阿昔洛韦眼用壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及家兔生物利用度研究

目的:应用离子交联法制备阿昔洛韦壳聚糖纳米粒,考察其体外性质及其经家兔眼部给药后的生物利用度.方法:壳聚糖与三聚磷酸钠通过离子交联作用制备纳米粒,考察了纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位、包封率以及体外释放性质,通过家兔眼部结膜囊内给药,考察眼房水中药物浓度的变化,并与市售阿昔洛韦滴眼液相比较.结果:阿昔洛韦壳聚糖纳米粒的平均粒径为235 nm,多分散系数为0.256,Zeta电位为43.9 mV;平均包封率为15.6%,平均载药量为1.9%;家兔眼部给药后,AUC0→6 h达到3.69μg·h-1·mL-1,是市售制剂的2.4倍.结论:实验初步证实制备的壳聚糖纳米粒可以促进阿昔洛韦的眼部吸收.     

表面修饰的鼻用聚乳酸载药纳米粒的制备及体外性质研究

目的 研究壳聚糖盐酸盐、吐温80、聚乙二醇20000、冰片薄荷低共溶物多重修饰的茴拉西坦聚乳酸鼻腔给药脑靶向纳米粒的制备工艺,并初步评价其体外稳定性.方法 采用溶剂扩散-蒸发法制备多重修饰的载药纳米粒,筛选并优化了其处方,考察了粒径分布、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量、稳定性及体外累积释药百分率.结果 壳聚糖盐酸盐、吐温80、聚乙二醇20000三重修饰的纳米粒形态圆整,粒径分布141.5±30.4 nm,Zeta电位20.4 mV,包封率98.14％,载药量为11.57％.所制纳米粒在溶菌酶和大鼠鼻洗液中稳定,在pH7.4和pH4.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中的24 h内累计释药百分率小于88％.结论 壳聚糖盐酸盐、吐温80、聚乙二醇20000、冰片薄荷低共溶物多重修饰的载药纳米粒包封率较高,性质稳定.     

N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外评价

目的制备N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒并对其进行体外评价。方法采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒;以包封率、载药量及粒径为指标,采用正交设计法对处方进行优化;考察其理化特征及体外释药行为。结果纳米粒包封率及载药量分别为62.36%和18.98%,平均粒径及zeta电位分别为(206.6±64.7)nm和(-27.2±0.2)mV;1 h药物释放达到45%,随后药物的释药行为是一个缓释过程。结论作者采用乳化溶剂挥发法成功制得N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒。该方法制得纳米粒包封率较高,制备工艺简单。     

吡喹酮固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其理化性质研究

目的:制备吡喹酮固体脂质纳米粒(PZQ-SLN),并考察其理化性质。方法:以山嵛酸甘油酯和乙酸丁酯为脂质材料,超声分散法制备PZQ-SLN,透射电镜观察纳米粒形态,测定其粒径、Zeta电位和药物包封率,并进行体外释放试验及考察样品的稳定性。结果:所得脂质纳米粒为类圆球状,粒径分布较均匀。样品粒径为(100±21)nm,包封率为(79.3±0.69)%,平均Zeta电位值为—66.3mV。药物体外释放符合Weibull方程。4℃放置3mo后粒径、包封率和Zeta电位均无明显变化。结论:制备的PZQ-SLN理化性质较为理想,能使药物缓慢释放。4℃条件下贮存比较稳定。     

离子凝胶法制备水杨酸壳聚糖纳米粒

目的以壳聚糖为载体材料制备水杨酸壳聚糖纳米粒,并对其制备工艺及体系pH值对药物包封率的影响进行考察,初步探讨壳聚糖纳米粒的载药机制。方法以水杨酸为模型药物,采用离子凝胶法制备壳聚糖纳米粒,以包封率及粒径为指标,考察处方因素对纳米粒制备的影响。结果壳聚糖浓度、体系的pH值、药物质量浓度是影响制备工艺的主要因素;体系的pH值可显著提高壳聚糖纳米粒的包封率。结论药物与壳聚糖之间的离子相互作用较弱,并不是纳米粒载药的主要机制。     

盐酸表柔比星固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其理化性质考察

目的:制备盐酸表柔比星固体脂质纳米粒。方法:以山嵛酸甘油酯为脂质材料,采用超声分散法制备盐酸表柔比星固体脂质纳米粒,并对其形态、粒径、ζ电位、包封率等进行评价,考察制剂4℃下密封放置3个月的稳定性。结果:所制纳米粒外观呈类球形,粒径为(212.8±6.2)nm,ζ电位为(—24.7±0.3)mV,包封率约为82%。4℃放置3个月,制剂的平均粒径、ζ电位、包封率变化不明显。结论:所制盐酸表柔比星固体脂质纳米粒达到设计要求。     

羟基喜树碱包衣纳米脂质体的制备及体外释药研究

目的:进行羟基喜树碱氯化壳聚糖包衣纳米脂质体(Nanoliposome,N-liposome)的制备及体外释药考察,以提高包封率和稳定性.方法:采用薄膜分散法制备羟基喜树碱脂质体并用氯化壳聚糖包衣,经高压均质机多次乳匀得到纳米脂质体(＜100nm),用激光粒度分析仪测定其zeta电位、粒径大小及分布,用不同冻干保护剂进行冷冻干燥,用透析法考察药物体外释药性质.结果:包衣纳米脂质体zeta电位为 55.1mV,平均粒径(ZAve)为91.9 nm,粒径分布为20～120 nm;以15%(W/V)的海藻糖做冻干保护剂的脂质体冻干前后粒径变化最小,再水化后平均粒径为98.2 nm,包封率为(61.2±1.2)%(n=3);氯化壳聚糖包衣脂质体外释药曲线符合Higuchi方程(Q=0.055 0.0228t1/2).结论:本试验制备的羟基喜树碱包衣纳米脂质体具有包封率高,稳定性好,大小均匀,以及体外能显著延缓药物的释放的性质.     

人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的:制备人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒,并考察其理化性质。方法:从旋转薄膜-超声分散法、乳化蒸发-低温固化法、高剪切乳化超声法和高压乳匀法中优选出制备方法;在脂质、表面活性剂等辅料和主药用量的单因素考察基础上,采用正交试验设计,确定最佳处方组成和制备工艺条件;用凝胶柱色谱和HPLC法测定包封率,透射电镜观察形态,激光粒径分析仪测定粒径和Zeta电位。结果:脂质、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂和主药的用量对Rd固体脂质纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位和包封率均有不同程度的影响。高压乳匀法适合制备Rd固体脂质纳米粒。纳米粒表面呈圆整的球状,大小相近,分散均匀;平均粒径为(102.7±27.0)nm,Zeta电位为(-44.9±9.5)mV,包封率和载药量分别为(81.8±2.6)%和(6.37±0.21)%(n=3)。纳米粒稳定性良好,在4℃下保存4周后,粒径和包封率变化不明显。结论:高压乳匀法适合制备人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒,工艺稳定可行。     

川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外靶向分布研究

目的：制备川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒,考察纳米粒在人癌细胞的靶向分布。方法：以壳聚糖为载体,用离子交联法制备川芎嗪纳米粒。用激光粒度分析仪检测粒径,用透射电镜观察纳米粒的形态。用HPLC法测定纳米粒的包封率、载药量和体外释放度。以川芎嗪溶液为对照,测定纳米粒在人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株、人肺腺癌A549细胞株和人白血病K562细胞株中的浓度,评价其靶向性。结果：制备的川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒为圆球形,平均粒径为（118.6±2.2） nm,分散系数（0.117±0.016）（n=3）,包封率（79.7±0.4）%,载药量（24.3±0.2）%,缓慢释药96 h累积释药率达75%。纳米粒在人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株、人肺腺癌A549细胞株和人白血病K562细胞株中的浓度显著高于川芎嗪溶液（P＜0.05）。结论：制备的川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒对人癌细胞有靶向浓集作用。     

多柔比星壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其体外评价

目的 制备多柔比星壳聚糖纳米粒,并研究其包封情况和控释能力.方法 采用离子交联法制备多柔比星壳聚糖纳米粒,激光粒度仪测定粒径的分布,HPLC法测定纳米粒的包封率,透析法测定多柔比星壳聚糖纳米粒的体外释放情况.结果 壳聚糖的浓度增加,纳米粒的粒径增加、包封多柔比星的效率也增加;壳聚糖溶液的pH增加,纳米粒的粒径降低而包封多柔比星的效率增加;壳聚糖分子量增加对多柔比星的包封效率影响较小,但粒径增加,多柔比星突释减小,释放速率降低.结论 多柔比星可以通过离子交联法制备壳聚精纳米粒,其粒径、包封率可控,具有缓释效果.     

聚水杨酸氧化还原响应型纳米载药系统的制备及体外评价

目的 将聚水杨酸(poly-salicylic acid,PSA)连接到羧甲基壳聚糖上,使其形成自组装纳米粒(nanoparticles,NPs),并进行表征和体外评价。方法 以O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-carboxymethyl chitosan,OCMC)作为亲水骨链,通过二硫键将PSA连接在羧甲基壳聚糖上。利用核磁共振氢谱(¹H-NMR)、红外光谱(IR)确证聚合物的结构;采用超声法制备自组装NPs,并对其粒径、Zeta电位进行表征;采用芘荧光探针法测定NPs的临界聚集浓度(critical aggregation concentration,CAC);测定载DOX NPs包封率和载药量;MTT试验考察载药NPs的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果 OCMC二硫键连接PSA NPs(OCMC-SS-PSA NPs)的粒径为(148.5±2.3)nm;CAC值为(0.069 3±0.001 3)mg·mL^-1;还原响应性和pH敏感性良好。DOX/OCMC-SS-PSA NPs的粒径为(160.5±1.7)nm,载药量为(17.43±0.56)%,包封率为(89.67±1.23)%。MTT试验表明OCMC-SS-PSA NPs具有良好的生物安全性;细胞摄取试验表明DOX/OCMC-SS-PSA NPs在细胞内滞留时间更长。结论 OCMC-SS-PSA NPs粒径较小,具有良好的还原响应性、pH敏感性和生物安全性。OCMC-SS-PSA NPs可作为兼具还原响应性和pH敏感性的纳米给药系统。     

Mucoadhesive nanoparticles for prolonged ocular delivery of natamycin: In vitro and pharmacokinetics studies

The aim of this study was to prepare natamycin encapsulated lecithin/chitosan mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) for prolonged ocular application. These NPs were characterized by their mean particle size 213nm, encapsulation efficiency 73.57%, with a theoretical drug loading 5.09% and zeta potential +43. In vitro release exhibited a biphasic drug release profile with initial burst followed by a very slow drug release. The MIC(90) and zone of inhibition of NPs showed similar antifungal activity as compared to marketed suspension and free natamycin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigates. The ocular pharmacokinetics of NPs and marketed formulation were evaluated in NZ rabbits. The NPs exhibit significant mucin adhesion. The AUC((0-∞)) was increased up to 1.47 fold and clearance was decreased up to 7.4-fold as compared to marketed suspension. The PK-PD and pharmacokinetic simulation was carried out to estimate optimum dosing regimen for good efficacy. Thus, lecithin/chitosan NPs could be considered useful approach aiming to prolong ocular residence and reduce dosing frequency.     

莫匹罗星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶的制备与体外抗菌活性研究

目的：制备莫匹罗星壳聚糖纳米粒（Mupirocin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles,Mup-loaded CNs）原位凝胶,并考察其体外抗菌活性。方法：采用离子凝胶化法制备Mup-loaded CNs,以药物与壳聚糖比例（X₁）、pH值（X₂）、搅拌速度（X₃）作为考察对象,以药物包封率（Y）作为评价指标,运用Box-Behnken实验设计法优化Mup-loaded CNs处方和制备工艺;采用Malvern Zetasizer Nano型激光粒度仪测定其粒径分布和Zeta电位,透射电镜观察微观形态;以泊洛沙姆407作为凝胶基质将Mup-loaded CNs制备成原位凝胶;并比较了莫匹罗星软膏、Mup-loaded CNs以及原位凝胶的体外抗菌活性。结果：优化得到Mup-loaded CNs处方组成及制备工艺为：药物与壳聚糖比例为0.2、pH值为3.5、搅拌速度为350 r·min^-1,Mup-loaded CNs的包封率为（89.5±1.8）%,平均粒径为（217.8±10.5） nm,PdI为（0.158±0.015）,Zeta电位为（24.8±1.8） mV;在透射电镜下可观察到Mup-loaded CNs呈近似呈球形或类球形分布,粒径分布较均匀;Mup-loaded CNs原位凝胶对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌均有较好的抗菌效果。结论：Mup-loaded CNs原位凝胶处方设计合理,制备工艺简单,具有良好的物理性能和抗菌活性,有望成为Mup外用给药的一种新途径。     

Glycyrrhizin surface-modified chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery

The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential utility of chitosan nanoparticles surface modified with glycyrrhizin (CS-NPs-GL) as new hepatocyte-targeted delivery vehicles. For this purpose, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) were prepared previously by ionic gelation process and glycyrrhizin was oxidized by sodium periodate to be conjugated to the surface of CS-NPs. The CS-NPs-GL obtained were first characterized for their morphology, particle size, zeta potential, association efficiency and in vitro release of adriamycin (ADR), using as a model drug. The nanoparticles were also labeled with rhodamine B isothiocyanate and their interaction with rat hepatocytes was examined by flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). The spherical nanoparticles prepared with oxidized GL/CS ratio of 0.14:1 (w/w) were in the 147.2nm size range, and exhibited a positive electrical charge (+9.3mV), and associated ADR quite efficiently (association efficiency: 91.7%) and showed lower extent of release (28% over 72h) in vitro. FCM and CLSM studies showed that CS-NPs-GL were preferentially accumulated in hepatocytes and the cellular uptake amount were 4.9 times more than that in hepatic nonparenchymal cells, and the uptake process was dependent on incubation time and dose of nanoparticles, which indicated that the internalization of these nanoparticles into hepatocytes was mostly mediated by a ligand-receptor interaction. In conclusion, CS-NPs-GL as a promising hepatocyte-targeted delivery carrier holds promise for further effective studies.     

Preparation and characterization of liposomes encapsulating chitosan nanoparticles

Liposomes are an important colloidal carrier system for controlled drug delivery. However some highly hydrophilic small molecules are difficult to entrap into liposomes and store stably, resulting in poor encapsulation efficiency and fast leakage. In the present work, fluorescein sodium (FS) was used as a model drug that was loaded into chitosan nanoparticles and then encapsulated into liposomes by reverse-phase evaporation (RPV). The encapsulation efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, release in vitro and pharmacokinetics in rats were determined in order to characterize the novel drug delivery system. The entrapment efficiency was above 80% in nanoparticles (Np) and 95% in liposomes encapsulating the nanoparticles (Lip-Np). The Lip-Np was composed of soybean phospholipids, cholesterol and chitosan, which the average diameter was 202.6 nm and zeta potential was -34.8 mV. The release rate of fluorescein sodium from Lip-Np was slower than from Np and liposomes. FS in Lip-Np administered to rats exhibited prolonged circulation and higher bioavailability than FS in Np. The results indicated that liposomal release kinetics can be controlled by encapsulating nanoparticles and thus solid-cored liposomes can be used as a potential drug delivery system.     

Characterization of amphiphilic dendrimer modified PEG-PLA nanoparticles prepared by a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method

Drug delivery by nanocarriers requires characterizations of suitable particle size, high drug loading and safety. In this work, we prepared an amphiphilic dendrimer modified PEG-PLA mixed nanoparticles (NPs) by a double emulsion-solvent evaporation (DESE) method. The particle size and drug encapsulation efficacy (EE) were compared to evaluate and optimize the preparation parameters. The mixed NPs had average size ranging from (102±1) nm to (137±5) nm, and the zeta potential turned to positive with incorporation of the amphiphilic dendrimer. The NPs showed different EE of docetaxel (DTX) and paclitaxel (PTX) with higher affinity to more lipophilic PTX. The blank mixed NPs showed little cytotoxicity, and the DTX-loaded NPs could effectively facilitate the antiproliferation activity on PC-3 cells. The NPs could be used as an effective drug delivery system, and its anti-tumor effect is worthy of further study.     

海藻酸包衣的季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒用于胰岛素口服给药的研究

本研究的目的是开发海藻酸包衣的壳聚糖纳米粒口服递送胰岛素。采用三聚磷酸钠（TPP）离子交联作用将N-[（2-羟基-3-三甲基铵）丙基]壳聚糖氯化物（HTCC）制备得到季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-T纳米粒）,然后在温和搅拌条件下滴加入海藻酸钠溶液,进一步形成海藻酸包衣季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-A纳米粒）。分别采用粒度仪、透射电镜和HPLC分析对HTCC-A纳米粒进行了粒径、zeta电位、表面形态、载药量和包封率的表征。结果表明,HTCC-A纳米粒为均匀的球形颗粒,大小为（322.2±8.5）nm,表面带有正电荷（（14.1±0.6）mV）。体外释放结果表明,在不同p H值的释放介质中,HTCC-A纳米粒的释放行为与HTCC-T纳米粒（未用海藻酸包衣）有很大的不同,这表明海藻酸包衣可以显著改善纳米粒中胰岛素的释放行为。同时,体外酶解试验和圆二色散图谱进一步证实,海藻酸包衣可以显著改善纳米粒中胰岛素结构稳定性。HTCC-A纳米粒十二指肠给药的相对药理生物利用度为8.0%±2.5%。与HTCC-T纳米粒口服给药相比,HTCC-A纳米粒的相对药理生物利用度显著增加（P〈0.05）,是HTCC-T纳米粒的2.2倍。由此可见,海藻酸包衣季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-A纳米粒）将可能成为一种有效的口服递送载体系统用于提高胰岛素的体内口服吸收效果。     

艾塞那肽聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米粒的制备及其分析方法研究

目的 以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）为载体,用乳化复乳法制备包载艾塞那肽（EX）的PLGA纳米粒（EX-PLGA NPs）,并对其分析方法进行研究。方法 2018年10月至2019年8月,采用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)响应面分析法对纳米粒制备的处方工艺进行优化,动态光散射技术检测EX-PLGA NPs粒径和Zeta电位;通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定EX-PLGA NPs中艾塞那肽含量并进行方法学验证。结果 制备的EX-PLGA NPs粒径为（157.2±3.1）nm,Zeta电位为（-19.5±2.6）mV;载药量和包封率分别为（4.41±0.28）%和（73.43±0.59）%,透射电镜图显示纳米粒外观圆整,分布均匀;EX-PLGA NPs体外稳定性良好,透析袋法释放结果显示其具有缓释效果。结论 制备的EX-PLGA NPs粒径分布均一,包封率和载药量高,稳定性好,艾塞那肽含量分析方法科学有效,为艾塞那肽抗糖尿病口服缓释制剂的分析和开发提供了实验基础。     

正交试验优选羧甲基壳聚糖-醋甲唑胺纳米微球的制备方案

目的：制备羧甲基壳聚糖载药纳米微球,醋甲唑胺为模型药物,测量药物的包封率和纳米微球形态.方法：采用乳化交联法,在微乳液的基础上制备载药纳米微球,对可能影响药物包封率的处方因素进行优化设计,筛选出最优配方.结果：羧甲基壳聚糖溶液的浓度对包封率有显著性影响,三聚磷酸钠溶液浓度和醋甲唑胺药量对包封率未见影响.优化方案的载药纳米微球包封率为49.36％,其电镜下为较规整的球型纳米微球,平均粒径386.0 nm.结论：采用乳化交联法,可形成较高包封率的羧甲基壳聚糖-醋甲唑胺纳米微球.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯纳米颗粒的制备及其体外抗白血病效应研究

目的：制备表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）-壳聚糖（CS）纳米颗粒，并比较EGCG纳米颗粒与原料药对人急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞系Jurkat细胞的抑制作用。方法：选取壳聚糖（CS）为包封材料，采用注入-超声法将EGCG装载到CS形成的纳米粒中，制备出EGCG纳米颗粒。使用激光粒度仪对纳米EGCG的粒径和Zeta电位进行测定，采用场发射扫描电子显微镜观察其形态结构。采用CCK-8实验检测EGCG纳米颗粒抑制Jurkat细胞增殖的作用，采用流式细胞术检测其对Jurkat细胞凋亡的影响，比较EGCG纳米颗粒与原料药的体外抗白血病效应。结果：最优条件下制备的EGCG纳米颗粒包封率为（76±4）%，平均粒径为（116±25）nm，平均Zeta电位为（61.2±1.8）mV，具有球形微观结构。EGCG纳米颗粒抑制Jurkat细胞增殖作用及促Jurkat细胞凋亡作用显著高于EGCG原料药。结论：EGCG纳米颗粒在体外抗白血病效应明显优于原料药，为进一步探索其体内抗白血病效应提供了依据。