Surveillance methods in hospital infections

In the prevalence study of postoperative pyogenic-inflammatory disease in 1,000 operated patients three parallel controls have been undertaken: comprehensive prospective control, current state and standard control. Current prevalence control has been proved the most suitable, practical and for hospital personnel the most acceptable control method.     

我院1120株细菌耐药性分析

目的了解我院2009年1～12月全年临床分离菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法使用纸片扩散法和CLSI/NCCLS判断标准进行抗菌药物监测。结果临床分离1120株细菌中革兰阳性细菌占28.5%,革兰阴性细菌占71.5%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCONS）分别占81.3%和77.3%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌（ESBLs）株中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为44.6%和47.2%,铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类亚胺培南耐药率为37%。结论本组资料对本院细菌性感染的治疗和抗菌药物的合理选用具有重要的参考价值。     

A biosocial perspective of peace and war

Aggression and its most organized group expression, warfare, are phenomena that have considerable interest to those in the social and biological sciences. Indeed, it can be argued that it is only as a biosocial maladaption that such human behaviour can now be properly understood. This article briefly reviews the changing academic attitudes to the nature of aggression and war in human communities, past and present, arguing that society must begin to accept warfare now as a state of highly destructive social pathology. It can no longer be acceptable for the machinery of politics to place communities into states of warfare, or under the threat of mass‐destructive war, considering the increasing knowledge of human behaviour and that the vast majority of people as individuals are peace‐loving and not bellicose. Chronic world unrest urgently needs to be viewed in scientific, biosocial and epidemiological terms. Successful prophylaxis against the continuing violence must include an attempt to impart these perspectives to those in control of world politics.     

某院2013-2015年细菌耐药性监测

 目的 调查我院2013-2015年临床分离细菌的菌群分布和耐药情况,为临床经验性用药提供依据。方法 收集我院2013-2015年临床分离细菌,将所有细菌分离鉴定到种并进行药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性分析。结果 我院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离率、大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶分离率和铜绿假单胞菌耐碳青霉烯类的检出率均呈下降趋势。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率和鲍曼不动杆菌耐碳青霉烯类的检出率呈上升趋势。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林耐药率较高(＞75%),对碳青霉烯类和β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制药复合物耐药率较低。肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率均较低(＜40 %)。铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率很低(＜30%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对除复方新诺明和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外的药物耐药率均较高(＞75%)。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药性较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性高。高水平氨基糖苷类耐药的肠球菌检出率低。结论 我院2013-2015年主要病原菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等为主。我院的细菌检出及耐药情况与全国细菌耐药检测网报道有差异。开展耐药监测并及时统计分析本医院的数据对指导临床合理用药、控制和治疗院内感染具有重要意义。
     

Wilfred Trotter and the biosociology of peace and war

The distinguished surgeon Wilfred Trotter (1872–1939), in his book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, can be regarded as a pioneer of biosociology and its application to the phenomenon of war. In this paper some of Trotter's ideas are discussed and their relevance to the problems of the present day are considered.     

Endophthalmitis in war and peace penetrating eye injuries

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nowadays, eye injuries are a leading cause of one-eye disease or blindness worldwide. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the frequency of endophthalmitis following war and peace eye injuries. METHODS: All the patients went throught the detailed ophthalmologic examinations, prophylactic antibiotic treatment, and pars plana vitrectomies (VPP), or other required surgical interventions. RESULTS: Inside the period from 1991 to 1998, 647 patients with eye injuries were hospitalized, out of which 500 with penetrating eye injuries. In the period 1999-2004, 611 patients with eye injuries, were treated, out of which 297 had penetrating eye injuries. Out of 500 patients with war penetrating eye injuries, in 286 of the cases intrabulbar foreign bodies (IFB) were detected. The signs of endophthalmitis were observed in 26 eyes (5.2%) at admission. Out of totally 297 peace penetrating eye injuries, 196 (66%) were IBF. In 25 eyes (8.4%) endophthalmitis was observed. CONCLUSION: In our study, the frequency of posttraumatic endophthalmitis following penetrating war eye injuries was relatively low, even lower than the frequency of endophthalmitis following peace eye injuries.     

Surveillance for febrile respiratory infections during Cobra Gold 2003

The Naval Health Research Center conducted laboratory-based surveillance for febrile respiratory infections at the 2003 Cobra Gold Exercise in Thailand. Seventeen individuals met the case definition for febrile respiratory illness, and diagnostic specimens were obtained from 16. Laboratory testing identified influenza A for 44%; sequence analysis demonstrated that these were Fujian-like influenza strains, which represented the predominant strain found globally in 2003/2004. Other pathogens identified included coronavirus OC43, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. Logistical challenges were overcome as laboratory-supported febrile respiratory illness surveillance was conducted during a military training exercise. With heightened concern over the potential for another global influenza pandemic, such surveillance could prove critical for the detection of emerging influenza and respiratory pathogen strains with potential for importation to the United States.     

战时医院船护理人力资源合理配置研究--基于排队论的数学模型

目的科学预计不同规模医院船护理人员配置数量。方法运用随机服务系统理论对医院船护理人员配置进行排队系统研究。结果模拟了不同床位医院船护理人员配置数量，提出了护理人员配置方案。结论排队论理论在医院船护理人员合理配置中的运用，提高了护理人员配置的可行性和科学性，丰富了卫勤组织指挥理论。     

建立成批烧创伤急救体系,提高平战时救治能力

本文浅谈了成批烧创伤救治的经验与教训,分析了我国成批烧创伤急救体系的现状,提出应建立符合我国国情的成批烧创伤急救体系,通过课程学习与专科基地训练,加强研究与交流等措施,提高我国平战时成批烧创伤救治的能力.     

Organization and work of the war hospital in Tomislavgrad during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995

The work of the War Hospital in Tomislavgrad during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 is described. The War Hospital in Tomislavgrad was one of the first medical institutions organized in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the intention of providing surgical treatment and care to soldiers, local civilians, and refugees who found shelter in this part of the country. It was located on the main communication route connecting Bosnia and Herzegovina and the south part of Croatia. During the 4-year period, 23,191 examinations, of which 8,341 were first-time examinations, and 1,547 surgical operations were performed. The hospital provided a high level of surgical and anesthesiology service in an area where none existed before the war. All patients were treated regardless of their nationality or religion, thus mitigating the consequences of the war.     

The international physicians for the prevention of nuclear war: Transnational midwife of world peace

The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) is a contemporary example of a successful transnational non‐governmental organization (NGO) which is providing leadership in accordance with Robert O. Keohane's definitional criteria. It has focused on the political issue‐area of the prevention of nuclear war. Presently, it is cautiously expanding its mandate in order to engender international trust and co‐operation in its role as an effective world leader.

International or transnational NGOs have their roots in Quakerism of nearly 200 years ago. They take on a variety of forms but tend to share a distinguishing set of common characteristics. Since 1945, the number of international NGOs has grown impressively.

The US affiliate of IPPNW, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), anticipated the non‐governmental function of IPPNW by almost two decades, essentially serving as a prototype in limited ways. PSR was founded in 1961 by a group of young doctors deeply concerned about the medical effects of nuclear war. From this founding group of US physicians came the leadership for IPPNW's formation in late 1980.

The past successes and ongoing efforts of IPPNW as outlined in this paper demonstrate that IPPNW is serving in the needed role of a transnational organization acting as a midwife for the birthing of a new global comprehensive security system.