人羊膜间充质干细胞移植治疗帕金森病模型大鼠的疗效评价

目的观察不同途径移植人羊膜间充质干细胞(human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells,h AMSCs)对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)模型大鼠的生物学效应及其在体内的分化。方法采用胰蛋白酶-胶原酶消化法分离hAMSCs,流式细胞术分析表型。40只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、hAMSCs静脉移植组和原位移植组。采用单侧前脑内侧束(MFB)注射6-羟基多巴胺建立PD大鼠模型。通过舌下静脉或于MFB原位移植3×105个hAMSCs。腹腔注射阿朴吗啡诱导旋转观察大鼠的行为变化,免疫荧光染色法检测人细胞核抗原及神经元微管结合蛋白(microtubule-associated protein 2,MAP-2)的表达,免疫组化染色法检测酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达。结果与模型组比较,hAMSCs静脉移植组和原位移植组大鼠旋转次数均明显减少(均P<0.05),前者行为学改善可持续至移植后6 w,后者则至8 w;免疫荧光染色显示,hAMSCs在原位移植区可存活至少12 w,并表达MAP-2;免疫组化染色显示静脉和原位移植hAMSCs均可上调PD模型大鼠黑质TH表达,但后者强于前者。结论 hAMSCs能改善PD模型大鼠的运动行为,原位移植优于静脉移植,其机制可能与上调黑质TH表达有关。hAMSCs可在原位移植部位分化为多巴胺能神经元样细胞。     

人羊膜上皮细胞侧脑室移植对帕金森病大鼠模型行为、多巴胺能神经元、神经递质影响的实验研究

目的 观察人羊膜上皮细胞(HAECs)移植入帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型侧脑室后的存活及分化情况,及其对PD大鼠模型旋转行为、纹状体区多巴胺及其代谢产物的影响.方法 采用6-羟多巴立体定向脑内注射制作PD大鼠模型,将制模成功大鼠随机分成3组:人羊膜上皮细胞移植组(HAECs组)、磷酸缓冲组(PBS组)和帕金森组(PD组),1w后腹腔注射阿朴吗啡观察各组大鼠旋转行为的变化,连续观察10w,HAECs组5w后用人特异性抗体Nestin和Vimentin检测人羊膜细胞的存活情况,10w后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)染色观察各组PD大鼠模型黑质部TH阳性神经元的变化情况及HAECs的分化情况,高效液相色谱--电化学仪测定纹状体多巴胺(DA)、高香草酸(HVA)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)等神经递质的水平.结果 HAECs在PD大鼠侧脑室内移植可以长期存活达10w,并且可以分化为DA能神经元,HAECs组大鼠旋转数较PBS组及PD组明显降低(P<0.01),黑质部TH阳性神经元数量较PD组及PBS组升高(P<0.01),HAECs组大鼠纹状体区DA及其代谢产物DOPAC、HVA含量较PBS组明显升高(P<0.05).结论 人羊膜上皮细胞移植入PD大鼠侧脑室可以改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,其机制可能与增加纹状体区DA等神经递质有关.     

酪氨酸羟化酶cDNA移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

帕金森病(PD)的主要病因是黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤,表达的酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)减少。本文在应用6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备偏侧PD大鼠模型的前提下,首次将TH cDNA移植到PD大鼠纹状体内,模型动物的旋转行为明显改善,用免疫组化法及PCR法证实了外源性THcDNA可以进入脑细胞内,并表达出有生物活性的TH。     

双靶点注射6-OHDA建立帕金森病大鼠模型并提高成功率

目的建立大鼠帕金森病模型,观测其行为学、中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元及超微结构的变化。方法利用立体定向技术,注射6-OHDA至大鼠中脑黑质SNc和中脑腹侧被盖区VTA,于注射后2、4、6、8周观测阿朴吗啡诱导的大鼠旋转行为学变化;采用免疫组化染色检测TH的表达,了解中脑黑质多巴胺能阳性神经元变化;利用透射电镜了解黑质区超微结构的变化。结果所有大鼠进行阿朴吗啡诱导旋转行为测试,旋转圈数>7r/min,并且>210r/30min,为合格的PD大鼠模型。大鼠模型于第4、6和8周时,大鼠行为学变化较为恒定。第8周时,50只大鼠中出现32只大鼠大鼠旋转次数平均为11.5±1.2/分,造模成功率为64%。PD模型大鼠超微结构观察,黑质神经元数目明显减少,线粒体肿胀,粗面内质网囊性扩张、脱颗粒,髓鞘扩张。免疫组化检测,成功模型光镜下分别计数双侧黑质TH阳性神经元,损毁侧黑质TH阳性神经元占正常侧的3.0%,即毁损侧TH阳性神经元减少97.0%。结论利用立体定向技术,选择黑质和中脑腹侧被盖区等双靶点,可建立6-OHDA大鼠PD模型,具有明确病理变化,提高模型成功率。     

人胎盘底蜕膜间充质干细胞抗炎特性对帕金森病模型大鼠的神经保护作用

目的 研究人胎盘底蜕膜间充质干细胞(hPDB-MSCs)抗炎特性对帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠多巴胺能神经元的影响. 方法 体外培养hPDB-MSCs,6-羟基多巴(6-OHDA)制备大鼠PD模型并按照随机数字表法分为模型组与移植组,每组32只.hPDB-MSCs尾静脉移植观察各组大鼠行为学改变.免疫组化检测移植后3d、1周、2周及4周各组大鼠损伤侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、离子钙接头蛋白(Ibal)表达.实时荧光定量PCR检测各时间点各组大鼠损伤侧黑质抗炎因子人白细胞介素-10 (hIL-10)、人转化生长因子-β(hTGF-β)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达. 结果 hPDB-MSCs移植后1周、2周、4周,移植组大鼠阿朴吗啡诱导的平均旋转圈数明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).免疫组化结果显示移植组大鼠损伤侧黑质部位TH阳性细胞数较模型组明显增加,1周、2周、4周时差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).移植组大鼠损伤侧黑质部位Ibal阳性细胞则明显减少,4周时最为显著.mRNA水平,移植组大鼠hIL-10及hTGF-β表达均较模型组增加,而TNF-α表达量则逐渐降低. 结论 hPDB-MSCs尾静脉移植后能够通过抗炎机制抑制PD模型大鼠多巴胺能神经元丧失,改善PD模型大鼠症状.     

立体定向技术注射6-OHDA至内侧前脑束建立帕金森病大鼠模型

目的 建立大鼠帕金森病模型,观测其行为学和多巴胺能神经元的变化.方法 利用立体定向技术,注射6-OHDA至大鼠脑的内侧前脑束,于注射后2、4、6、8周观测阿朴吗啡诱导的大鼠旋转行为学变化;采用免疫组化染色检测TH的表达,了解中脑黑质多巴胺能阳性神经元变化.结果 所有大鼠分别于第2、4、6、8周的进行阿朴吗啡诱导旋转行为测试,67只大鼠中出现16只大鼠(23.8%)旋转圈数＞7r/min,并且＞210r/30min,为合格的PD大鼠模型.第8周时,大鼠旋转次数平均为10.48±1.91/分.免疫组化检测,成功模型光镜下分别计数双侧黑质TH阳性神经元,损毁侧黑质TH阳性神经元占正常侧的3.8%,即毁损侧TH阳性神经元减少96.2%.结论 利用立体定向技术,选择内侧前脑束为靶点,可建立6-OHDA大鼠PD模型.     

神经细胞黏附分子在GDNF保护大鼠多巴胺能神经元中的作用

目的研究神经细胞黏附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM)在胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)保护帕金森(Parkinson's disease,PD)模型大鼠受损多巴胺(dopamine,DA)能神经元中的作用。方法右侧纹状体内立体定位注射6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备早期PD模型,而后分为4组:对照组(同侧黑质内注射PBS)、NCAM组(同侧黑质内仅注射anti-NCAM抗体)、GDNF组(同侧黑质内注射GDNF)、NCAM阻断组(同侧黑质内注射anti-NCAM抗体30min后注射GDNF),采用免疫组织化学染色技术和免疫印迹技术,观察各组酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达变化。结果GDNF组黑质致密部TH阳性神经元数目及表达的量明显多于PBS组,差别有统计学意义;NCAM阻断组与GDNF组相比,该处TH阳性神经元数目及表达的量明显减少,差别有统计学意义。结论NCAM参与了GDNF保护DA能神经元的作用。     

脑源性神经营养因子对帕金森病大鼠多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的观察脑源性神经营养因子对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)大鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。方法选用Wistar种系大白鼠30只,体质量230~250g,随机分3组,通过左侧中脑黑质立体定向注射法,组1为生理盐水对照组(简称对照组)10只,注射相应量(5μL)的生理盐水;组2为注射6-OHDA制作帕金森病模型组(简称6-OHDA组)10只,注射6-OHDA,5μL(2μg/μL);组3为(6-OHDA+BDNF)组,在制成帕金森病模型后再向同侧中脑黑质注射BDNF 5μL(3μg/5μL),连续6d,1次/d。分别观察动物的旋转行为,免疫组化染色方法观察黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)阳性神经元的数量,高效液相法测定纹状体部多巴胺(dopamine,DA)含量的变化。结果单侧黑质内注入6-OHDA制成帕金森病大鼠模型后,6-OHDA组与对照组比较,产生旋转行为,(6-OHDA+BDNF)组在观察旋转行为时,症状明显改善;镜下见TH阳性神经元主要见于对照组的黑质致密部,数量为(42.3±7.56)个/μm2,模型组黑质致密部TH阳性神经元数明显减少为(2.41±1.07)个/μm2,(6-OHDA+BDNF)组黑质致密部TH阳性神经元数为(15.36+3.04)个/μm2;纹状体部多巴胺含量:生理盐水组为(11.4±1.2)μg/g,6-OHDA组(3.6±0.5)μg/g,(6-OHDA+BDNF)组(5.5±0.6)μg/g。结论 BDNF能改善6-OHDA所致的帕金森病大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元数目的减少;明显抑制6-OHDA引起的纹状体部多巴胺含量降低;并可抑制6-OHDA对黑质多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用。     

青藤碱防护脂多糖所致PD大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤实验研究

目的观察中药青藤碱(SN)对脂多糖(LPS)所致大鼠黑质多巴胺能(DA)神经元损伤的保护作用。方法黑质内注射LPS制作PD大鼠模型。应用SN对实验动物进行预处理。实验分为对照组、PD组及SN组,采用行为学、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)等免疫组化及免疫印迹技术等观察SN对LPS所致黑质DA能神经元损伤的保护作用。结果对照组大鼠无任何行为变化,PD组大鼠平均旋转圈数为196.90±9.52,SN组明显减少,为98.79±8.81,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。TH免疫组化表明对照组黑质TH阳性神经元数量较多,胞体较大,突起明显;PD组TH阳性神经元数量明显减少,甚至消失,神经元胞体萎缩,突起亦不清晰,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。SN组TH阳性神经元数量与PD组相比明显增加(P<0.01),神经元形态变化亦不明显。COX-2免疫组化表明对照组黑质致密部偶见COX-2阳性细胞,PD组可见大量散在分布的COX-2阳性细胞,SN组COX-2阳性细胞数与PD组相比明显减少,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。小胶质细胞特异性抗体(OX-42)免疫组化表明对照组大鼠黑质小胶质细胞多呈静止的分枝样状态,PD组多...     

左旋多巴对帕金森病大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元及纹状体多巴胺递质的影响

目的　研究长期应用左旋多巴对帕金森病 (PD)大鼠黑质多巴胺 (DA)能神经元和DA递质的影响。方法　采用 6 羟基多巴胺 (6 OHDA)制备部分损毁和严重损毁的PD大鼠模型 ,给两种模型口服不同剂量左旋多巴 /苄丝肼 3个月 ,通过观察大鼠旋转行为、酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)免疫组化染色和高效液相色谱 电化学检测仪 (HPLC ECD)检测纹状体单胺类递质 ,研究左旋多巴对PD大鼠残存的黑质DA能神经元的影响。结果　 (1)左旋多巴对PD大鼠的旋转行为无明显影响 ;(2 )TH阳性细胞数损毁侧 /非损毁侧比值在左旋多巴喂药组和不喂药对照组的差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(3)在严重损毁组 ,大剂量左旋多巴使PD大鼠损毁侧DA和 3,4二羟基苯乙酸 (DOPAC)水平明显升高(P <0 0 1)。结论　长期使用左旋多巴对 6 OHDA单侧损毁的PD大鼠残存的黑质DA能神经元无毒性作用。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -