目的探讨南、北柴胡不同组分对小鼠急性毒性的影响。方法分别制备南、北柴胡水提组分和醇提组分,按照经典小鼠急性毒性试验方法,进行南、北柴胡不同组分的小鼠急性毒性试验比较研究,试验数据用公斤体重法计算最大耐受量（MTD）和最大给药量（MLD）,连续观察14天。结果南、北柴胡不同组分对小鼠急性毒性强度为：北柴胡醇提组分〉南柴胡醇提组分〉北柴胡水提组分〉南柴胡水提组分。南、北柴胡水提组分没有出现死亡,测得MLD值按含生药量计算分别为181.6g·kg-·1d-1和201.6g·kg-·1d-1,分别相当于临床70kg人每公斤体重日用量的1412.4倍和1568.0倍;南、北柴胡醇提组分无法做出LD50,测得MTD值按含生药量计算分别为46.4g·kg-1·d-1和75.2g·kg-1·d-1,分别相当于临床70kg人每公斤体重日用量的360.9倍和584.9倍。结论北柴胡药材毒性大于南柴胡,且南、北柴胡的醇提组分均大于其水提组分。柴胡皂苷类物质含量高低与其毒性大小有一定相关性,推测柴胡皂苷可能是其主要毒性物质基础。     

Simultaneous determination of Saikosaponin a,c and d in different parts of wild bupleurum from Shanxi Province

Asa traditional Chinese herbal medicine exhibiting analgesic, fever-reducing and anti-inflammatory effects, Radix Bupleuri (Chai-Hu) is commonly used for the treatment of influenza, which is derived from the dried roots of Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. Among of diverse chemical components, saikosaponins are the key active components of the herb medicine. In the present study, we established a method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin a, c and d in root, stem, leaf and flower of Bupleurumchinense (B chinense) collected from different areas of Shanxi Province, China. The results from 16 samples of root, stem, leaf and flower of B chinense demonstrated that the total contents of the three saikosaponins in the root of B chinense collected from Dongshan Taiyuan, Xishan, Tianlongshan and Pangquangou were 4.26 mg/g, 3.22 mg/g, 4.23 mg/g and 3.05 mg/g, respectively. However, there was scarcely any saikosaponins in the stem, leaf and flower of B chinensecollected from above-mentioned areas. The method of HPLC coupled with ELSD was suitable for quality control of Radix Bupleuri. The result also confirmed that the root of B chinense was the best medicinal part.     

不同采收季节及部位田基黄药材中黄酮类成分的含量测定

目的:测定不同采收季节及部位田基黄药材中黄酮类成分的含量。方法:采用比色法测定田基黄药材中总黄酮的含量;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定田基黄药材中槲皮素、芦丁、异鼠李素的含量。结果:不同采收季节田基黄药材中总黄酮的含量无显著差异;广西产田基黄药材中不含异鼠李素,但槲皮素、芦丁含量较高。田基黄药材不同部位中总黄酮含量以种子和叶高,根中低,且根中几乎不含异鼠李素、槲皮素、芦丁。结论:由于春季田基黄药材植株矮小、产量低,因此应以秋季采收为佳。《中国药典》规定田基黄药材的药用部位为全草是科学的。