不同抗凝技术在危重症患者实施连续性肾脏替代治疗中的应用比较

目的：探讨局部体外肝素、枸橼酸及低分子肝素抗凝在危重症患者实施连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）中的有效性和安全性.方法：选择行CRRT治疗患者60例,除外活动性出血及严重凝血功能障碍者,分为3组,局部体外肝素组14例,行CRRT 30例次;枸橼酸组25例,行CRRT 81例次;低分子肝素组21例,行CRRT 53例次.监测治疗前后血肌酐、电解质、酸碱指标、活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTr）及血小板计数（PLT）变化.记录治疗中患者生命体征、血滤器凝血情况及临床出血事件.结果：3组患者治疗后血肌酐均显著下降,组间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,电解质酸碱指标均趋于稳定.低分子肝素组滤器凝血程度较另外2组重（P＜0.05）.局部体外肝素组治疗后PLT显著下降（P＜0.05）.低分子肝素组治疗后APTT延长、PLT下降（P＜0.05）.局部体外肝素组及低分子肝素组均有出血事件发生.结论：局部体外肝素、枸橼酸及低分子肝素抗凝均能有效应用于危重症患者CRRT治疗,加强监测可减少并发症的发生.     

依诺肝素对冠状动脉介入治疗的患者抗Xa因子活性及不良事件的影响

目的 探讨依诺肝素对行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者抗Xa因子活性及术后出血事件和缺血事件的影响.方法 选取2015年6月至2016年10月该院心内科住院的186例行PCI的患者,分为对照组(普通肝素组)94例和观察组(依诺肝素组)93例.监测患者抗Xa因子活性,观察术后48 h发生的出血和缺血事件,30 d随访患者的临床结局.结果 应用依诺肝素5 min,所有患者抗Xa因子活性均可迅速达到0.5IU/mL以上,而在150 min时,抗Xa因子活性出现下降,仅有91.3％患者达标,180 min时抗Xa因子活性仅有79.2％患者达标.两组患者术后48 h内出血事件差异有统计学意义(x2＝4.015,P=0.041),观察组出血事件少于对照组;而缺血事件和临床结局差异均无统计学意义(x2 =0.803、0.327,P=0.749、0.316).结论 PCI术中应用依诺肝素安全有效,不仅能够迅速起到有效的抗凝作用,且不增加缺血事件的发生还能降低围术期的出血事件.     

局部枸橼酸抗凝在体外循环术后连续性肾脏替代治疗的应用

目的：研究局部枸橼酸抗凝（RCA）在体外循环术后患者连续性肾替代治疗（CRRT）中的效果及安全性。方法对32例体外循环术后行 CRRT 治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中低分子肝素组21例,RCA 组12例。监测两组患者平均CRRT 血流量、置换液流量、净超滤量、滤器及管道平均使用时间、CRRT 前后肌酐水平、CRRT 24～72 h 后血小板计数、术后2次开胸止血率,CRRT 后活化凝血时间（ACT）值、部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）值、pH 值、iC2＋及 Na＋水平。结果低分子肝素组的平均 CRRT 血流量显著大于 RCA 组,RCA 组的滤器及管道平均使用时间长于低分子肝素组（P ＜0．05）。低分子肝素组术后48 h 及72 h 血小板计数低于 RCA 组,CRRT 后平均 ACT 及 APTT、术后引流量大于 RCA 组（P ＜0．05）。结论体外循环术后局部枸橼酸抗凝 CRRT 治疗是一种安全、有效的肾替代治疗方式。     

应用Sonoclot体外监测低分子肝素及磺达肝癸钠的抗凝作用

目的:探讨Sonoclot凝血仪在分析监测凝血与血小板功能的临床价值。方法:在gb试剂杯加入不同浓度的低分子肝素钠(0～1.6 IU/mL抗Xa因子)、低分子肝素钙(0～1.64 IU/mL抗Xa因子)、磺达肝癸钠(0～1.52μg/mL),抽取10例健康志愿者血样,并加入有药物的试剂杯中,用Sonoclot凝血仪进行检测,检测指标分别包括激活凝血时间(ACT)、凝血速率(CR)和血小板功能(PF)。结果:(1)3种抗凝药物随着浓度的增加,其ACT值逐渐增加,CR值逐渐下降,PF值逐渐下降。(2)对于同一治疗量的3种抗凝药物,低分子肝素钠(1.2 IU/mL抗Xa因子)与低分子肝素钙(1.23 IU/mL抗Xa因子),其ACT、CR、PF 3个参数的比较,P>0.05,无统计学差异。磺达肝癸钠(0.77μg/mL)与低分子肝素钠(1.2 IU/mL抗Xa因子)和低分子肝素钙(1.23 IU/mL抗Xa因子)相比,其ACT、CR、PF 3个参数均有差异性,均P<0.01。结论:Sonoclot凝血仪可以快速检测低分子肝素及磺达肝癸钠的抗凝效果以及对于血小板功能的影响,可以对临床给药剂量和个体化治疗做出指导。     

导管室中应用达肝素时抗凝活性的监测

目的:本研究旨在探讨激活凝血时间(ACT)是否可作为达肝素在导管室中应用时有效的抗凝监测手段.方法:共入选108例患者,冠状动脉造影(CAG)术前5min一次静脉注射达肝素60IU/kg,术中不再追加抗凝药物.所有患者均在静脉注射达肝素后5min取血测量ACT.其中30例患者作为抗凝活性检测组分别在达肝素注射前和注射后6个时间点取血检测抗凝参数ACT、aPTT、抗Xa因子和抗Ⅱa因子活性,观察静脉注射达肝素后的时间-抗凝效应关系.结果:静脉注射达肝素后5minACT值由基线121s升高到193s,10min时达峰值208s,并持续120min无明显下降(P＜0.001).aPTT、血浆抗Xa和抗Ⅱa因子活性也呈类似趋势.结论:ACT和aPTT对静脉注射达肝素敏感.ACT可以用来监测PCI期间静脉注射达肝素的抗凝活性.     

抗因子Xa活性及APTT测定在深静脉血栓低分子肝素治疗患者中的应用

目的探究深静脉血栓低分子肝素治疗患者应用抗因子Xa活性及APTT测定的临床效果与特征。方法对我院血管外科自2019年1月开始接受治疗的深静脉血栓患者共68例进行回顾性分析,通过纳入标准分析全部为低分子肝素治疗的深静脉血栓患者,分析抽取患者治疗前后的抗因子Xa活性及APTT指标,判断其治疗效果。结果用药前后68例深静脉血栓患者的抗因子Xa活性及APTT对照,结果显示,治疗前APTT(s)、抗因子Xa(IU/m L)分别为(41.0±6.8)(0.04±0.01),而治疗后的结果为(45.6±6.2)(0.58±0.14),明显优于治疗前的指标。结论针对深静脉血栓低分子肝素治疗患者对其抗因子Xa活性及APTT测定,治疗后其各项指标变化明显,且采用抗因子Xa活性的测定来调整用药量明显优于对APTT的测定,值得在临床低分子肝素治疗中应用。     

脓毒症急性肾损伤患者CRRT治疗中应用枸橼酸抗凝与全身肝素化抗凝的效果分析及对凝血功能和肾功能的影响

目的:比较枸橼酸抗凝与全身肝素化抗凝对脓毒症急性肾损伤患者CRRT治疗中的效果。方法:选取2018年1月-2019年5月本院收治的114例脓毒症急性肾损伤患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法,将其分为研究组与常规组,每组57例。常规组在CRRT治疗过程中给予全身肝素化抗凝治疗,研究组在CRRT治疗过程中给予枸橼酸抗凝治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的凝血功能、肾功能,同时比较两组患者的滤器使用寿命及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组两组的PT与APTT均高于治疗前,且常规组上述指标均高于研究组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者的PLT值均低于治疗前,且常规组低于研究组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者BUN、Scr水平均低于治疗前,且研究组均低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组滤器的平均使用寿命长于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,研究组的出血事件发生率为33.33%,显著低于常规组的3.51%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经研究得知,脓毒症急性肾损伤患者在实施CRRT治疗时,应用枸橼酸抗凝的效果显著优于全身肝素化抗凝效果,能够改善患者的肾功能,延长滤器的使用时间,值得在临床中推广应用。     

抗Xa水平对心房颤动合并肾功能不全抗凝治疗的指导意义

目的探讨抗Xa水平监测对心房颤动合并肾功能不全患者低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗中的指导意义。方法选取我院于2012年5月~2015年5月收治的心房颤动合并肾功能不全患者96例作为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各48例。所有患者均给予基础治疗,在此基础上,对照组给予普通肝素钠常规治疗,观察组给予低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗。观察对比两组疗效指标。对所有患者给予抗Xa水平检测,分析其与治疗效果各因子之间的相关性。结果治疗后观察组TC、LDL、TG、hs-CRP水平均较对照组显著降低(P0.05),而HDL、HGB水平显著升高(P0.05),且两组出血状况等级比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);抗Xa水平分组中,各项疗效指标差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),抗Xa水平和疗效指标存在相关性,且以抗Xa≥0.4 IU/mL且1.0 IU/mL时为最佳,既可以保证抗凝效果,又可以减少出血状况。结论采用低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗对心房颤动合并肾功能不全患者疗效显著,且抗Xa水平和疗效指标具有一定相关性,因此可以对其水平进行监测,以评估和指导低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗。     

持续性肾脏替代治疗抗凝方法的选择和监测

目的对持续性肾脏替代治疗过程中不同抗凝技术进行评价。方法选择31例进行持续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的患者,其中有出血倾向者10例,设为A组,采用局部肝素抗凝法;有活动性出血者7例,设为B组。采用无肝素抗凝法;其余患者l4例,设为C组,采用低分子肝素抗凝法。检测治疗前后血浆部分活化凝血酶原时间（APTT）、血小板计数（BPC）;同时监测滤器寿命。结果 A、B组APTT及BPC在治疗前后无显著改变,C组APTT显著延长（P〈0.05）。滤器平均寿命C组〉A组〉B组（P〈0.05）。结论 CRRT中3种抗凝技术各有优缺点,为了使治疗安全有效,必须个体化地选择抗凝技术。     

不同抗凝方案在严重脓毒血症血小板减少患者CRRT中的应用

目的：分析比较枸橼酸局部抗凝（RCA）、低分子肝素及无肝素抗凝3种方案在严重脓毒血症血小板减少患者连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）中的应用效果及并发症发生情况。方法回顾性分析36例入住重症监护室行 CRRT治疗的严重脓毒血症血小板减少患者,CRRT治疗分别给予 RCA、低分子肝素钙及无肝素3种抗凝方案,观察3组患者 CRRT治疗中凝血功能、出血情况、血小板消耗、血滤效果、滤器使用情况及15、30 d病死率。结果 RCA组和无肝素组凝血功能明显优于低分子肝素钙组（P＜0．05）,RCA组和无肝素组凝血功能差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;RCA组出血发生率、血小板消耗明显低于无肝素组和低分子肝素钙组（P＜0．05）;RCA组、低分子肝素钙组滤器使用时间明显长于无肝素组（P＜0．05）;血滤效果及15、30 d病死率3组差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论严重脓毒血症血小板减少患者行 CRRT应用枸橼酸局部抗凝能降低出血风险、减少对血小板的消耗、延长滤器使用寿命,保证CRRT顺利有效地完成。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.