急性脑梗死患者血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块与人类软骨糖蛋白-39(YKL-40)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)含量的关系.方法 选取130例急性脑梗死患者和30例正常对照者检测血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平.对急性脑梗死患者结合颈动脉超声检查结果,分为颈动脉IMT正常组30例、颈动脉IMT增厚组30例、颈动脉斑块组70例,其中稳定斑块37例,不稳定斑块33例,测定并比较各组血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平.结果 急性脑梗死组血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01);在急性脑梗死患者中,有颈动脉粥样硬化组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平较颈动脉IMT正常组明显升高(P＜0.01),颈动脉IMT斑块形成组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平较颈动脉IMT增厚组明显升高(P＜0.01),颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平显著高于稳定斑块组;线性相关分析表明YKL-40水平和hs-CRP水平无明显相关性(r=0.04,P＞0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示:YKL-40、hs-CRP是发生颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素(OR=1.128,95％C1 1.21～1.87;OR=2.62,95％ CI1.76 ～4.47).结论 YKL-40、hs-CRP可能反映急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的炎症程度以及斑块的不稳定程度,病变越重,斑块越不稳定,YKL-40、hs-CRP水平越高,且YKL-40水平独立于hs-CRP水平.     

急性脑梗死患者血清甲壳质酶蛋白40水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清甲壳质酶蛋白40(YKL-40)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法对78例ACI患者(ACI组)和34名健康体检者(正常对照组,NC组)进行血清YKL-40水平检测;并对ACI患者采用彩色多普勒超声仪进行颈动脉超声检查,测定其颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的性质.结果 ACI组患者血清YKL-40水平明显高于NC组(P＜0.001) 共有74例(94.9％) ACI患者存在颈动脉IMT异常.其中,管腔狭窄组(颈动脉IMT＞ 1.4 mm)的血清YKL-40水平明显高于斑块形成组(IMT 1.2 ～1.4 mm)及内膜增厚组(IMT 1.0～1.1 mm)(均P＜0.05);而斑块形成组与内膜增厚组比较差异无统计学意义.有64例患者(82.1％)存在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块(不稳定斑块40例,稳定斑块24例),12例患者(15.4％)表现为颈动脉内膜粗糙.其中,不稳定斑块组血清YKL-40水平明显高于稳定斑块组和内膜粗糙组(均P＜0.01);而稳定斑块组与内膜粗糙组的差异无统计学意义.结论 ACI患者血清YKL-40水平明显升高,并且与颈动脉粥样硬化程度有关.     

可溶性CD40L水平对急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的影响

目的探讨可溶性CD40L水平对急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的影响。方法选取急性脑梗死患者69例(观察组),以健康体检者28例为对照组,应用酶联免疫法测量血清可溶性CD40L水平,并行彩色多普勒检查,测定颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、有无斑块及计算Crouse积分,比较2组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、血清可溶性CD40L水平,根据超声结果分为稳定斑块组、不稳定斑块组,比较2组血清可溶性CD40L水平,分析可溶性CD40L水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系。结果观察组血清可溶性CD40L浓度(7.97±2.42)μg/L,高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组检出粥样硬化斑块91个,其中不稳定斑块62个(68.13%)。不稳定斑块组血清可溶性CD40L水平高于稳定斑块组(P0.05)。观察组IMT增厚、Crouse积分高于对照组(P0.05)。血清可溶性CD40L水平与IMT、Crouse积分呈正相关。结论急性脑梗死患者血清可溶性CD40L水平明显升高,可能为预测缺血性脑血管事件的重要指标,可溶性CD40L越高,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性越差,通过影响斑块稳定性参与了急性脑梗死的发生。     

急性脑梗死患者血清IL-35、MMP-9与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血清白细胞介素-35(IL-35)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系。方法选择急性脑梗死患者89例,应用彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉斑块,根据颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性分为易损斑块组和稳定斑块组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者血清IL-35、MMP-9水平,并分析IL-35、MMP-9与斑块稳定性的关系。结果颈动脉粥样硬化易损斑块组的患者41例,稳定斑块组的患者48例。易损斑块组血清IL-35水平(17.89±7.21 ng/ml)明显高于稳定斑块组(9.08±3.45 ng/ml)(P<0.05)。MMP-9水平易损斑块组(430.36±72.78 ng/ml)亦显著高于稳定斑块组(305.16±45.63 ng/ml)(P<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论脑梗死患者血清IL-35、MMP-9水平可能与颈动脉斑块稳定性有关。     

超敏C反应蛋白与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性关系研究

目的 探讨血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性之间的关系.方法 86例颈动脉粥样硬化患者根据颈动脉超声多普勒检测斑块回声特征分为不稳定性斑块 (易损斑块组)38例和稳定性斑块(非易损斑块组)48例.另选40例无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块者作为正常对照组.采用ELISA法检测血清hs-CRP水平.结果 颈动脉粥样硬化患者血清hs-CRP水平明显高于正常对照组,差异有显著统计学意义 (P<0.05).颈动脉易损斑块组血清hs-CRP水平高于非易损斑块组,两组比较差异亦有显著统计学意义 (P<0.05).结论 血清hs-CRP水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性相关,提示血hs-CRP水平可作为动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块稳定性的指标之一.     

辛伐他汀治疗脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块临床研究

目的观察辛伐他汀对脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的治疗作用。方法选择有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的脑梗死患者80例,随机分为辛伐他汀治疗组(40例)和对照组(40例)。分别于入院时、治疗第3个月、6个月、12个月动态检测2组患者的血脂水平,并进行颈动脉超声检查评估颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内膜一中膜厚度(IMT)。结果2组间血脂变化无显著性差异(P>0.05);颈动脉斑块TMT在6个月后治疗组厚度缩小,对照组厚度增加,2组与初诊时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀除有良好的降脂作用外,还有稳定甚至减轻动脉粥样硬化作用。     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者血清ox-LDL及PAPP-A水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的探讨急性缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)、妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)水平的关系。方法随机选取急性脑梗死患者90例和短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者60例作为研究对象,随机选取健康体检者30例作为对照组。入选者均检测血清ox-LDL、PAPP-A水平。对急性脑梗死和TIA患者进行颈动脉超声检查,发现颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)正常者22例,IMT增厚者47例,颈动脉斑块形成者81例,其中稳定斑块者49例,不稳定斑块者32例。比较各组血清ox-LDL及PAPP-A水平。结果急性脑梗死组血清PAPP-A及ox-LDL水平显著高于TIA组(P<0.01),后者显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01);在缺血性脑血管病患者中,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成者血清PAPP-A及ox-LDL水平较颈动脉IMT增厚组明显升高(P<0.01),后者高于IMT正常组(P<0.01);在颈动脉斑块形成者中,其血清PAPP-A及ox-LDL水平在不稳定斑块组高于稳定斑块组(P<0.01)。Spearman分析显示,血清PAPP-A与ox-LDL水平之间存在明显相关性(r=0.839,P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,血清PAPP-A与ox-LDL水平是发生颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素(OR=2.549,95%CI1.12~3.79;OR=1.317,95%CI1.15~2.11)。结论急性缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的发生和进展与ox-LDL、PAPP-A水平相关,血清ox-LDL及PAPP-A水平可在一定程度上反映急性缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的程度。两者在颈动脉甚至颅内动脉粥样硬化的形成过程中产生协同作用。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血清高敏C反应蛋白水平的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、急性脑梗死之间的关系.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声检测仪对58例急性脑梗死患者及35例健康对照者进行颈动脉超声检查,观测颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)、粥样斑块类型,同时检测血清hs-CRP水平.结果 脑梗死组患者血清hs-CRP、颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块发生率较对照组明显增加(P＜0.05);脑梗死患者中不稳定斑块、稳定斑块、无斑块组血清hs-CRP水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血清hs-CRP水平与颈动脉IMT呈正相关.结论 颈动脉IMT、粥样硬化斑块、血清hs-CRP与脑梗死有密切的关系,hs-CRP能反映颈动脉粥样硬化的程度及斑块的稳定性.     

血清MMP-9与脑梗死患者及其颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系研究

目的检测具有不同性质颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的脑梗死患者的血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）水平,探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性及相关炎性标志物MMP-9水平与脑梗死的关系。方法采用彩色多普勒超声检查48例颈内动脉系统的急性脑梗死患者（CI组）颈动脉粥样硬化斑块,同时检测患者血清MMP-9水平,并与20例慢性脑供血不足患者（CCCI组）及20例体检健康者（对照组）比较;根据斑块性质将CI组分为不稳定斑块组、稳定斑块组及无斑块组3个亚组,并进行组内比较。结果脑梗死组斑块检出率、不稳定斑块率及血清MMP9水平均明显高于慢性脑供血不足组及对照组（P〈0．05）;脑梗死不稳定斑块组MMP-9水平显著高于脑梗死稳定斑块组,脑梗死稳定斑块组高于脑梗死无斑块组（P〈0．01）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及其稳定性与脑梗死发生有密切关系,具有不同性质颈动脉斑块的脑梗死患者的血清MMP-9水平存在差异,MMP-9可能是不稳定性粥样硬化斑块及脑梗死的一个潜在的血清标志物。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与血清脂联素、白介素-8水平的相关性

目的探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与血清脂联素和白介素-8(IL-8)水平的相关性。方法根据颈动脉彩色多普勒超声仪检查结果,将113例ACI患者分为无斑块组(39例)、稳定斑块组(34例)和不稳定斑块组(40例);采取酶联免疫法检测ACI患者发病<48 h和14 d时,以及31名健康体检者(正常对照组)血清脂联素和IL-8水平;分析血清脂联素、IL-8水平与ACI患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系。结果 (1)ACI患者发病<48 h和14 d时血清脂联素水平明显低于正常对照组,IL-8水平明显高于正常对照组(均P<0.05)。与发病<48 h相比,ACI患者发病14 d时血清脂联素水平明显升高,IL-8水平明显降低(均P<0.05)。(2)不稳定斑块组血清脂联素水平明显低于稳定斑块组和无斑块组,IL-8水平明显高于稳定斑块组和无斑块组(均P<0.05)。(3)ACI患者颈动脉斑块稳定性与血清脂联素水平呈正相关(r=0.348,P<0.05),与血清IL-8水平呈负相关(r=-0.798,P<0.05)。结论血清脂联素水平下降、IL-8水平增高的ACI患者,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性降低。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.