南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测

对南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测结果表明:血铅含量,男性高于女性,吸烟者高于不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血铅浓度在此期间有逐年增高的趋势。1998年市区与郊区血铅浓度也有显著性差异。血镉含量男性吸烟者> 女性不吸烟者> 男性不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血镉在此期间基本处于稳定状态。1998年市区与郊区血镉结果基本一致     

A comparison on health-related lifestyle,dietary habits,and depression by exercise frequency of college students

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe study was performed to investigate health-related lifestyle, dietary habits, and depression according to exercise frequency to understand complex factors that affect effective health management. Thus, exercise frequency, health-related lifestyle, dietary habits, and depression were evaluated in college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas.SUBJECTS/METHODSA survey was conducted on college students, aged 19–29, in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas from May 13 to May 31, 2020. A total of 594 questionnaires were collected and 566 (269 from males, 297 from females) were statistically analyzed, except 28 with incomplete responses. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0 program.RESULTSThe sex distribution of the 3 groups according to exercise frequency was significantly different; the ratio of males in over 3 times/week group was significantly higher than those in 1–2 times/week group and no-exercise group (P < 0.001). The height (P < 0.001), weight (P < 0.001), and body mass index (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in over 3 times/week group compared to no-exercise group. The ratio of subjects who answered ‘good’ or ‘very good’ for subjective health condition was significantly high in the order of ‘over 3 times/week’ group (59.1%), ‘1–2 times/week’ group (34.5%), and ‘no-exercise’ group (25.0%) (P < 0.001). The ratio for meal regularity was high as 56.6% in ‘over 3 times/week’ group and the ratio for irregular meals was significantly higher in ‘no-exercise’ group (67.2%) and ‘1–2 times/week’ group (54.9%) (P < 0.001). Among questions on dietary habits, ‘Eat meat, fish, egg or beans’ (P < 0.01) and ‘Eat fruit’ (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in ‘over 3 times/week’ group compared to ‘no-exercise’ group. ‘Drink more than 2 liters of water’ (P < 0.001) was 0.70 in ‘over 3 times/week’ group, which was significantly higher than 0.54 in ‘1–2 times/week’ group and 0.38 in ‘no-exercise’ group. Moderate depression and severe depression that need treatments were significantly lower in ‘over 3 times/week’ group (18.7%) compared to ‘1–2 times/week’ group (26.0%) and ‘no-exercise’ group (29.7%) (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSIt is considered that combined intervention for exercise habits, proper dietary habits, and depression management is needed for effective health management.     

女大学生饮食习惯和营养状况的调查研究

目的了解女大学生营养状况、饮食行为及其相互关系，为以后干预提供参考依据。方法随机选取济宁医学院300名女大学生，采用体质指数评价学生现时营养状况，同时对饮食行为进行问卷。结果女大学生营养不良率为24％。女大学生有较好的饮食习惯，但仍然存在不吃早餐等不良饮食行为，营养状况、饮食行为之间存在较大关联。结论应加强营养教育，以进一步改善女大学生的营养状况。     

Smoking habits and levels of lead and cadmium in blood in urban women

Summary In 222 Dutch urban women lead (PbB)- and cadmium (CdB)-levels in blood were measured and related to smoking habits. PbB ranged from 40 ppb to 240 ppb and CdB rangedfrom 0.2 ppb to 4.4 ppb. Smokers had slightly higher PbB-levels and distinctly higher CdB-levels.     

A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York city adults

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the extent of exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in the New York City (NYC) adult population. METHODS: We measured blood metal concentrations in a representative sample of 1,811 NYC residents as part of the NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2004. RESULTS: The geometric mean blood mercury concentration was 2.73 microg/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.58-2.89]; blood lead concentration was 1.79 microg/dL (95% CI, 1.73-1.86); and blood cadmium concentration was 0.77 microg/L (95% CI, 0.75-0.80). Mercury levels were more than three times that of national levels. An estimated 24.8% (95% CI, 22.2-27.7%) of the NYC adult population had blood mercury concentration at or above the 5 microg/L New York State reportable level. Across racial/ethnic groups, the NYC Asian population, and the foreign-born Chinese in particular, had the highest concentrations of all three metals. Mercury levels were elevated 39% in the highest relative to the lowest income group (95% CI, 21-58%). Blood mercury concentrations in adults who reported consuming fish or shellfish 20 times or more in the last 30 days were 3.7 times the levels in those who reported no consumption (95% CI, 3.0-4.6); frequency of consumption explained some of the elevation in Asians and other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher than national blood mercury exposure in NYC adults indicates a need to educate New Yorkers about how to choose fish and seafood to maximize health benefits while minimizing potential risks from exposure to mercury. Local biomonitoring can provide valuable information about environmental exposures.     

Obesity and lifestyle in U.S. college students related to living arrangements

The purpose of this paper is to determine if living arrangements influence dietary variety and other health behaviors among American college students. A generalized linear model was used to assess differences between students in various living arrangements. Results showed that off-campus students were more likely to be overweight/obese, consume more alcohol, and smoke than those who lived on-campus or with parents. Compared to students who lived off-campus, those who lived on-campus consumed a larger variety of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Those who lived off-campus consumed less variety of grains compared to those who lived with parents. There were no significant differences in variety of meat, meat alternatives, or snacks between the three groups. To prevent future chronic diseases, health educators should target off-campus students to improve dietary and lifestyle behaviors.     

江苏省正常人群血锰、血铅负荷水平调查

目的了解江苏省正常人群体内锰(Mn)、铅(Pb)负荷水平,评估其对正常人群健康的影响,为中毒原因的筛查及疾病的诊断、预防和控制重金属污染提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取具有代表性的3个市/县,共调1 289人,采集全血样本,采用离子耦合质谱法(ICP-MS)检测。结果正常人群中血Mn负荷为0.58～32.93μg/L,均值为(9.02±0.69)μg/L;血Pb负荷为1.83～151.90μg/L,均值为(20.71±5.01)μg/L;异常率均较高。血Pb异常率苏北>苏中>苏南,血Mn异常率苏北>苏南>苏中;16～岁组异常率最高;男性异常率大于女性。结论江苏地区正常人群体内Mn、Pb的负荷水平均值较低,但异常率较高,存在地区、年龄和性别之间的差异。应重视江苏地区特别是经济欠发达地区重金属污染的现状,加强环境保护。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食铅、镉摄入量

目的了解中国不同地区铅、镉的膳食摄入量,通过分析2000年中国总膳食研究的膳食样品,得到了中国不同地区铅、镉的含量值以及成年男子摄入量数据,并且评价了膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种膳食、膳食样品中铅、镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并按总膳食研究方法获得的成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中铅、镉的含量相乘得到不同地区铅、镉的实际摄入量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中铅、镉摄入的安全性。结果运用总膳食的方法得到了2000年中国四个大区成年男子和全国平均膳食中铅、镉摄入量及占暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)数据,北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区和全国平均分别为(PTWI%):135.6μg(60.3%)和18.4μg(29.1%)、33.6μg(14.9%)和12.1μg(19.2%)、25.6μg(11.4%)和27.6μg(43.8%)、129.8μg(57.7%)和30.8μg(48.9%)、81.1μg(36.1%)和22.2μg(35.3%)。除南方一区铅膳食摄入量的主要来源为谷类、豆类、蛋类和蔬菜类外,其他各区均为谷类和蔬菜类。镉膳食摄入量的主要来源北方一区为谷类、水产类和蔬菜类,北方二区和南方二区均为谷类和蔬菜类,南方一区为谷类、肉类、水产类和蔬菜类。膳食中铅、镉的含量除个别食物类别外,均符合食品限量标准。其中超标的食物类别有南方一区的蛋类超过标准8.1%,北方一区和南方一区水产类食品中镉的含量分别超过标准49.0%和27.6%。结论表明中国不同地区膳食铅、镉的摄入量是安全的,只有某些地区的个别样品超过中国食品中铅、镉限量标准。     

Associations of toenail arsenic, cadmium, mercury, manganese, and lead with blood pressure in the normative aging study

Background: Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are associated with cardiovascular disease in epidemiologic research. These associations may be mediated by direct effects of the metals on blood pressure (BP) elevation. Manganese is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and hypotension in occupational cohorts.Objectives: We hypothesized that chronic arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead exposures elevate BP and that manganese lowers BP.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of associations between toenail metals and BP among older men from the Normative Aging Study (n = 639), using linear regression and adjusting for potential confounders.Results: An interquartile range increase in toenail arsenic was associated with higher systolic BP [0.93 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 1.62] and pulse pressure (0.76 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.22, 1.30). Positive associations between arsenic and BP and negative associations between manganese and BP were strengthened in models adjusted for other toenail metals.Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between BP and arsenic and manganese. This may be of public health importance because of prevalence of both metal exposure and cardiovascular disease. Results should be interpreted cautiously given potential limitations of toenails as biomarkers of metal exposure.     

血中铅,镉水平与其尿排泄关系的研究

报道了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名职业性铅、镉接触者在自由饮水情况下血中铅、镉水平与其尿排泄的关系。结果表明,血中铅、镉浓度以及铅、镉、肌酐的尿排泄存在明显的个体差异。血铅浓度与24h尿铅排泄量呈明显正相关,血镉浓度与24h尿镉排泄量无明显相关,而与每天吸烟量明显相关。17人的132份尿样的尿流速与肌酐、镉排泄率呈显著正相关,但与尿铅排泄率无显著相关。本研究还表明,尿中肌酐排泄率与尿铅、镉排泄率之间也有显著的正相关性。     

小婴儿血镉含量与生长发育的研究

目的 研究新生儿脐血镉对婴儿生长发育的影响.方法 采用原子吸收光谱仪测定45名新生儿脐血血镉含量,以血镉1.60μg/L为界将婴儿分为正常组和高镉组,常规测量婴儿的体格生长和智能发育,并在6月龄时复查.结果 正常组、高镉组血镉水平在出生时分别为1.25±0.33μg/L、2.22±0.48μg/L(方差齐性检验F=4.42,P＜0.05),高镉组与正常组相比有显著性差异(t=9.11,P＜0.01).6个月时分别为2.01±0.53μg/L、2.24±0.63μg/L(方差齐性检验F=0.68,P＞0.05),虽然高镉组婴儿的血镉含量高于正常组婴儿,但未见显著差异(t=1.35,P＞0.01),结果提示在6个月时,两组血镉水平既已趋接近.在正常组中6月龄血镉水平显著高于出生时(t=7.07,P＜0.01),而高镉组中6月龄血镉水平高于出生时(t=0.15,P＞0.05),但未见显著性差异.提示出生后由于环境的影响,正常组婴儿血镉水平增高.胎儿期镉暴露显著降低新生儿出生体重、身长及婴儿3个月内体重及头围的增长;显著损伤6个月内婴儿动作、语言、视觉、听觉和个人-社会能力的发育.结论 胎儿期镉暴露影响婴儿的体格和智能发育.     

Impact of lead transport on children's blood and environmental lead levels

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks. Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.     

大学生健康及膳食结构状况调查

目的了解大学生健康及膳食营养现状,从而为更好的指导大学生合理饮食提供依据。方法对抽取的调查对象进行身高、体重测量并计算BMI,同时进行血红蛋白的测量。采用食物频率问卷法(FFQ)调查学生的膳食结构,按照问卷的评分标准打分并评定调查对象膳食结构优劣。分析大学生的体重及贫血状况以及膳食结构情况。结果 320名大学生中,BMI异常者占4.38%,其中低体重者3.44%,超重者占0.63%,肥胖者占0.31%,男生和女生差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.78,P﹥0.05);贫血者占4.06%,轻度贫血者占2.81%,中度贫血者占1.25%,女生贫血比例高于男生(χ2=6.68,P﹤0.05);大学生营养膳食结构良好者仅占6.88%,一般者占20.19%,较差者占65.94%,男生和女生营养结构构成比差异具有统计学意义,女生膳食结构优于男生(χ2=13.77,P﹤0.01)。结论大学生的膳食结构存在较多的问题,还应当提高大学生合理膳食的知识水平,改变不正确的态度,从而督促大学生采取正确的膳食行为。     

北京市成人血、发及脏器的铅、镉背景值

以中学教师和北京市瘁死居民为对象，在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京市居民血、发和脏器铅、镉背景值进行了研究。结果表明，北京市男性吸烟者、不吸烟者及女性不吸烟者的血铅均值分别为８５．０、７４．６和５６．７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉为２．２３、０．７８和０．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其９５％上限值血铅分别为１６０．２、１３１．４和１０７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉分别为６．５、１．９８和１．９５μｇ／Ｌ。各脏器（鲜重，以下同）铅、镉背景值分别为：肝，０．２２和０．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肺，０．１１和０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；心，０．０１４和０．０１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；脾，０．０３８和０．０７１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肾，０．０７９和３．９３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肌肉，０．０５８和０．０２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，并讨论了血、发和各脏器铅镉含量间的相关性及其意义。     

Occupational exposure to lead and blood pressure: a study in 105 workers

A group of workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium compounds (n = 53), was compared to a group of workers not exposed to these metals (n = 52). The average values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were found to be higher in the exposed group (p less than 0.05). In contrast with the correlation between CdU and blood pressure, the correlation between PbB and systolic and mean blood pressure remained statistically significant after controlling for age and pulse rate (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The prevalence of potential hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and/or under treatment for hypertension) was higher in the exposed group, but the observed relative risk was not statistically significant: relative risk = 1.91 (95% confidence limits, 0.90-4.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation between PbB and Hgb (r = -0.28, p = 0.004) was observed. Differences in kidney function, as assessed in this study, were not detected.     

湖北三个不同空气污染地区孕妇血铅、乳铅的动态观察

在严格质量控制条件下,对湖北省的繁华城区（武汉市）、矿区（大冶）及乡村（宜都）３个不同空气污染地区非职业铅接触的１０５名非孕妇女血铅和９６名孕妇血铅和乳铅含量进行了追踪调查。结果乡村非孕妇女的血铅水平低于城区和矿区,但城区乳铅水平及孕末期血铅水平低于矿区及乡村。对这种差别的影响因素进行了讨论。结论认为,乡村妇女铅暴露水平低于城市和工矿区,但不可忽视极低浓度的铅污染对孕妇存在的潜在危害。     

婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露关系的队列研究

[目的]了解婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露的关系,为防治和减轻铅暴露对婴幼儿的不利影响提供科学依据。[方法]采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,在环境铅污染区建立新婚夫妇研究队列,分别在女方怀孕前、孕中期、分娩时以及子代婴幼儿期采集血样,并用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅水平;纵向分析出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿血铅水平的影响。[结果]基线血铅明显高于孕中血铅和脐带血铅,且孕中血铅、脐带血铅与基线血铅高度相关(P<0.01);婴幼儿血铅要明显高于母亲基线血铅、孕中血铅和脐带血铅(P<0.01),且婴幼儿血铅与母亲基线血和脐带血血铅均呈正相关,但差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前宫内暴露和出生后环境暴露均有关,但与后者关系可能更密切。     

Mercury, cadmium, and lead levels in human placenta: a systematic review

Background: Placental tissue may furnish information on the exposure of both mother and fetus. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are toxicants of interest in pregnancy because they are associated with alterations in child development.Objectives: The aim of this study was to summarize the available information regarding total Hg, Cd, and Pb levels in human placenta and possible related factors.Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs, OSH, and Web of Science for original papers on total Hg, Cd, or Pb levels in human placenta that were published in English or Spanish (1976-2011). Data on study design, population characteristics, collection and analysis of placenta specimens, and main results were extracted using a standardized form.Results: We found a total of 79 papers (73 different studies). Hg, Cd, and Pb levels were reported in 24, 46, and 46 studies, respectively. Most studies included small convenience samples of healthy pregnant women. Studies were heterogeneous regarding populations selected, processing of specimens, and presentation of results. Hg concentrations > 50 ng/g were found in China (Shanghai), Japan, and the Faroe Islands. Cd levels ranged from 1.2 ng/g to 53 ng/g and were highest in the United States, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Pb showed the greatest variability, with levels ranging from 1.18 ng/g in China (Shanghai) to 500 ng/g in a polluted area of Poland.Conclusion: The use of the placenta as a biomarker to assess heavy metals exposure is not properly developed because of heterogeneity among the studies. International standardized protocols are needed to enhance comparability and increase the usefulness of this promising tissue in biomonitoring studies.     

军校大学生心理健康状况的调查研究

[目的]本研究旨在调查军校大学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。[方法]采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、多维疲劳量表（MFI-20）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）和总体幸福感量表（GWB）对364名军校大学生进行调查。[结果]①军校大学生SCL-90中强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、却十和偏执6个症状因子分均低于全国常模,差异有显著性（p〈0．01）;②部分疲劳维度得分较高,差异有显著性（p〈0．01）;③疲劳指数与睡眠质量基本呈正相关。[结论]应积极关注军校大学生心理健康状况。     

大学生膳食中铅摄入量及食用安全性评价

目的了解辽宁省锦州市在校大学生膳食中铅污染状况及食用安全性,为合理膳食提供依据。方法采用双份饭法收集489名大学生连续3 d食物,经湿法消化后,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定12类膳食中铅的含量,并估算其每天实际摄入量,与世界卫生组织(WHO)/联合国粮农组织(FAO) 食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)相比较,评价大学生膳食中铅摄入量的安全性。结果在12类膳食中铅平均含量较高的是蛋类、蔬菜类、水产类,分别为0.321、0.116和0.097 mg/kg;大学生膳食中铅的主要摄入来源为蔬菜、蛋类和谷类,分别占每日总铅摄入量的39.12%、17.58%和16.29%;铅摄入量的平均值、中位数值和P_97.5值均低于PTWI值,但P_97.5极端值超过了PTWI值1.39倍。结论大学生膳食中铅的摄入量相对安全,但存在铅摄入量较高的个体,并且大量摄入含铅量较高的食物仍存在潜在危害,因此有必要降低高铅食物摄入量。