血清雌、孕激素水平与输卵管妊娠

为探讨不同水平的血清雌二醇和孕酮对胚胎异位着床的影响 ,检测了正常宫内孕 (IU P)和输卵管妊娠 (TP)孕妇血清雌二醇和孕酮水平。结果显示 ,胚胎正常着床时 ,血清雌二醇和孕酮水平均较高 ;胚胎异位着床于输卵管时 ,血清雌二醇和孕酮均降低。两组差异高度显著 (P<0 .0 0 1)。     

组织培养和扦插广藿香中有效成分含量比较

目的通过测定比较组织培养和扦插广藿香植株中百秋里醇和广藿香酮的含量,为广藿香药材的组织培养条件以及品质鉴定提供实验依据。方法采用GC法分别对6批组织培养和扦插广藿香药材中百秋里醇和广藿香酮进行含量测定。结果组织培养药材中百秋里醇和广藿香酮的含量与扦插药材相比,无显著性差异。结论组织培养适于广藿香药材的繁殖,并能保证药材的质量。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚的含量

目的 建立测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚含量的方法.方法 采用毛细管气相色谱法测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚的含量.结果 复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚平均回收率为99.64%和98.67%;RSD为1.6%和1.3%.结论 此方法简单、快速和准确.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚的含量

目的建立测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚含量的方法。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法测定复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚的含量。结果复方硼酸散中薄荷醇和苯酚平均回收率为99.64%和98.67%;RSD为1.6%和1.3%。结论此方法简单、快速和准确。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇和利凡诺终止中期妊娠的疗效观察

目的观察米非司酮配伍米索前列醇和利凡诺终止中期妊娠的疗效。方法治疗组采用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇和利凡诺治疗,对照组给予利凡诺,对比两组患者用药后流产情况。结果治疗组流产成功率高于对照组(P<0.05),出血量、清宫刮出物、胎盘滞留率均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论米非司酮配伍米索前列醇和利凡诺能终止中期妊娠。     

预防多次人工流产后造成宫腔粘连的疗效分析

目的探讨预防重复人流所产生的宫腔粘连治疗时采用戊酸雌二醇和安宫黄体酮口服的临床效果。方法取我院2011年1月至2012年12月总共接收的人工流产患者共307例,将他们分成随机两组,实验组人流后采用戊酸雌二醇和安宫黄体酮进行治疗,观察组人流后进行常规治疗,对两组的治疗效果进行统计分析。结果对照组的产后出血量要高于实验组,两组数据比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针对重复人工流产后的宫腔粘连治疗可以采用戊酸雌二醇和安宫黄体酮口服,降低继发性不孕症概率。     

沙丁胺醇联合丙酸倍氯米松治疗成人哮喘的疗效观察

目的观察沙丁胺醇联合丙酸倍氯米松治疗成年人哮喘的疗效。方法将我院呼吸内科收治的60例成人哮喘患者随机分为3组,每组各20例。其中两组患者分别给予沙丁胺醇和丙酸倍氯米松治疗,另外一组患者联合两种药物治疗。对3组患者的疗效进行观察。结果 3组患者在经过治疗后与治疗前性比较哮喘症状都有改善,但是单独使用沙丁胺醇和丙酸倍氯米松组的疗效较联合用药组要差。结论联合使用沙丁胺醇和丙酸倍氯米松治疗成人哮喘效果优于单独用药组,值得临床推广使用。     

小儿过敏性咳嗽临床治疗与预后

目的 探讨小儿过敏性咳嗽的疗法与预后.方法 63例过敏性咳嗽的患儿随机分成对照组、吸入糖皮质激素组(Ⅰ-C组)、口服沙丁胺醇和酮替酚组(S-K组).对照组仅予止咳、祛痰、抗感梁等治疗.Ⅰ-C组予二丙酸倍氯米松气雾剂吸入.S-K组予口服沙丁胺醇和酮替酚;沙丁胺醇在咳嗽消失后继续服用2周停药.结果 用药2周治疗有效率、平均止咳天数Ⅰ-C组、S-K组间无显著性差异,但均明显优于对照组(P＜0.01).一个疗程结束后患儿复发率Ⅰ-C组低于S-K组(为P＜0.05),明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 吸入糖皮质激素、口服沙丁胺醇和酮替酚、对控制患儿过敏性咳嗽症状均有较好疗效,但对预防患儿过敏性咳嗽的复发吸入糖皮质激素疗效优于口服沙丁胺醇和酮替酚.     

薄荷醇与樟脑对烟酰胺的促皮渗透作用的研究

目的:研究薄荷醇和樟脑对烟酰胺透皮吸收的影响。方法:用两室扩散池体外透皮实验装置,以兔皮为屏障,使用不同浓度的薄荷醇和樟脑,测定烟酰胺的透皮百分率。结果:含1％薄荷醇组和含1％樟脑组的烟酰胺透皮百分率无显著增加,而含1％薄荷醇和1％樟脑组,含3％薄荷醇组,含3％樟脑组,含3％薄荷醇和3％樟脑组的烟酰胺透皮百分率明显增加。结论:薄荷醇和樟脑均对烟酰胺有促皮渗透作用,两药作用强度相似,两药使用时具有协同作用。     

儿童误服大量氟哌啶醇和盐酸苯海索中毒抢救1例

氟哌啶醇和盐酸苯海索作为抽动症患儿一线治疗药物,临床上经常应用,服用过量可产生各种神经系统损害,重者可导致死亡。但两者同时大量服用引起的中毒病例,国内外鲜有报道。我院结合氟哌啶醇和盐酸苯海索的药理作用机制,利用药物代谢动力学特点,在药物作用不同阶段分别给予特殊药物处理,成功抢救了1例儿童同时误服大量氟哌啶醇和盐酸苯海索中毒,现报道如下。     

Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia: toxic denaturants and disinfectants pose additional risks

In 2005, 30% of all alcohol consumption in Russia was unrecorded. This paper describes the chemical composition of unrecorded and low cost alcohol, including a toxicological evaluation. Alcohol products (n=22) from both recorded and unrecorded sources were obtained from three Russian cities (Saratov, Lipetsk and Irkutsk) and were chemically analyzed. Unrecorded alcohols included homemade samogons, medicinal alcohols and surrogate alcohols. Analysis included alcoholic strength, levels of volatile compounds (methanol, acetaldehyde, higher alcohols), ethyl carbamate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). Single samples showed contamination with DEP (275-1269 mg/l) and PHMG (515 mg/l) above levels of toxicological concern. Our detailed chemical analysis of Russian alcohols showed that the composition of vodka, samogon and medicinal alcohols generally did not raise major public health concerns other than for ethanol. It was shown, however, that concentration levels of DEP and PHMG in some surrogate alcohols make these samples unfit for human consumption as even moderate drinking would exceed acceptable daily intakes.     

Defining maximum levels of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages and surrogate alcohol products

Higher alcohols occur naturally in alcoholic beverages as by-products of alcoholic fermentation. Recently, concerns have been raised about the levels of higher alcohols in surrogate alcohol (i.e., illicit or home-produced alcoholic beverages) that might lead to an increased incidence of liver diseases in regions where there is a high consumption of such beverages. In contrast, higher alcohols are generally regarded as important flavour compounds, so that European legislation even demands minimum contents in certain spirits. In the current study we review the scientific literature on the toxicity of higher alcohols and estimate tolerable concentrations in alcoholic beverages. On the assumption that an adult consumes 4 x 25 ml of a drink containing 40% vol alcohol, the maximum tolerable concentrations of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and 1-hexanol in such a drink would range between 228 and 3325 g/hl of pure alcohol. A reasonable preliminary guideline level would be 1000 g/hl of pure alcohol for the sum of all higher alcohols. This level is higher than the concentrations usually found in both legal alcoholic beverages and surrogate alcohols, so that we conclude that scientific data are lacking so far to consider higher alcohols as a likely cause for the adverse effects of surrogate alcohol. The limitations of our study include the inadequate toxicological data base leading to uncertainties during the extrapolation of toxicological data between the different alcohols, as well as unknown interactions between the different higher alcohols and ethanol.     

THE EFFECTS OF COMBINING TWO DIFFERENT ALCOHOLS ON THE HEAT-INDUCED REVERSIBLE DENATURATION OF RIBONUCLEASE

The effects of combining two different alcohols on the transition temperature of ribonuclease were investigated. It appears that at 60°C the combined effects on the transition temperature of ribonuclease of two different alcohols are equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of each individual alcohol. This holds true for a combination of two monohydric alcohols, two polyhydric alcohols and a combination of a monohydric and a polyhydric alcohol. At lower temperatures only the effects of the combinations of two polyhydric alcohols show additivity. The combined effect of a polyvalent alcohol and a monovalent alcohol at low temperature is surprisingly higher than the algebraic sum of the effects of the individual alcohols. The polyhydric alcohol enhances the hydrophobic effect of the monovalent alcohol for temperatures up to 50°C. Obviously the polyhydric alcohol perturbs the water structure at these low temperatures, which leads to the intensifying of the interhydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the combined effect of two different monovalent alcohols with different hydrophobic effects does not show additivity at low temperatures. The single (OH) group of the weakest hydrophobic alcohol enhances the hydrophobic effect of the potentially strongest hydrophobic alcohol.     

The effect of aliphatic alcohols on the transient potassium current in hippocampal neurones.

1. The transient potassium current was recorded in single hippocampal CA1 neurones from the rat by use of the whole-cell patch clamp technique. The effects on this current of a homologous series of aliphatic alcohols, ranging from butanol to octanol, were investigated. 2. The predominant effect of octanol (and the other alcohols) was to cause an increase in the initial rate of decay of the transient potassium current together with a slight decrease in the rate of decay of later phases of the current, such that the current decay became markedly non-monotonic. The alcohols also caused a decrease in peak current amplitude which could not be accounted for solely by the change in current decay kinetics. 3. The effect of the alcohols was concentration-dependent and readily reversible. Increasing chain length increased the potency of each alcohol by about 3 fold for each methylene group added. Other than a difference in potency, there appeared to be little difference in the action of aliphatic alcohols of different chain length on the transient current. 4. The alcohols did not appreciably change the voltage-dependence of steady state inactivation or activation of the transient potassium current. 5. The rate of inactivation of the transient current in these cells was only weakly voltage-dependent. This weak voltage-dependence was not changed by the presence of aliphatic alcohols, neither was the effect of the alcohols themselves voltage-dependent. 6. The potencies of each of the aliphatic alcohols were well correlated with their respective membrane/buffer partition coefficients, a finding which implies a hydrophobic locus of action.     

Synthesis and reactivity of anthracene-1-carbonyl azide as a fluorescent derivatization reagent for alcohols

Anthracene-1-carbonyl azide was found to be a sensitive fluorescent derivatization reagent for primary and secondary alcohols for high-performance liquid chromatography. Reaction conditions were investigated for cholestanol. The reagent reacts with alcohols in benzene in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine to give the corresponding fluorescent urethanes at 100 degrees C for 50 min. The detection limit for cholestanol was 250 fmol for an injection volume of 10 microliters. Tertiary alcohols and phenols do not produce fluorescent derivatives under these conditions.     

Characterization of the selective inhibition of the delta subclass of opioid binding sites by alcohols

We recently reported that ethanol and other aliphatic alcohols exert a selective inhibition on the binding of enkephalins to delta opioid binding sites. We report here a more detailed investigation of the characteristics of this inhibition. Opioid binding sites of the kappa subtype are similar to mu opioid binding sites in their relative insensitivity to inhibition by aliphatic alcohols. Scatchard analysis of saturation data of enkephalin binding showed that inhibition is the result of a decrease in affinity. Results of kinetic experiments demonstrated that the inhibition can be entirely accounted for by an increase in the dissociation rate of the ligand-receptor complex. The presence of sodium ions in the incubation medium and raising the temperature of incubation exacerbate the inhibitory effectiveness of alcohols. The order of potency among structural isomers of alcohols for inhibition of delta receptor binding is as follows: straight-chain primary greater than isoprimary greater than secondary greater than tertiary. The order of inhibitory potency of the aliphatic alcohols tested correlates well with their ability to disorder the cell membrane lipid bilayer. It is suggested that this is a probable mechanism by which alcohols inhibit binding to delta opioid binding sites.     

The effect of aliphatic alcohols on certain vitamins of the B-complex group in the liver of the rat

The effect of the oral administration of a series of aliphatic alcohols (methanol to butanol) in addition to isopropanol on the liver contents of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, and pantothenic acid was investigated in rats. It was found the tested alcohols caused a significant decrease in the liver contents of the studied vitamins. This effect was observed after daily oral administration of the tested alcohols in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg for 7 days. The diminishing effect of alcohols on the liver contents of vitamins was directly proportional to the dose administered.     

The toxicity of acetylenic alcohols to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: narcosis and proelectrophile activation

1. The 96-h LC50 values for 16 acetylenic alcohols in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were determined using continuous-flow diluters. The measured LC50 values for seven tertiary propargylic alcohols agreed closely with the QSAR predictions based upon data for other organic non-electrolytes acting by a narcosis mechanism. 2. Four primary and four secondary propargylic alcohols were 7 to 4600 times more toxic than the respective narcotic toxicity estimated by QSAR. Metabolic activation to electrophilic alpha,beta-unsaturated propargylic aldehydes or ketones is proposed to account for the increased toxicity. 3. 3-Butyn-1-ol and 4-pentyn-2-ol, primary and secondary homopropargylic alcohols, were 320 and 160, respectively, times more toxic than predicted. In this case an activation step involving biotransformation to an allenic electrophile intermediate was proposed.     

Development of environmentally benign transformations via 1,3-transposition of hydroxyl group

This review article describes our recent efforts to develop environmentally benign transformations of allyl and propargyl alcohols via the 1,3-transposition of their hydroxyl groups using combined catalyst systems. This methodology allows for successful transformation under mild conditions, which has never been achieved using each catalyst. Representative examples of this methodology include the following three reactions. First, the combination of oxo-vanadium compounds and lipases resulted in the dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic allyl alcohols to give optically active allyl esters in high yields. Second, Mo-Au-Ag combination catalysis dramatically accelerated the rearrangement of diverse propargyl alcohols into α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Finally, the choice of suitable heteropoly acids for the rearrangement of propargyl alcohols led to the selective preparation of both (Z)- and (E)-enones.