Prevalence of surgical-site infections and patterns of antimicrobial use in a large tertiary-care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted in Vietnam on the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections or antimicrobial use. Thus, we sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for surgical-site infections (SSIs) and to document antimicrobial use in surgical patients in a large healthcare facility in Vietnam. METHODS: We conducted a point-prevalence survey of SSIs and antimicrobial use at Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, a 1,250-bed inpatient facility. All patients on the 11 surgical wards and 2 intensive care units who had surgery within 30 days before the survey date were included. RESULTS: Of 391 surgical patients, 56 (14.3%) had an SSI. When we compared patients with and without SSIs, factors associated with infection included trauma (relative risk [RR], 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.60 to 4.37; P < .001), emergency surgery (RR, 2.74; CI95, 1.65 to 4.55; P < .001), and dirty wounds (RR, 3.77; CI95, 2.39 to 5.96; P < .001). Overall, 198 (51%) of the patients received antimicrobials more than 8 hours before surgery and 390 (99.7%) received them after surgery. Commonly used antimicrobials included third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. Thirty isolates were identified from 26 SSI patient cultures; of the 25 isolates undergoing antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 22 (88%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 24 (92%) to gentamicin. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that (1) SSIs are prevalent at Cho Ray Hospital; (2) antimicrobial use among surgical patients is widespread and inconsistent with published guidelines; and (3) pathogens often are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. SSI prevention interventions, including appropriate use of antimicrobials, are needed in this population.     

骨科病房骨关节感染部位分离病原体及其耐药性

目的了解骨科病房骨关节感染部位分离病原体及其耐药性,为临床预防及治疗骨关节感染提供依据。方法调查某院2010年6月—2013年10月骨科病房送检的114例骨关节感染部位标本,对其病原体及其耐药性进行分析。结果共分离病原体145株,革兰阴性(G-)菌90株(62.07%),革兰阳性(G+)菌50株(34.48%),假丝酵母菌属3株(2.07%),厌氧菌2株(1.38%)。其中居前4位的病原体是铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌,分别占20.69%、12.41%、11.03%、9.65%。主要病原体呈现明显的耐药性,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶耐药率达40.00%;大肠埃希菌对复方磺胺甲口恶唑、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药,耐药率均达100.00%。结论 G-菌是骨科病房主要病原菌,且分离出的菌株对多种常用抗菌药物耐药。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者下呼吸道感染病原体分布及耐药性

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者下呼吸道感染病原体分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2011年1-12月入住某院呼吸科的200例AECOPD患者进行痰培养和药敏试验,采用WHONET5.3软件分析药敏结果。结果200例AECOPD患者,85例（42.50%）痰培养阳性,检出革兰阴性（G-）杆菌66株（77.65%）,革兰阳性（G+）球菌16株（18.82%）,真菌3株（3.53%）;居前6位的病原体分别为铜绿假单胞菌(36.47%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.76%)、流感嗜血杆菌(10.58%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(9.41%)、肺炎链球菌（9.41%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（8.24%）。铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药性较严重,其中对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢替坦、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、呋喃妥因的耐药率达100.00%,对头孢曲松的耐药率高达93.55%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林和呋喃妥因的耐药率＞75%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林及呋喃妥因具有较高的耐药率（＞60%）;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林和复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率＞65%。7株金黄色葡萄球菌中,5株为耐甲氧西林株。结论AECOPD患者下呼吸道感染病原体以G-杆菌为主,且耐药较严重,治疗时应选择对G-杆菌敏感的抗菌药物,同时应警惕耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌及真菌感染。     

医院手术切口感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院手术切口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,从循证医学的角度探讨手术切口感染的预防及干预对策.方法 回顾性调查医院手术切口感染患者的病案资料,细菌培养、鉴定按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,药敏试验采用K-B法.结果 426株手术切口感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占60.56％,主要为铜绿假单胞、大肠埃希菌及鲍氏不动杆菌,占25.82％、13.15％及9.39％,其次是革兰阳性球菌,占36.15％,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌占23.00％,真菌占3.29％;病原菌均显示了较高的耐药性,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为44.90％.结论 医院手术切口感染病原菌主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其次是革兰阳性球菌及真菌,且病原菌耐药情况较为严峻;加强外科手术切口医院感染的监测工作,有针对性地采取相关措施,预防手术切口感染的发生.     

2008—2010年某院临床主要病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的探讨某院临床近年主要病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集该院2008年1月-2010年12月分离自门诊及住院患者的病原菌资料,对其构成及耐药性作统计分析。结果共分离病原菌7 008株,其中革兰阴性菌3 961株（56.52％）,革兰阳性菌1 582株（22.57％）,真菌1 465株（20.91％）;居前3位的病原菌依次为白假丝酵母菌（1 015株,15.00%）、铜绿假单胞菌（906株,12.93%）、大肠埃希菌（874株,12.47%）。2008-2010年,金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为85.07％(678/797),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为73.17％(150/205);大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β 内酰胺酶株的总检出率分别为64.19％（561/874）、46.31％（301/650）。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感,对复方磺胺甲口恶唑敏感率（68.42％～74.51%）较高,对其余抗菌药物敏感率均＜30%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率（95.52％～100.00％）最高,大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮和氟喹诺酮类环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感率均＜30％。3年铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶和美罗培南的敏感率均较高,分别为60.31%~85.83%、59.38%~73.23%。结论该院分离的主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性普遍较高,应加强监控,合理使用抗菌药物,有效预防和控制医院感染的发生。     

手术部位感染病原菌的耐药性分析及干预对策

目的 探讨医院手术部位感染(SSI)病原菌的分布及耐药性,制定手术部位感染的护理干预对策.方法 回顾性调查医院外科手术部位感染患者的病案资料,细菌培养、鉴定按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,药敏试验采用K-B法.结果 213株手术部位感染病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占60.6％,革兰阳性球菌占36.1％,真菌占3.3％;其中铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌检出率较高,分别占25.8％、23.0％;病原菌均显示了较高的耐药性;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为44.9％.结论 务必采取综合性干预措施,预防与控制手术部位感染.     

临床分离的2 208株病原体分布及耐药性

目的分析某院临床常见病原体分布及耐药性,为合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用WHONET5.5软件对该院2011年1月-2012年12月临床标本分离的2 208株病原体资料进行回顾性分析。结果2 208株病原体主要分离自痰标本（50.63%,1 118株）和尿标本(22.69%,501株）。其中革兰阴性（G-）菌1 418株（64.22%）,以大肠埃希菌（15.72%）居首位,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌（11.96%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（10.64%）和铜绿假单胞菌（9.83%）等;革兰阳性（G+）菌577株（26.13%）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌（11.23%）;真菌213株（9.65%）。G-杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感性较好,但鲍曼不动杆菌耐药较为严重（耐药率55.74%～74.04%）;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占69.76%和87.56%,未发现对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属细菌。结论该院住院患者感染部位以呼吸道为主;病原菌耐药形势日趋严重,加强病原菌的耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物及减缓多重耐药菌株形成具有重要意义。     

Relationship between rates of antimicrobial consumption and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 47 French hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between rates of antimicrobial consumption and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospitals. METHODS: We conducted an observational study that used retrospective data from 2002 and linear regression to model relationships. Hospitals were asked to collect data on consecutive S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates, consumption rates for antibiotics (ie, anti-infectives for systemic use as defined by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical class J01), and hospital characteristics, including infection control policies. Rates of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and rates of ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin resistance in P. aeruginosa were expressed as the percentage of isolates that were nonsusceptible (ie, either resistant or intermediately susceptible) and as the incidence of nonsuceptible isolates (ie, the number of nonsuceptible isolates recovered per 1,000 patient-days). The rate of antimicrobial consumption was expressed as the number of defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days. SETTING: Data were obtained from 47 French hospitals, and a total of 12,188 S. aureus isolates and 6,370 P. aeruginosa isolates were tested. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, fewer antimicrobials showed a significant association between the consumption rate and the percentage of isolates that were resistant than an association between the consumption rate and the incidence of resistance. The overall rate of antibiotic consumption, not including the antibiotics used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection, explained 13% of the variance between hospitals in the incidence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates. The incidence of methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates increased with the use of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and with the percentage of the hospital's beds located in intensive care units (adjusted multivariate coefficient of determination [aR(2)], 0.30). For P. aeruginosa, the incidence of ceftazidime resistance was greater in hospitals with higher consumption rates for ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and gentamicin (aR(2), 0.37). The incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance increased with the use of fluoroquinolones and with the percentage of a hospital's beds located in intensive care ( aR(2), 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant relationship existed between the rate of fluoroquinolone use and the rate of antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates. The incidence of resistant isolates showed a stronger association with the rate of antimicrobial use than did the percentage of isolates with resistance.     

神经外科患者脑脊液病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的了解北京天坛医院神经外科患者脑脊液分离病原菌及其耐药趋势变化情况。方法对1997年8月—2013年8月该院神经外科患者脑脊液标本分离的病原菌情况及其药敏结果进行分析。结果共分离病原菌2 732株,其中革兰阳性(G+)菌1 946株(71.23%),革兰阴性(G-)菌786株(28.77%)。居前3位的病原菌分别为葡萄球菌属(1 751株,64.09%)、不动杆菌属(254株,9.30%)和肠球菌属(172株,6.30%)。G+菌仍占主体,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为74.34%和80.73%;但近年G-菌逐渐增多。所有葡萄球菌属对万古霉素、利奈唑胺保持较高敏感性(90%);G-菌总体敏感率下降,尤其不动杆菌属对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率分别为51%、44%。结论神外患者颅内感染仍以G+菌多见,MRSA和MRCNS检出率高;但近年,G-菌,尤其是泛耐药的不动杆菌属所占比例呈上升趋势。     

外科感染患者标本分离病原菌及耐药性

目的了解外科感染患者分离病原菌及耐药情况。方法采用回顾性调查的方法,对2013年1月—2014年1月某院外科患者送检标本分离的1 208株病原菌及其耐药性进行统计分析。结果 1 208株病原菌中,革兰阴性(G-)菌780株(64.57%),革兰阳性(G+)菌301株(24.92%),真菌127株(10.51%)。主要标本来源为痰液(44.78%)、尿液(21.11%)、血液(11.51%)、脓液分泌物(10.26%)等。药敏结果示,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率分别为62.60%和33.61%,二者对亚胺培南耐药率为0.76%和15.57%。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率达38.93%和75.80%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为71.68%和87.93%。结论该院外科感染分离的病原菌以G-菌为主,主要感染部位为呼吸道和泌尿道;多重耐药严重,尤其是碳青霉烯类耐药株,值得重视。     

Emergence of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species after the use of antimicrobials for burned patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the emergence of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, or both after the use of these drugs and to compare resistant with susceptible isolates by molecular typing. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Burn intensive care unit (ICU) with 4 beds in a tertiary-care university hospital. METHODS: During 16 months, surveillance cultures were performed for all patients admitted to the ICU. Demographic information was obtained for each patient. Molecular typing was done by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using restriction enzymes for 71 isolates of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were admitted and 22 were colonized by susceptible P. aeruginosa or Acinetobacter species before they used the antimicrobials. Nine (41%) of these patients had a resistant isolate after antimicrobial use: 5 had used imipenem alone, 1 had used ciprofloxacin, and 3 had used both drugs. The interval between isolation of the susceptible and resistant isolates ranged from 4 to 25 days, but was 10 or more days for 6 patients. Molecular typing revealed that susceptible and resistant isolates from each patient were different and that although there were no predominant clones among susceptible isolates, there was a predominant clone among resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa and of Acinetobacter. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance was not due to the acquisition of resistance mechanisms by a previously susceptible strain, but rather to cross-transmission. Although various measures involving antimicrobial use have received great attention, it would seem that practices to prevent cross-transmission are more important in controlling resistance.     

老年科患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某院老年科2013年临床分离病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床用药提供参考。方法对2013年1—12月老年科患者送检临床标本中分离的病原菌分布及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果 1 896株病原菌中,革兰阴性(G-)菌1 289株(占67.99%),革兰阳性(G+)菌493株(占26.00%),真菌114株(占6.01%);其中,居前4位的病原菌分别是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为53.26%、31.10%;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率分别为22.47%、80.00%,肠球菌耐万古霉素检出率为3.10%。肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南均高度敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为79.48%,对美罗培南的耐药率为80.35%,对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率最低的是阿米卡星(10.70%)。G+球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感性高。结论老年患者病原菌以G-菌为主,耐药情况严重,开展细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,控制细菌耐药有重要意义。     

剖宫产术后手术切口感染病原菌的耐药性及防治措施

目的 了解医院妇产科剖宫产术后手术切口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为预防与控制手术切口感染提供依据,并制定防治措施.方法 病原菌培养和鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行;药敏试验采用K-B法进行.结果共检出108株病原菌,其中大肠埃希菌占29.6％、铜绿假单胞菌占20.4％、金黄色葡萄球菌占18.5％;病原菌对常用抗菌药物均产生了较严重的耐药性,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为45.0％;耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌检出率为9.1％.结论 剖宫产术后手术切口感染病原菌的耐药性呈上升趋势,应采取措施遏制细菌耐药性增长.     

Reduction in surgical site infections in neurosurgical patients associated with a bedside hand hygiene program in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted an intervention study to assess the impact of the use of an alcohol-chlorhexidine-based hand sanitizer on surgical site infection (SSI) rates among neurosurgical patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study with an untreated control group and assessment of neurosurgical patients admitted to 2 neurosurgical wards at Cho Ray Hospital between July 11 and August 15, 2000 (before the intervention), and July 14 and August 18, 2001 (after the intervention). A hand sanitizer with 70% isopropyl alcohol and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate was introduced, and healthcare workers were trained in its use on ward A in September 2000. No intervention was made in ward B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions of SSI were used. Patient SSI data were collected on standardized forms and were analyzed using Stata software (Stata). RESULTS: A total of 786 patients were enrolled: 377 in the period before intervention (156 in ward A and 221 in ward B) and 409 in the period after intervention (159 in ward A and 250 in ward B). On ward A after the intervention, the SSI rate was reduced by 54% (from 8.3% to 3.8%; P=.09), and more than half of superficial SSIs were eliminated (7 of 13 vs 0 of 6 in ward B; P=.007). On ward B, the SSI rate increased by 22% (from 7.2% to 9.2%; P=.8). In patients without SSI, the median postoperative length of stay and the duration of antimicrobial use were reduced on ward A (both from 8 to 6 days; P<.001) but not on ward B. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that introduction of a hand sanitizer can both reduce SSI rates in neurosurgical patients, with particular impact on superficial SSIs, and reduce the overall postoperative length of stay and the duration of antimicrobial use. Hand hygiene programs in developing countries are likely to reduce SSI rates and improve patient outcomes.     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:门急诊患者细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解我国门急诊患者分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用纸片、MIC或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属59所三级甲等医院2010年1月1日-12月31日门急诊来源的细菌药物敏感性进行分析.结果 共分离病原菌6452株,包括革兰阳性菌2279株占35.3％、革兰阴性菌4160株占64.5％,其中大肠埃希菌1501株占23.0％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌725株占11.2％、铜绿假单胞菌670株占10.4％、金黄色葡萄球菌564株占8.7％、克雷伯菌属细菌561株占8.7％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为34.0％和75.0％,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;5.6％屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药;链球菌属主要对大环内酯类与克林霉素耐药,β-溶血链球菌和酿脓链球菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率＞30.0％;嗜血菌属对氨苄西林耐药率＞30.0％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率低于同期整体监测水平;铜绿假单胞菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率低于同期整体监测水平.结论 我国门急诊来源病原菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌多见;细菌耐药率较住院患者低,但主要细菌耐药率较为突出.     

某县级医院连续4年血培养分离病原体及其耐药性

目的了解某县级医院送检血培养标本分离的病原体分布及其耐药性。方法对该院2008-2011年收集的血培养标本分离的病原体资料进行回顾性分析。结果4年1 780份血培养标本共分离病原体285株,阳性率为16.01%。其中革兰阳性（G+）球菌155株（54.39%）,以金黄色葡萄球菌（84株,29.48%）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（38株,12.28%）分离率较高;革兰阴性（G-）杆菌103株（36.14%）,以大肠埃希菌（43株,15.09%）、铜绿假单胞菌（19株,6.67%）和肺炎克雷伯菌（13株,4.56%）分离率较高;真菌27株（9.47%）,以白假丝酵母菌分离率（13株,4.56%）较高。G+球菌耐药率较高,但所有菌株对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林株占40.48%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林株占57.14%。G-杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南及含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物较敏感;共检出产超广谱β 内酰胺酶菌31株,其中大肠埃希菌25株（58.14%）,肺炎克雷伯菌6株（46.15%）。结论该县级医院血培养分离病原体以G+菌为主,耐药性较高,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理用药,以减轻抗菌药物的选择性压力。     

连续5年骨科手术患者手术部位感染病原学特点及其危险因素

目的调查骨科手术患者手术部位感染（SSI）发病情况,并分析其危险因素,为预防和控制SSI提供依据。方法回顾性调查某院2010年1月—2014年12月骨科所有住院手术患者,设计调查表,查阅患者病历资料,分析其SSI发生情况,并采用单因素及logistic回归分析SSI的危险因素。结果共调查14 300例骨科手术患者,发生SSI 576例,发病率为4.03%;以表浅切口感染为主（429例,占74.48%）。576例SSI患者共检出病原菌615株,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌（137株,占22.28%）、大肠埃希菌（84株,占13.66%）和阴沟肠杆菌（73株,占11.87%）。2010—2014年骨科手术患者SSI发病率逐年下降（χ2=24.706,P＜0.001）;截肢术患者SSI发病率最高（22.67%）,其次为清创术患者（7.16%）;logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,手术持续时间长、住院时间长、有基础疾病、有植入物、切口污染程度高、术中出血量大、围手术期抗菌药物使用不合理以及术后未使用负压引流均为骨科手术患者SSI的独立危险因素。结论骨科手术患者SSI发病率较高,应根据SSI感染的相关危险因素积极采取有效预防控制措施,降低骨科手术患者SSI的发生。     

急性期卒中相关性肺炎的病原菌及其耐药性

目的了解急性期脑卒中患者肺部感染的病原菌构成及耐药情况,指导临床抗菌药物的使用。方法回顾性调查2008-2013年某三级甲等综合医院收治的卒中相关性肺炎（SAP）患者,分析其痰培养病原菌构成及药敏试验结果。结果共调查SAP患者98例,痰标本中共分离病原菌124株,其中革兰阴性（G-）菌75株（占60.48%）,革兰阳性（G+）菌44株（占35.49%）,真菌5株（占4.03%）。存在混合感染的患者21例（21.43%）,治疗过程中出现细菌变更者23例（23.47%）。检出菌株数居前4位的依次为金黄色葡萄球菌（43株,占34.68%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（19株,占15.32%）、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌（各18株,各占14.52%）。肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率均＜32%,对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素均100%敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌均呈现严重的多重耐药（MDR）现象,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢他啶的耐药率＞80%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为33.33%。真菌中未检出耐药菌株。结论该院SAP患者的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,且除肺炎克雷伯菌外,其余均耐药严重,临床医生应根据其分布特点及药敏情况合理选择抗菌药物。     

Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at the University of Chicago Hospitals: a 15-year longitudinal assessment in a large university-based hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To describe a longitudinal profile of resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at a large university teaching hospital and to evaluate the impact of the methicillin resistance phenotype on resistance trends for non-beta-lactam antimicrobials. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility data for all 17,287 S. aureus isolates obtained from January 1986 through December 2000. SETTING: The University of Chicago Hospitals, a family of tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, consisting of 547 adult and pediatric beds. RESULTS: The annual rate of resistance to methicillin increased from 13% in 1986 to 28% in 2000 (P < .001) and has not plateaued. For each non-beta-lactam antimicrobial tested, the annual rates of resistance were far higher among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates than among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The annual rates of resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin (MLS) antimicrobials erythromycin and clindamycin increased among MSSA isolates (P < .01), but remained lower than 20%. Resistance to the MLS antimicrobials was higher among MRSA isolates (higher than 60%), but the annual rate decreased significantly during the study (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has continued to increase; resistance to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials is far more common among MRSA isolates. Recent decreases in the proportion of MRSA isolates resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials suggest important changes in the epidemiology of this pathogen.     

Comparison of unit-specific and hospital-wide antibiograms: potential implications for selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differences between unit-specific and hospital-wide antibiograms and to determine the potential impact of these differences on selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy. SETTING: A 625-bed tertiary care medical center. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility results were collected for all inpatient clinical bacterial isolates recovered over a 3-year period; isolates were categorized by the hospital location of the patient at the time of sampling and by the anatomic site from which the isolate was recovered. Antibiograms from each unit were compiled for the most commonly isolated organisms and were compared to the hospital-wide antibiogram. RESULTS: A total of 9,970 bacterial isolates were evaluated in this study, including 2,646 enterococcal isolates, 2,806 S. aureus isolates, 2,795 E. coli isolates, and 1,723 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The percentages of bacterial isolates resistant to antimicrobials were significantly higher in the medical ICU and surgical ICU than the hospital-wide antibiogram would have predicted, whereas the percentages of isolates susceptible to antimicrobials were significantly higher in the non-ICU units, compared with the hospital overall. However, on general medicine units, the prevalence of susceptibility to levofloxacin was significantly lower than that for the hospital overall. CONCLUSIONS: Unit-specific antibiograms are important for making informed decisions about empirical antimicrobial therapy, because the hospital-wide antibiogram may mask important differences in susceptibility rates across different units. These differences may have important implications for selecting the optimal empirical antimicrobial therapy.