胆道梗阻的CT诊断与分析

目的 探讨胆道梗阻的CT表现特点。方法 搜集45例胆道梗阻的CT图片进行分析，其中胆管癌8例、胰头癌13例、肝癌肝门淋巴结转移4例、壶腹癌4例、胆结石16例。结果 除显示梗阻端以上胆管扩张外，胆管癌的阻塞端可显示截断或鼠尾状改变：肝门区胆管癌及胆总管胰上段癌可显示梗阻远端未扩张胆管，胰头癌、壶腹癌可见扩张胆总管下段突然中断，胰管扩张。肝癌肝门淋巴结显示肝内胆管扩张；胆结石可见胆管扩张及胆管内结石影。结论 CT是重要检查方法。     

肝吸虫病的CT诊断（附40例报告）

目的分析肝吸虫病的CT表现,探讨CT对肝吸虫病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经粪便检查或手术病理证实的40例肝吸虫病患者CT表现及临床资料,其中男34例,女6例,CT平扫40例,增强扫描31例。结果40例的CT表现均见肝内胆管扩张,尤以肝包膜下末梢胆管小囊状扩张为特征性表现。结论肝边缘部胆管细枝状、小囊状扩张为肝吸虫病CT特征性表现;肝内结节、斑片低密度灶与炎性肉芽肿及胆管周围炎有关。肝吸虫病具有特征性CT表现,CT是肝吸虫病早期诊断有效的检查方法之一。     

螺旋CT增强扫描对胆总管下端梗阻病变的鉴别诊断体会

目的 分析多例胆总管下端梗阻病例的CT表现,探讨常规螺旋CT增强扫描对胆总管下端梗阻病变的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对30例经手术或病理证实的胆总管下端梗阻的病例进行回顾性分析,并与手术或病理等结果对照.采用螺旋CT行上腹部增强双期扫描,局部病灶加扫薄层.结果 胰头癌8例,均表现为胰头肿块,动脉期无明显强化,肝内外胆管扩张,肝内胆管扩张呈软藤状.壶腹周围癌11例(其中壶腹癌5例),5例表现为胆总管扩张至壶腹部,十二指肠乳头区结节状充盈缺损,动脉期明显强化3例有“双环征”,1例未见胰管扩张,增强扫描见胰管胆管分开进入十二指肠;胆总管下端癌4例,表现为胆总管扩张突然中断,管壁不均匀增厚,轻度强化;十二指肠腺癌2例,表现为十二指肠乳头区及附近十二指肠壁不均匀增厚,增强扫描动脉期明显强化,局部边缘模糊.华支睾吸虫致胆道下段梗阻1例,CT考虑阴性结石或炎性狭窄,B超提示胆管下段结石可能.胆总管下端结石梗阻10例,表现为胆管内环形或圆形致密影,CT、B超均诊断胆管下段结石.结论 螺旋CT双期增强及薄层扫描,能较好显示胆管下端梗阻病变影像特点,结合B超等其他检查可使鉴别诊断成为可能.     

MRCP在胆道梗阻病变中的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像技术（MRCP）在胆道梗阻病变的应用价值。方法：搜集2008年1月至2012年1月经手术病理和临床治疗证实的胆道梗阻病变97例,其中良性病变63例,恶性病变34例。良性病变中肝内及胆总管结石57例,壶腹部良性肿瘤4例,胆管囊状扩张症2例。恶性病变中胰头癌19例,肝胆管细胞癌6例,肝门部及胆总管癌4例,壶腹部恶性肿瘤5例。回顾性分析MRCP在各种致胆管梗阻病变中的影像表现。结果：MRCP较清晰地显示了各种病变所致胆管梗阻的部位,胆道扩张的不同形态。结论 MRCP对于胆道梗阻性病变的定位较为准确,各种可致胆道梗阻的病变有着不同特征的扩张形态,结合MRI原始图像及增强图像,可为临床的阻黄鉴别诊断提供无创、可靠的依据,对病变的定性有很高的应用价值。     

MRCP对胆道梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的分析磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）对胆道梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法对48例经B超或CT检查怀疑胆道梗阻性疾病患者行MRI平扫及MRCP检查。结果48例中36例得到手术病理证实,其余12例与临床综合诊断相吻合。良性梗阻21例,其中胆总管结石18例,MRCP表现为梗阻端以上胆总管均匀扩张,肝内胆管均呈枯树枝状扩张。恶性梗阻27例,肝门部胆管癌6例,胆总管癌7例,MRCP表现为梗阻端呈截断征,肝内胆管软藤样扩张;胰头癌8例,壶腹部癌6例,MRCP可见双管征。结论MRCP安全、简便、无创,结合MRI平扫对胆道梗阻}生疾病有很大的诊断价值。     

47例胆总管梗阻的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨胆总管梗阻性疾病的MSCT表现特征与诊断价值.方法 对47例经手术或病理证实的胆总管梗阻性病症进行回顾性分析,包括胰头及壶腹部肿瘤23例(胰头癌18例,Vater's壶腹癌2例,胆总管癌3例),胆总管结石20例,胆总管炎性狭窄4例.分析其CT表现,并与手术或病理对照.结果 (1)胰头及壶腹部肿瘤表现为胰头增大变形及低密度区;胰头周围组织侵犯;扩张的胆总管突然中断;"双管征";肝内胆管软藤状中、重度扩张;十二指肠内侧壁结节;胆总管壁增厚或下端结节;淋巴结转移和血行转移.(2)胆总管结石表现为胆管内环形或圆形致密影;"靶征"或"新月征";梗阻以上胆总管轻度扩张.(3)胆总管炎性狭窄表现为梗阻端扩张胆总管逐渐变细,范围较长呈鼠尾巴状;梗阻以上胆管轻度扩张;胆管积气.结论 多层螺旋CT对胆总管梗阻性疾病定位诊断准确,也具有较高的特异性,是一种安全快捷的检查方法,能为胆总管梗阻的诊断提供可靠的依据.尤其是多层螺旋CT的多平面重建技术(MPR)与曲面重建(CPR)技术在胆管成像上的应用,能直观地显示肝外胆管的走行、胆管及其周围病变与扩张胆管的关系.     

47例胆总管梗阻的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨胆总管梗阻性疾病的MSCT表现特征与诊断价值.方法 对47例经手术或病理证实的胆总管梗阻性病症进行回顾性分析,包括胰头及壶腹部肿瘤23例(胰头癌18例,Vater's壶腹癌2例,胆总管癌3例),胆总管结石20例,胆总管炎性狭窄4例.分析其CT表现,并与手术或病理对照.结果 (1)胰头及壶腹部肿瘤表现为胰头增大变形及低密度区;胰头周围组织侵犯;扩张的胆总管突然中断;"双管征";肝内胆管软藤状中、重度扩张;十二指肠内侧壁结节;胆总管壁增厚或下端结节;淋巴结转移和血行转移.(2)胆总管结石表现为胆管内环形或圆形致密影;"靶征"或"新月征";梗阻以上胆总管轻度扩张.(3)胆总管炎性狭窄表现为梗阻端扩张胆总管逐渐变细,范围较长呈鼠尾巴状;梗阻以上胆管轻度扩张;胆管积气.结论 多层螺旋CT对胆总管梗阻性疾病定位诊断准确,也具有较高的特异性,是一种安全快捷的检查方法,能为胆总管梗阻的诊断提供可靠的依据.尤其是多层螺旋CT的多平面重建技术(MPR)与曲面重建(CPR)技术在胆管成像上的应用,能直观地显示肝外胆管的走行、胆管及其周围病变与扩张胆管的关系.     

B型超声对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声对梗阻性黄疸的诊断,有利于对病人的及时治疗提供依据。方法：观察142例梗阻性黄疸的病人,检查肝、胆、脾、胰及腹腔等部位,了解病因及梗阻部位及对周围脏器有无浸润。结果：胆囊结石合并胆管结石引起胆道梗阻47例,胰头癌引起胆道梗阻34例,胆管癌引起胆道梗阻20例,胆囊癌转移引起胆道梗阻14例,原发性肝癌转移胆管引起胆道梗阻9例,胆囊结石合并胆管结石引起胆管扩张6例,先天性胆总管囊状扩张引起胆道梗阻5例,胆道蛔虫合并胆道结石引起胆道梗阻3例,误诊4例。结论：B型超声对梗阻性黄疸的诊断简便、快捷、准确,诊断准确率达97％。但病人肠胀气时会影响胆总管下端显示。     

梗阻性黄疸CT诊断（附40例报告）

目的 探讨梗阻性黄疸的CT征象及CT检查在胆道良恶性梗阻诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实且资料完整的40例梗阻性黄疸的CT征象，其中胰头癌4例，壶腹癌5例，胆管癌6例，胰腺转移瘤1例（术后证实），胆总管结石16例，胆管炎7例，胆总管术后梗阻1例。结果 梗阻性黄疸的CT表现有肝内胆管、肝总管、胆囊及胆总管扩张，表现“软藤征”、“截断征”、“双轨征”、“靶征”。结论 CT对梗阻水平的判断及良恶性判定较准确。     

梗阻性黄疸的超声诊断

目的 探讨超声对梗阻性黄疸的诊断,有利于对病人的及时治疗提供依据.方法 观察135例梗阻性黄疸的病人,检查肝、胆、脾、胰及腹腔等部位,了解病因及梗阻部位及对周围脏器有无浸润.结果 胆囊结石合并胆管结石引起胆道梗阻46例,胰头癌引起胆道梗阻33例,胆管癌引起胆道梗阻19例,胆囊癌转移引起胆道梗阻11例,原发性肝癌转移胆管引起胆道梗阻9例,胆囊结石合并胆管结石引起胆管扩张6例,先天性胆总管囊状扩张引起胆道梗阻5例,胆道蛔虫合并胆道结石引起胆道梗阻3例,误诊3例.结论 B型超声对梗阻性黄疸的诊断简便、快捷、准确,诊断准确率达96.7%.但病人肠胀气时会影响胆总管下端显示.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.